گیلان

The city of Rezvanshahr in the northwest of Gilan province consists of two parts: the plain and the mountainous regions. One of the most significant findings in the archaeological studies of the area is Terbah, which means Torbat in the lexicon and is usually used in reference to the graves of specific individuals. The main question is: What are these Torbat? Through field study, we obtained archaeological information about the sites to conduct a descriptive-analytical study on this topic. What is certain is that these types of sites are places of worship. Before they became sacred burial grounds for the locals in later periods, it seems that at one time they served as refuges for Shia individuals being pursued by fanatic Islamic rulers and later as a gathering place for Sufi circles. Thus, the Terbah have remained as sacred places due to their specific religious significance. It appears that the type of forest cover is related to the Terbah, and a specific type of tree was used in them.

Historical search and research in the field public Hygiene and treatment of the society can help the growth awareness of the society in Hygiene and public health . therefore in this article was considered the study of public Hygiene and treatment of Guilan with focusing on the city of rasht during the period of Reza Shah. At the beginning reign Reza Shah, most of the cities country, including Rasht, lacked medical facilities and were not suitable conditions public Hygiene and treatment. With the approach to education and new medicine during the period of Reza Shah, measures were taken in improve the public Hygiene and treatment of the society. Among these measures were control contagious diseases such as cholera and smallpox in the country especially in the city of Rasht .Rasht Baladeyh measures was done such as vaccination smallpox and research on drinking water through Institute Pasteur and drying the polluted marshes around Rasht for prevent the spread of malaria and control on Hygiene of public bathrooms. Medical centers such as Biestoon charitable Center, American and Porsina Hospitals.and Nursing School were established in Rasht. The research finding show that feedback governmentᶥs reform measures in the process of improvement quality of public Hygiene and treatment country were caused increase in facilities such as the make of hospitals ,an increase in medical staff and free services medical and the control of infectious diseases and the reduction of unnecessary deaths and growth of the healthy population between 1300 and 1320 AH in the country.

The lack of organization of the peasants in the scattered villages of Iran and the lack of clarity of their resources at the national level prevented them from participating as an effective class in the constitutional movement. Nevertheless, Gilan was one of the regions where the peasants seriously engaged in the peasant movement against the lords. They took various measures to fight the lords and enjoyed the support of political groups and parties such as the Socialists of the People and the Social Democrats of Gilan. The assessment of the general situation of the peasants and the reasons for the emergence of the peasant movements of Gilan on the eve of the Constitutional Revolution is the main issue of the present study. The research method in this study is descriptive-analytical and based on the collection of documentary and library information. The basic findings of the research indicate that during the different stages of the movement, the peasants took actions such as not paying the rent, fighting and clashing with the landlords and expelling them from the villages and forming rural associations. Finally, after two years of conflict between the peasants and the landlords, despite the temporary victories of the peasants, due to the lack of support from the parliament and the provincial association of Gilan for the peasants, the peasant movement was defeated and the lord-serf system once again ruled Gilan.

 After the fundamental modernizations in the early Pahlavi era, Iranian women’s life underwent many changes. In the meantime, the Gilan region as a connecting bridge between Iran and the northern neighboring countries became one of the important regions in the women's modernization movement. Although this process started after the establishment of girls' educational institutions, it accelerated at the beginning of Reza Shah's rule and the formation of special women's communities in Rasht, that main goal was to promote the cultural and social thoughts of the people, especially women. Among these associations, "Paik-e Sa’adat-Nesvan" magazine, with Roshanak Nodoost management, in 1921-1931 had an effective role in the cultural activities of Rasht. According to the hypothesis of rationalism and modeling of women’s life in other nations, the main goal of the Paik-e Sa’adat- Nesvan was to raise awareness and women's reforms. Now this question is raised, what effect did the Paik-e Sa’adat- Nesvan have on Rasht women’s cultural and social life? The findings of the research show that this publication aimed to create self-confidence among women, break tradition in society, encourage women to new education and fight against injustice in the patriarchal society of that period. This study analyzes and investigates in this field by using the historical and descriptive-analytical approaches. Its data is Paik-e Sa’adat-Nesvan articles, archival documents and library sources. It has focused its investigation on the indicators of education, mothers' health, women’s employment and marriage..

