armenians

The constitutional (Mashrūtiyyat) revolution was an expression of the disillusionment of the intellectual current about the nature and political and social functions of the authoritarian government and the lack of community participation in the decisions. In that situation, Iranian Armenians were among the intellectuals who presented their views. The main factor of Armenians' desire to make demands was their sense of patriotism and their attachment to the land and water in which they were born and growed. In this research, with an analytical view based on the documents available in the Armenian archives in Iran and Armenia, the influencing factors on the coexistence and role of Armenians in Iran's constitutional revolution have been examined. The findings of the research show that the Armenians of Iran on the threshold of the constitutional revolution were intellectual and influential classes due to their economic functions and the acquisition of political and social positions. They were looking for codified law and equality of rights so that through it they could live in an equal environment. With its legal approaches, the constitution increased people's tolerance towards other religions and caused the presence and participation of Armenians in the prosperity and development of the country.

Religion and religious institutions play a significant role in regulating the relationship between people and government institutions. Uch-Kilisa (Three Churches) has played a special role throughout Armenian history. Etchmiadzin Cathedral is one of those triple churches and the first cathedral in the history of Christianity that was able to unite the divided Armenian people for a stable coexistence with the people of Iran. This research aims to analyze the role of the high church in regulating the relationship of the Armenian people living in the closed countries of Iran during the Qajar period. Findings of the research indicate that Uch-Kilisa as a religious institution during the Qajar period, played a strategic role in regulating the relationship between Armenians and the Iranian government, so that the stability and durability of the Armenian nation were owed to Uch-Kilisa, and the Qajar kings communicated with the Armenians living in Iran through this religious institution.

Armenia is one of the areas that has undergone successive attacks throughout the history by different ethnic groups and has been confronting with the cultures of other ethnic groups. After repeated attacks by the Ottomans on this land and the migration of this people to Iran during reign of Shah Abbas I, as well as the transfer of privileges by him on the basis of utilizing the Armenians in the economic, political and cultural situations, the establishment of intercultural relations with Iranians and, at the same time, the survival of ethnic identity of Armenians could be observed. This was due to the common historical background of these two ethnic groups in ancient Iran and before the Safavid era, as Armenian territory used to be ruled by the Iranian kings in the ancient era of Iran. The present study is trying to answer the question regarding the different factors that created the intercultural relations between the Iranians and the Armenians of the land of Armenia. Thus, it is assumed that the common historical and cultural backgrounds of Iranians and Armenians of ancient times have led to the interactions between the two ethnic groups during the Safavid period. Regarding the importance of Armenian migration to Iran during the Safavid period, considering the state of their interactions with the Iranians is the essential requirement in carrying out this study. In this respect, the aim of the present study is to identify the bases for the establishment of intercultural relations between the Iranians and Armenians of Armenia, to examine the effective components of the ethnic identity of the Armenians, and also to analyze the cultural commonalities between the Iranians and Armenians. Regarding its aim, this study is based on the developmental approach and for its methodology and nature, it is on historical and descriptive-analytical basis. Hence, it has sought to achieve its aims through desk studies and reliable sources. The obtained results indicate that the Achaemenid and Parthian governments in ancient Iran have had a significant interaction with the lands of Armenia and their common background was due to the interactions of these two ethnic groups in the fields including language, ceremonies, music and architecture. Nevertheless, their identities had independent subjective and objective characteristics that preserved the values and stability of Armenian ethnic identity in Iran during the Safavid period.

Merchant minorities were an active group in the Iranian economy during the Safavid era. During this period, due to a series of internal and external developments such as border disputes, the entry of European companies into Iran and the actions of the Safavid kings to improve the economic situation Trade routes changed. Armenian, Indian, Jewish, and Zoroastrian merchants were scattered throughout Iran in proportion to their financial, economic, and political interests. This study was conducted using library study method and descriptive-analytical method, While examining the geographical distribution of merchant minorities in the Safavid territory, it explains why and How. The research findings indicate that the geographic dispersion of merchants' minorities is also influenced by the set of internal and external developments of Iran during the Safavid period, so that the community and settlement of merchants' minorities have been alongside commercial routes that are from the north, center and south of Iran Passing through. These merchants were turned over by transporting manufactured goods to other parts of Iran and beyond the political borders of the Safavid government.

