saladin

After Saladin destroyed the Fatimid caliphate, a foremost part of the Ayyubids' military had to suppress the Egyptian forces that were still loyal to the Fatimids. Saladin's efforts to overpower and exile the Fatimid forces faced the newly established Ayyubid government with the shortage of military parties that needed to fight the Crusaders and the rest of the dispersed Zengid dynasty in the Levant and the Jazirah. At the beginning of Saladin's reign on the Jazirah, he organized his actions to gain the necessary feudal force to confront the Crusaders. However, when Saladin's authority declined among his troops and failed to achieve a decisive victory in the short term, this feudal force became temporary. This paper analyzed the number of Saladin's combats, the number of his troops, the extent of his successes in battles, and the role of groups impacting his victories. Along these lines, Saladin's failures were also investigated. According to the findings, destroying the Fatimid Caliphate forces drove Saladin to rely on the only Muslim military organization on the Jazirah. Their temporary presence in the spring and summer cost him his ability to completely force the Crusaders out of Syria after Hattin, and the Crusaders recaptured the shores of Syria.

The twenty-two years of Saladin's rule, who is the founder of Ayyubid dynasty and the first sultan of Egypt and the Levant, witnessed tens of his battles against the Crusaders. Some of his battles happened against Muslim emirs in Egypt, the Levant, and Northern Iraq. The present paper, drawing on just war theory, aims to explore the findings of its historical study of the Islamic sources and some Christian research in order to provide an answer to the question of to what extent Saladin's military conduct and policies are compatible with the principles of just war. The results of this descriptive-analytical study indicate that Saladin's military conduct is more in line with the realistic theory of war rather than with the concept and principles of just war theory because while the latter consider just war a legal war to achieve peace by avoiding cruel treatment of civilians, prisoners, and the aggressed environments, Saladin has fought wars with the aim of attaining more dominance, accompanied by revenge and unconventional invasions destructive for the civilians. Therefore, in spite of his observance of ethical rules in many wars, cruelty and seeking power is observed in his other wars.

The Historiography of Egypt and Syria, At the same time during the reign of the Ayyubids, Enjoyed considerable growth and prosperity and with its own characteristics emerged. This article attempts Has caused changes in the form and content of the historiography of the period examined. Obviously, Much of the causes of such developments should be sought in the context of Ayoubi. The political, military and religious crusades of government and among the most important factors affecting a variety of forms, types and content of the Ayyubid era historiography. In this period, Forms such as Dynastic history and Monographs on individuals, Local historiography and Prosopography were general decline. Descriptive historiography, which provides a context appropriate to address the issue epic, was more lucky. Description of wars, conquests and campaign and general, Political and military themes were evident in the historical writings of this period. Historians try to celebrate Saladin and the Ayyubids The typical features of Ayyubid era historiography is Mainly with rhymed prose, literary and musical, in the historical texts of the period presented. Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani, Ibn Shaddad, Abu Shama , Al-Qifti, Ibn Abi Tayyi, Ibn Al –Adim, Ibn Wasil,Ibn Munkidh And many others, including representatives of the historiography of Egypt and Syria, are in the Ayyubids era.