Travelogues serve as significant historical and cultural resources, playing a crucial role in understanding the life, customs, and livelihood practices of people across different eras. The travelogues from the Qajar period, particularly those written by Europeans, hold special importance due to the expansion of Iran's political, economic, and cultural relations with the outside world. The Gilan region, with its unique geographical position, temperate climate, and cultural and ethnic diversity, has always attracted the attention of travelers and tourists. This research employs content analysis methods to examine the social lifestyle of the people of Gilan in seven travelogues from the Qajar era. The main categories of the research include recreation and entertainment, festivals and celebrations, food, clothing, and occupation. The findings of the research indicate that the social lifestyle of the people of Gilan during the Qajar period was shaped by various factors, including geography, economy, and culture. Agriculture, particularly rice cultivation, and fishing were identified as the primary occupations of the people of Gilan during this period. Recreational activities such as hunting, coffeehouse gatherings, and local competitions were part of the daily life of the people of Gilan.

The peasant movement in Gilan during the Constitutional Era was rooted in the region’s geographical structure, land tenure system, and social awakening in the years leading up to the transformations of the Constitutional Revolution in Iran, especially in Gilan. Gilan’s prosperous agriculture and economy drew significant attention from governments during the Safavid and Qajar dynasties. However, instead of improving the livelihood of rural communities, the dominance of landlords over peasants and the government’s heavy taxation contributed to their increasing poverty and deprivation. Moreover, Russia’s political influence in Gilan and the activities of merchants under Russian protection attracted Russian capitalists to the region. Consequently, Gilan became the only province in Iran that repeatedly witnessed significant peasant movements against landlords and the government. The establishment of parliamentary governance and the declaration of the constitutional system failed to liberate peasants from the oppressive feudal system. Nonetheless, the social awakening of that era led to increased awareness of their rights among peasants. After losing hope in the effectiveness of their protests, peasants initiated numerous movements aimed at improving conditions and abolishing the feudal system along with its related customs. This article seeks to answer the following questions: What were the factors leading to the failure of Gilan’s peasant movements during the Constitutional Era? And how did the National Consultative Assembly respond to the demands of Gilan’s peasants? The findings of the research indicate that the primary cause of repeated uprisings in Gilan was the harsh living conditions imposed on peasants by landlords.

Social rights are one of the most important issues that have been among the social demands of women during the constitutional period and after. In this regard, and since the constitutional era, magazines were published by the efforts of women, which followed the legal demands of women. These demands were generally in line with gender equality. In a patriarchal society, gender inequality is the result of men’s dominance and women’s subordination and women have less benefits and social positions than men. After the rise of Reza Shah’s government and the spread of western culture in Iran، modern social changes also appeared in women’s society. Under the influence of the modern atmosphere of the Reza Shah period, independent women’s newspapers were published in Gilan. Payk-e Sadat-e Nesvan magazine, one of the most reliable magazines of the Pahlavi period, was managed by Mrs. Roshanak-e Nudoost in 1306 was published in Rasht. In the direction of the modern politics of the Pahlavi era, this publication had a modernist approach and its social components were based on modernity and its civil concepts, such as women’s freedom, civil rights, gender equality and modern schools in women’s society. Th research, using a descriptive-analytical approach, aims to answer the main question, why is the importance of women’s education emphasized in the Payk-e Saadat-e Nesvan magazine? Regarding the freedom of women and their demands, the researcher has put some factors as the basis of his hypothesis. The researcher believes that women’s awareness of the causes of the growth of gender and social inequalities in Iran was formed following the influence of western culture after the constitutional revolution, and familiarity with models such as equality of social rights formed the basis of women’s new ideas in society. Based on the findings of the research, Payk-e Saadat-e Nesvan magazine has condemned the ignorance and illiteracy of women, targeting all sections of the society. This publication considered women’s literacy as a suitable educational model for mothers in order to raise patriotic children and students, manage their husbands and homes and social development of women. This publication also believed that the education of women through the development of new schools for girls.

