آزادی

Committed literature, as a powerful instrument for promoting social justice and freedom, has played an unparalleled role in the history of industrial and class-based societies. This form of literature aims to critique and analyze unjust social, economic, and political conditions, contributing to public awareness and stimulating social activism. This study examines the role of committed literature—particularly labor literature—in advancing the ideals of social justice and freedom. Through an analytical review of the works of prominent authors such as Maxim Gorky, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Simin Daneshvar, and Gholam-Hossein Sa’edi, the article investigates the impact of committed literature on social awakening and the promotion of positive transformations. Specifically, this research focuses on the role of language and distinctive literary forms in analyzing class contradictions, exploitation, and class struggles, and endeavors to demonstrate how such works have sought social change and the realization of justice and freedom for the marginalized classes across various societies.

The concept of freedom, one of the most complex and expansive philosophical ideas, has long been a central focus for many scholars. Existentialist philosophy, with its emphasis on the existential and ontological dimensions of human existence, provides a unique perspective on freedom. In this philosophy, human beings, as free agents, are responsible for shaping their own lives and determining their destinies. Existentialists believe that, unlike many other beings, humans do not possess a predetermined essence; instead, they create their essence through the free choices they make throughout their lives. This research employs a descriptive-analytical method to examine the main characteristics of freedom in existentialist philosophy and its manifestation in two famous novels: The Old Man and the Sea and When We Left the Bridge. The main characters in these two novels, when faced with challenging situations and difficult decisions, are compelled to accept responsibility for their choices. This study aims to demonstrate how these characters, relying on their existential freedom, struggle against life's limitations and challenges, ultimately arriving at a profound understanding of existence. Both novels illustrate that confronting freedom and responsibility shapes the path of self-creation and the search for meaning. Santiago’s courageous acceptance of his choices leads to honor and purpose, whereas Zaki Nawi’s evasion of this existential burden impedes his authenticity and self-creation. This comparison underscores the universality of fundamental human experiences—such as freedom and the quest for meaning—across diverse cultures.

Psychoanalytic criticism is one of the branches of literary criticism that is used in the analysis and evaluation of texts, especially literary texts such as novels and stories. One of the theorists of this field is Ervin David Yalom. In his theory of psychotherapy, he has pointed to the four ultimate concerns of death, freedom, loneliness and emptiness, and has also expressed a defense strategy for each of them. According to Yalom, freedom has aspects such as responsibility, choice and decision. In this essay, relying on the descriptive-analytical method and the psychological approach, the concept of freedom and the methods of dealing with the anxiety caused by it have been examined in two novels "Zahr al-Laymun and other  stories " and "Telk al-Raeha". The result of the research shows that in the freedom part, sometimes the characters of two novels, especially the novel of Zahr al-Laymun and other stories, get confused and surprised in choosing and deciding between two or more, and they have to impose the fear of choosing one thing on themselves or submit to the choice of fate and destiny. Sometimes they consider themselves entitled to freedom and choosing a path and desire, and they try to achieve it, but sometimes they face a dead end and failure in realizing this freedom, and in other times, they bring freedom to themselves.

Contemporary poetry has consistently reflected the dynamic interplay of social and political transformations. Among modern poets, Qassim Haddad of Bahrain and Ahmad Shamlu of Iran stand out as two of the most influential voices whose works embody freedom, social responsibility, and justice. Both poets are recognized for transforming poetry into a platform of resistance and awakening, while simultaneously innovating in terms of aesthetic and stylistic form. This study, adopting a comparative perspective within the framework of the American School of Comparative Literature, examines how Haddad and Shamlu employ symbolism, metaphor, imagery, rhythm, and innovative poetic structures to articulate their vision of freedom and social commitment. Haddad, through a metaphorical and deconstructive language, portrays the bitter experiences of repression, censorship, and resistance in the Arab world. Shamlu, on the other hand, with a direct, rhythmic, and prophetic voice, challenges tyranny and authoritarianism while defending human rights and human dignity. By examining the socio-historical background of both poets, this research investigates their poetic strategies, their symbolic systems, and their influence on contemporary Arabic- and Persian-speaking poets, as well as their global significance within the wider discourse of resistance literature. The findings reveal that despite stylistic differences, both poets converge in redefining the notion of social commitment in innovative and influential ways, turning literature into an effective tool for awakening, collective struggle, and raising awareness.