During the constitutional era, several peasant movements took place in some parts of the country. The land of Gilan was one of the areas where the peasants were seriously involved in the peasant movement against the lords, almost throughout the region. During the movement, the peasants took various measures to fight against the lords and benefited from the support of groups and political parties such as the civil society, the Abbasi Association and the Social Democrats of Gilan. How is the idea of constitutionalism evaluated? The hypothesis of the present study is: It seems that Armenians have played an effective role in the peasant movement of Gilan during the Qajar era by emphasizing constitutionalist ideas. The method of research in this article will be historical (inductive) and the method of collecting documentary and library information is In this way, the content will be described and analyzed. The main findings of the above study indicate that: Peasants during various stages of the movement, such as non-payment of property, quarrels and conflicts with landlords and their eviction from villages, and the formation of rural associations in this regard, the two parties Hu Nchak and Dashnak Armenians in the war The cities of Tabriz and Rasht actively and significantly influenced the Iranian constitution in two main ways: military and intellectual-cultural.

Shah Abbas I moved a group of Armenians from their homeland to Some of areas in Suburbs of his capital in the early 17th century. The presence of Armenians in Isfahan and its suburbs was considered as immigration groups who had no right to choose a place and moved to these areas. Accordingly, some of their inhabitants and farmers were settled in some rural areas of Lenjan. The present article seeks to answer the following questions by descriptive-analytical method and using the space of field research: What were the purposes of settling Armenian families in Lenjan and which of the rural areas of Lenjan were Armenian? What important effects did the Armenians have on their economic situation during their presence in this region? The findings show that: Immigrant Armenians settled in large areas of Lenjan for political, economic, and defense purposes. The support of the Safavid kings for the Armenians and the integration of the native and skilled labor force led to the prosperity of agriculture and related activities in the region; Several settlements were established by them and work and production flourished in the region. Towards the end of the Safavid period, Armenians suffered from religious and economic pressures.

Bushehr port during the Qajar period was the most important commercial port of Iran due to various factors, especially the volume of exports and imports.  Presence of factors such as the rule of AL-Mazkoor family  and their attention to creating the security in this port, as well as the presence of agents and foreign firms along with the active presence of businessmens, especially Armenian traders have boosted the business of Bushehr port at this time. This research in a descriptive and analytical way and the library method , is seeking to answer the main question,  what role the Busher Armenians played in the commercial activities of this port during the Qajar period? The overviews confirm that Armenian businessmen individually or through the formation of multiple trading houses by various ways,  such as exporting and importing of various goods and accepting the representation of foreign companies and interacting with other Iranian business groups have played active role  in commercial boom in Bushehr port in Qajar period.

During Reza Shah's reign, the policies of centralization, authoritarian modernity, and national unity led to reforms in the field of education. This period is considered as an important period in the history of Iran due to the efforts leading the society towards modern education in the shadow of nationalism and centralism. The present article seeks to answer this question, "What effects did the nationalist and centralist policies of Reza Shah era have on the situation of schools of religious minorities (Armenians, Zoroastrians and Jews)?" This work implemented a descriptive-analytical method and relied on the available documents. At that time, religious minority schools were affected by these two policies. In some educational programs, schools activities were not in line with the new educational policy, and there was resistance from the minority community, which challenged the schools. The findings of this study show that education among religious minorities was affected by the new changes in terms of Persian language teaching, curriculum, school names, holidays and extracurricular activities. The closure for some schools was permanent and their students merged into public schools, and for some schools, it was temporary (one or more months) until they were required to implement the ministry programs. The reason for their resistance to the new educational policy was the tendency towards educational independence and the fear of losing their identity, and the consequence was the relative control of the government and the dissatisfaction of the minorities with the rule of the time.

The Caucasus region has had a great importance in the Iranian history since ancient times and has played a major role in the main developments of Iranian foreign relations. By separation from Iran in 1828, this significance remained for the coming decades; although its shape have changed. The main purpose of this paper is study and review role of Armenians in tendency to Russian empire from last decades of the safavid dynstay to the Turkmanchay treaty. We try answer to this main question that the scientific views of the last two centuries, that consider joining to Tsarist Russia as a general and maximal demand of Armenian community, how much is it consistent with the historical reality and the relevant sources and archival documents?. By examining the relevant documents and sources, present study shows that this trend was not a maximum demand and many parts and main church of the Armenian community had no adesire for join to Russian Empire. Because of various reasons, including the political support of the Iranian governments from the Christians especially during the stabilization of the central power, most of the Armenians have called for continuity in the Iranian society.