Oral memories are one of the ways to access past events. However, sometimes narrators of memory, media, power, etc. change the events in their favor. According to this research, the distortion of oral memories is done in both individual and non-individual ways. In the individual part, including personal ideas, exaggerating or understating events, selectively expressing and hiding some memories, aging, and forgetting may distort the narration. In the non-individual part, directing collective memories to unreality, forbidden subjects and topics, supporting special events, changing the context of society, and beautifying memories with the mechanism of literature are some of the factors distorting oral memories, which have been analyzed based on the books published in Guilan between 2012 and 2021. The authors are looking for an answer to this question: What factors cause memory distortion? The research findings show that since the activists and eyewitnesses of the events form their narrations based on expediency, interests, ideology, etc., we often witness different narrations of the same events. These differences can damage the credibility of the narration. Also, those in power and the media try to redefine the events in their favor. Therefore, to reach speeches close to reality, in addition to benefiting from multiple narrations, verification, and validation, the use of archival documents can also play an important role in the representation of memories.

In the last hundred years, some orientalists have been formulated different theories about Goran, which do not agree with the narration of Arabic and Persian historical sources. One of the most prominent Oriental scholars of this period is Vladimir Minorsky, whose theory has been widely reflected in academic and public circles. Minorsky's theory is based on three bases: the denial of Goran Kurdish identity, the migration of Gorans from Gilan and Deylaman to Kurdistan, and the existence of an independent Goran language. The main problem of this research, which is written with a historical method, is to review and criticize the foundations of this theory from a historical approach. The findings of the research show that Minorsky interpreted the sources with a reductionist view and selected them according to his own preferences, and this has caused many contradictions in his theory. So, in contrary to his theory, historical sources, while emphasizing the Kurdishness of Gorans, did not provide accurate evidence that they migrated from the shores of the Caspian Sea.

The Abū Ṭālib Akhir (died 520) was a descendant of Sayyid Mu'ayyad Billah and an influential political figure of Zaydīyya, who started his uprising in Gilan in 502. He wanted to extend his Invitation and Imamate to ʻUmān and Yemen. The main question of the article is what political and military developments in Gilan and Deylam region have been caused by Abū Ṭālib's rise to power. And his relationships and correspondence with the Zaydīs and his extra-regional activities, to what extent were they influential in establishing his Imamate? It seems that the Abū Ṭālib Akhir, who was a scholar and a prolific mujāhid, was able to control the chaotic situation of these regions to some extent by examining the political situation in Gilan, ʻUmān and Yemen. However, due to various reasons, his uprising did not come to an end. By examining the political and military activities of Abū Ṭālib in different regions, this research has analyzed and evaluated Abū Ṭālib's motivation and goal of the uprising. In this article, by referring to historical data and sources and by describing and analyzing historical data, the problems and challenges faced by Abū Ṭālib were examined in order to show his role in establishing the context for the beginning of the second period of the Yemen Zaydīyya. The findings of the research show that Zaydīyya in Gilan and Deylam did not have much cohesion. It was also found that Abū Ṭālib was not able to control the turbulent situation of Yemen from afar because Yemen was faced with tribal prejudices and jealousies of the Zaydi nobles.

During the Qajar period, Guilan occupied a central position in the Iranian economy as a leading silk producer and an important hub for the country's foreign trade across the Caspian Sea. Thanks to this importance, the region contributed significantly to the central government's revenues. However, the spread of silkworm disease in Guilan in 1277 AH /1860 AD, coupled with the Qajar government's lack of attention to the problem, led to a decline in crop production in the region. The objections of Guilan silkworm farmers and foreign businessmen based in Iran, as well as the fact that the government suffered significant financial losses due to the decline in silk production, prompted the government to take measures to increase the production of silk cocoons. This study, using a historical approach and descriptive-analytical methodology, examines the state of the silk industry in Guilan during the Qajar era from 1300-1335 AH /1882-1917 AD. It details the central government's policies and the efforts of foreign traders aimed at revitalizing this crucial industry. The research findings indicate that the government's initial step in this area was to facilitate the importation of silkworm eggs by foreign merchants from outside of Iran. The establishment of government departments dedicated to the silk industry, aimed at managing foreign trade, alongside efforts to inspire and incentivize Guilan's silkworm farmers to resume their work, were key initiatives taken to revive Guilan's silk industry.