The word love in contemporary poetry has found a meaning other than its apparent or even symbolic meaning in mystical literature. This word no longer refers to individual emotions in an explicit and individual sense, nor to divine and heavenly meanings in a symbolic and mystical sense. Love has been used many times in the concept of freedom in contemporary poetry.  One of the most famous contemporary poets who has always paid special attention to the category of freedom in his poems is Gheysar Aminpour. In this research, with a semantic approach based on Lakoff and Johnson's theory, we will examine examples of the conceptual metaphor of love in the poems of this contemporary poet and answer the question: "What are the metaphorical mappings and common features of love and freedom in Gheysar Aminpour's poems" The results of this research show that Caesar used the symbol of love in the concept of freedom a total of 30 times.  From this frequency, he proposed 15 different mappings for this symbolic relationship. The origin of these metaphorical maps are concrete concepts such as: life, pain, fever, office, street, seed, etc. And among the common features between love and freedom, in his opinion, we can mention: being transferable and teachable, burning and building, giving pain and healing, lasting and pleasurable, etc.

An analysis of the relationship between the literature of Mohammadreza Sangari and Neo-Sadrian philosophy, particularly concerning the concept of freedom, reveals a deep interconnection between these two domains. Sangari, employing a poetic and emotive language, has translated complex philosophical concepts into a simple and accessible form for the general public. This approach has contributed to the removal of philosophy from the exclusivity of elites, making it a subject of public interest. Moreover, the concept of freedom in Sangari’s poetry and Neo-Sadrian philosophy is rooted in shared foundations. Both emphasize the unity of being, movement toward perfection, the role of love and knowledge in human life, and the struggle against oppression and injustice. By drawing on his personal experiences, Sangari has linked philosophical concepts to the everyday lives of people, facilitating a more practical engagement with these ideas.In summary, Sangari’s literature has played multiple roles in expanding philosophical culture. Through the democratization of philosophy, the establishment of an emotional connection with the audience, serving as a model for younger generations, promoting humanistic values, and fostering a spirit of inquiry and critical thinking, his literary works have given philosophy a more popular and accessible dimension. Consequently, it can be argued that Sangari’s literature, acting as a bridge between philosophy and literature, has significantly contributed to the elucidation and expansion of the concept of freedom in Neo-Sadrian philosophy. Overall, this analysis demonstrates that Sangari’s literature is not merely a literary work but also a powerful tool for the dissemination of philosophy and human values. A study of Sangari’s works enables a deeper understanding of philosophical concepts, including the notion of freedom.

It is obvious that freedom is one of the basic necessities of human life and development. Man has been created religiously and culturally free. Basically, human maturity and perfection will be possible in the shadow of enjoying the blessing of freedom, because it is considered the most necessary divine blessing for mankind to guarantee his growth This is why modern man, although he is faced with many issues such as poverty and inequality, but he never feels the lack of freedom. Because by expressing the concept of freedom and related topics, such as the role of a committed and freedom-loving poet in the awakening and awareness of his society, which is the main goal of this study And he has used the descriptive-analytical method. In this method, qualitative and conceptual strategy topics are tried to be conveyed in this research. His relevant results are the poet of cry and struggle, and since he is in control of the society's situation, he can express his words in any way. He says in order to play a role in his society.

One of the most important elements of resistance literature is the element of freedom. This study attempts to examine and analyze one of the symbols of resistance, which denotes this element, in the poetry of Hossein Monzavi from the perspective of cognitive semantics. Monzavi used the symbol of "love" to denote "freedom" 106 times in total. In his poems, the abstract concept of "love" is associated with various concrete source domains in 27 metaphorical mappings, including human, animal, fire, sun, light, star, umbrella, book, lesson, story, secret, peace, messenger, leader, support, place, tavern, pond, flower, fruit, spring, breeze, death, blood, sword, axe, and chain. Monzavi also employs this metaphorical approach to achieve his symbolic perspective of the word "love" as "freedom," elucidating the common features of love and freedom, including providing warmth, illumination, guidance and leadership, destructiveness and constructiveness, serving as an essential for growth, expansiveness and care, being transferable and teachable, longevity, deliverance and lethality, conveying messages, security, raising awareness and alertness, beauty and attraction, being out of reach, quickly fading, extracting blood, and polishing within his metaphorical mappings of the word "love."