Many documents and correspondence have been written and issued during Safavid period. In this regards, the governmental decrees that have been issued about the Armenians which are well-known as Persian decrees of the Matenadaran, could be useful for researchers of Safavid history in many aspects. Although these decrees have been issued on how to manage the Armenian minority in Iran, but they cover several dimensions of the Armenians’ life and show the orientations of Safavid in various aspects. Undoubtedly the study of these decrees and documents is necessary to provide a more accurate and less incomplete picture of the prevailing political - social spirit of the society during Safavid era. In addition, it will pave the way to gain a more transparent observation on religious policy of Safavid about its non Muslim subjects.

India was one of the most significant commercial copartners of Iran, especially during the late Safavid Period. In spite of that, the reasons for the growth of trade exchanges, the amount of export and import, and the quantity of the commercial interactions between the two countries in this period are not studied comprehensively. In the period, lots of merchants, factors, and various minorities who had a hand in ports, cities and business centers of the two countries were settled and then formed a huge cycle of exchange. Based on what is mentioned, several fundamental questions are raised: how was the formation of the ethnic structure involved in the commercial cycle of the two countries and what role did it play in this process? Of whom did the ethnic structure involved in the commercial cycle of the two countries consist? What role did they play in this process? And what kinds of goods of what amount and volume did they exchange? In order to figure out such issues, first of all, the composition of these ethnic groups and the quantity of their involvement are investigated and then the type of goods exchanged, the volume of the two countries` exports and imports, and barriers existed in their commercial process have been studied. The studies reveal that a great mass of various types of goods were exchanged, especially by the merchants who were of different religious minorities. Besides, business interactions with India had a growing process until the time Iran`s strict policies dominated the exports and imports. But, during the last years of Safavid kingdom, because of several reasons mentioned in the next pars, the process gradually deteriorated.

The prime purpose of this article is to study the Armenians role in Iran’s Foreign trade and in performance of the politics of Silk monopoly، in period of Shah-Abbass I (996-1038 A. H.) and his successors. The Armenians were living in the Frontier regions of north-west of Iran، but then they were transferred، especially for military reasons، by the Shah-Abbas into the Iranian plateau. Certain groups of them، after migration from Aras Julfa، entered in Isfahan and were called to serve in Foreign Silk commerce by the Shah-Abbass I. Hence، the investigation of the causes of Shah’s attention to the Armenians، also their role in Shah’s monopoly politics، especially in the Foreign trade of Silk that was very important، forms the main section of the present study. In another part، the evaluation of their activities in this field، the cancellation of the Silk monopoly and its effect on the commerce of Silk، also the situation of the Armenians until the fall of the Safavid dynasty in 1722 investigated as well. The Armenians، as a Tradesman، were able to find the new Markets for Silk، but dimension of their Trade activities remained unknown in the different areas of the World.

From a sociological viewpoint، tribal and religious minorities due to their differences from majority section are under discrimination and they avoid taking part in social life. Although these distinctive behaviors can be seen in modern world and many historical societies، a sociological and historical study in Isfahan Jolfa about Armenians during Safavid showed that this minority section enjoyed an excellent enhance and they had a successful action in social life in Isfahan as a capital city of Safavid. This study was documented with historical sources in the area of social affairs and tries to answer the historical question، That is: How was the position and performance of Armenians in Isfahan at Safavid period as a minority group? And how this performance made Armenians and Julfa so famous at that time? Data collection and inferring the research data was depicted by historical inferencing and quantitative techniques at the end of this paper. This constructive and positive interaction between this group and Safavid politicians constructive and positive interaction between this group and Safavid politicians carried many positive things such as a better trading a growth in the population of the capital city a reliable international validity، Armenian right behavior and actions in their different social responsibilities encouraged politicians to give them more responsibilities. They had a friendly relationship with other groups at that time. This performance can be documented in the study of this minority group.

The collapse of the Safavids and taking power of the Afshars brought about civil insecurity, internal conflicts and economic crisis, especially during Nader's reign. These affected all segments of the populations, but ethnic and religious minorities had suffered more other groups, due to their disapproval of overall policy of central government, particularly toward minorities. This paper will investigate the sufferings of Armenians as manifestation of the government's policy toward religious minorities during the reign of Nader.