Russia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional Revolution structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional Revolution structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional RevolutionRussia's influence on the economic structure of Gilan from the Nasserite period to the Constitutional Revolution

The law on the uniformity of clothing and the subsequent standardization of the clothing of government employees, especially women, was one of the preconditions for the passage of the law on the discovery of the hijab and greatly influenced its process. These two laws are one of the main actions of the government in order to modernize Iranian society, especially women, and change the Qajar culture to Western culture. The study of the measures taken in Gilan, as an important state in the development of contemporary Iranian history, is one of the main objectives of this study, which is a historical and qualitative study method to research and study more than 250 pages of archival documents and library resources. O paid. The key question of the present study is this point; What was the attitude of the Gilanis towards the law on the discovery of hijab during the reign of Reza Shah? According to the studies, the main factor in the rapid adoption of these laws in Gilan is the influence of Western thought, culture and civilization in this region and the familiarity of the people with it. One of the most important consequences of the discovery of the hijab and the unification of the cover of different ethnic groups in Iran is that this action destroys the nature of Iran and its ethnic diversity and endangers the existence of people in different parts of Iran.

In the Constitutional Era, many associations were established all over Iran, especially in Guilan’cities such as Rasht, Anzali, Lahijan, and Astara. The Formation of these associations, like other organizations and NGOs, was to establish a new arrangement and pay attention to the role of people in social and political affairs with a focus on constitutionalism and settlement of law and freedom. The Anzali National Association was established in a small port on the shores of the Caspian Sea, a city that played a role in becoming familiar with the West. The special geographical location of Anzali Harbor further increased the activity of the Anzali National Association. Despite of important and various roles of this association, no independent reasearch has been done about that. So With emphasis on basic role of the association, this research tries to answer to following question: What were the functions of the Anzali National Association? This association performed various functions in the political, social, economic, and public welfare fields. Explaining and studying this issue is achieved based on historical data provided through newspapers and books in the descriptive-analytical library method.Research findings show that theNational association of Anzali with the support of people and other associations, not only defended constitutionalism and its institutions but also attended to many economic and social issues based on peoples’ request and achieved some success.

In geoarchaeology, a complete and accurate understanding of ancient records can be obtained by identifying and examining the sedimentary content and stratigraphy of archeological layers and materials. This study presents the results of geological studies in Kharashk ancient area site, which aims to provide a general understanding of the local geology of the area, and in particular an awareness of Quaternary alluvial deposits; these deposits also forms surface deposits in the Kharashk ancient site. For this purpose, samples were taken from sedimentary units to determine the mineralogical composition of the sediments and their sedimentological characteristics. In addition to the study of fine-grained alluvial deposits, the final part of this study is devoted to thick deposits of consolidated gravelly sediments located in the lower part of the Kharashk River near its connection with the Sefidroud River, which describes the history of the Kharashk River developments and shows the tectonic and hydrologic changes in the region. The bedrock of Kharashk archaeological site is the volcanic rocks of Karaj formation that its outcrops can be seen in the eastern part of the ancient site of Kharashk, which is represented by conglomerates with morphological and erosional features. The ancient site is located on terraces and high-altitude ancient alluvial fan - hillslope sediments. Cultural and biological evidences on the surface deposits of Kharashk site are composed of pottery, charcoal, and gastropods shell. Small pottery fragments are founded in the alluvial deposits which their position within the sediments is largely orthogonal, indicating their insitu nature.

Rice was one of the main export items of Iran to Russia during the Qajar period. This important issue can be mentioned from the point of view of financial value, volume and on the other hand, significant contribution to Iran's trade balance with Russia. In the meantime, the export of this product was done mainly from Mazandaran and Gilan, as important and long-standing centers of production, faced with serious challenges in the years 1300 to 1304. Therefore, this article tries to answer the question, what obstacles and problems did Iran's rice export to Russia face in the last years of the Qajar period? The authors of this article have found out that, with the descriptive-analytical method and relying on rare and new archival documents ,the Prohibition of rice export by the central government at different times, the occurrence of famine in Russia and the need of Russians for more food, the existence of the problem of smuggling and illegal transportation of rice, Transportation problems due to the lack of modern equipment and proper communication infrastructure, Product shortage and sharp price increase in the domestic market, the monopolistic approach and command economy of the Soviet government and finally, the conflict between the interests of traders and brokers in the rice market with the interests of the masses of people in northern Iran appeared as the most important challenges of rice export to Russia in the considered time period

This article aims at providing an explanation for some aspects of the problem of development in Qajar Iran. It's Focus in on Pīrbâzâr, a famous village in Northern Province of Guilân, which hosted a growing volume of Russian-Iranian trade in late Qajar period and changed to be an important harbor up to the Russian Revolution. As a matter of fact, Russian development of Transcaucasian railway along with the launching a modernized shipment in the Caspian sea in the second half of 19th century were the main causes behind an unprecedented growth of Iran-Russian trade. Meanwhile, lack of any modern infrastructure which linked Anzalī to Rasht, provided the opportunity for Pīrbâzâr to appear as the main harbor in this situation. Based on first hand sources as well as archival material and applying a descriptive-explanative approach, it seeks to explain how Russian-Iranian marine trade affected the traditional pattern of transportation in Guilân and what causes prevented Pīrbâzâr to become a modernized harbor. This study may help us to attain a better understanding of the multidimensional problem of "development" in late Qajar Iran.

Up until the present era and the propagation of the New Iranian Calendar (1925), along with the Hijri lunar calendar and the Jalali calendar, a variety of the Yazdgerdi calendar (taqwim-e fors) was also popular among the peoples of the southern regions of the Caspian Sea. Despite and contrary to the historical evidence, in the last half-century, some local writers have claimed distinct and independent calendars for these regions. They have labeled these alleged calendars as Deylami/ Galeshi/ Gilani and Tabari/ Mazandarani calendars. Also, calendar eras have been fabricated for them and it has been claimed that these calendars have leap years and that their new year festival (Nowruz) falls always on a fixed day around the middle of the summer season. This article examines these alleged calendars and the pretensions that surround them. For this purpose, it studies the history of the calendars of these areas from the earliest times to the present day. It also studies the background of the assumption of an independent calendar in Mazandaran in the nineteenth century and traces back the history of the emergence of these alleged calendars in the present era. This article demonstrates that these alleged calendars are all the same Yazdgerdi calendar (taqwim-e fors), knowingly or recklessly manipulated and posed as genuine independent calendars.

In the Qajar era, the province of Gilan was impacted by modernity due to its location on the commercial and cultural path of Iran and Europe. As a result, in the Pahlavi period, according to the foundations created, in addition to the educational growth of men, women also took the lead in the trend toward modern education.  Many reforms were made in the educational province of Gilan, but the main reforms were in women's affairs. These reforms have created and expanded female employees, students, and social activists.  Based on the documents of Gilan’s Education and Endowments Department, this research aims to investigate the mechanism of girls' schools, women's education, and the place of Gilani women in the educational system, based on 600 archive documents. Accordingly, this question might arise "What changes did women's education undergo in the era of Reza Shah compared to the Qajar period, and what was its quality?" The research shows that despite the leadership of women in cultural and educational affairs in Gilan, the women's education in this area from 1298 to 1303, the number of schools and health was not favorable and the education for many Girls in small towns and villages were not available, however, in 1305-15, the cultural and educational status of women made significant progress and Gilan became one of the three leading provinces of the country in the field of women's education.

During the constitutional era, several peasant movements took place in some parts of the country. The land of Gilan was one of the areas where the peasants were seriously involved in the peasant movement against the lords, almost throughout the region. During the movement, the peasants took various measures to fight against the lords and benefited from the support of groups and political parties such as the civil society, the Abbasi Association and the Social Democrats of Gilan. How is the idea of constitutionalism evaluated? The hypothesis of the present study is: It seems that Armenians have played an effective role in the peasant movement of Gilan during the Qajar era by emphasizing constitutionalist ideas. The method of research in this article will be historical (inductive) and the method of collecting documentary and library information is In this way, the content will be described and analyzed. The main findings of the above study indicate that: Peasants during various stages of the movement, such as non-payment of property, quarrels and conflicts with landlords and their eviction from villages, and the formation of rural associations in this regard, the two parties Hu Nchak and Dashnak Armenians in the war The cities of Tabriz and Rasht actively and significantly influenced the Iranian constitution in two main ways: military and intellectual-cultural.