Populism emerged as a political movement aimed at paying attention to people. In the era of the Egyptian and Iranian constitutional movement, Hafiz Ebrahim and Abolqasem Lahoeti are the Populist poets whose thoughts are observed in their poems and both of them are known as National and patriotic poets. The two poets devote most of their poems to people and their problems. The present paper seeks to analyze the populist ideas in the poems of the two poets using analytical- descriptive method and to demonstrate that how much these thoughts appear in their poems. It should be noted that people and problems such as the phenomenon of poverty, lack of freedom of expression, people's invitation to fight against colonialism and tyranny, struggle and opposition to any social inequality and the ideal center are common themes in the poetry of these two poets.It should be noted that people and problems such as the phenomenon of poverty, lack of freedom of expression, people's invitation to fight against colonialism and tyranny, struggle and opposition to any social inequality and the ideal center are common themes in the poetry of these two poets.

Abstract Freedom poetry is a branch of poetry where the poet expresses their ideas, feelings, and thoughts without traditional, social, or political constraints, liberating themselves from linguistic and structural limitations. In this type of poetry, poets often explore new ideas, personal experiences, and different perspectives on societies and social issues. Freedom poetry, characterized by innovation, creativity, and poetic language, can profoundly impact its audience and serves as a tool for critiquing powers and institutions, as well as articulating individual and social ideals. Among Arab and Persian speakers, prominent poets have written extensively on freedom poetry, including Qasim Haddad from Bahrain and Ahmad Shamlou from Iran. The works of these two poets are rich with concepts of freedom and are regarded as valuable legacies in contemporary freedom poetry. This study, using a descriptive-analytical method and based on the American school of comparative literature, examines the themes of freedom in the works of these two poets, identifying their similarities and differences to elucidate the factors leading to the emergence of freedom themes in their poetry. The research findings indicate that social, political, and historical factors are among the most significant motivations for both poets in expressing themes of freedom. The most common themes of freedom in their poetry include confronting oppression and injustice, human rights, expressing thoughts and ideas, rejecting chains and limitations, and the experience of imprisonment and life under constraints.

Based on the research conducted, the following results were obtained:At the descriptive level, both poets have used words and phrases that are appropriate to their purpose and, overall, have employed eloquent, purposeful, ideological, and uncomplicated linguistic structures for their audience.At the interpretive level, the situational context, political and religious factors have played a role in the creation of these poems. The discourse type of the poems of both poets is nationalistic. The discourse of fighters and martyrs is common in the poems of both poets, while the feminine discourse is more prevalent in Khaliili's poems and the opposing discourse is more prominent in Shawqi's poems.At the explanatory level, the discourse of Khaliili and Shawqi's poems, by presenting an ideological, religious, epic, and motivational discourse, seeks to raise awareness, create a sense of struggle against colonialists among compatriots, and ultimately to change the power structures and dominant ideology of society.

Discourse analysis is an interdisciplinary method that analyzes and studies the functions of language in the field of society and politics. In this process, language is an ideological and social phenomenon and emphasizes the way of reproduction of social and political power through text. From the point of view of Teun Van Dijk's, discourse analysis deals with a methodical research in the direction of language communication in social and cultural contexts. Among the key aspects of Van Dijk's approach to discourse analysis, we can mention things such as: emphasis on the role of context, analysis of power relations, interdisciplinary approach, critical perspective and the need to pay attention to cognitive processes. Sincerely, Van Dijk's discourse analysis provides a nuanced and critical approach to understanding the complex interplay between language, power, and social context. Critical discourse analysis is also an interdisciplinary approach that studies the way of applying, reproducing and social resistance through text and speech in the field of society and politics and focuses on how language as a social phenomenon can create unequal power structures and social relations preserve and legitimize it. The main issue of this article is to investigate and compare the concept of freedom and its manifestations in the poems of the two mentioned poets, and to find the roots of the discourse of freedom using Van Dijk's discourse analysis approach, as well as to identify the similarities and differences in the way the concept of freedom is addressed in the poems of these two Iranian and Arabic poets. Examining the social, political and cultural context of the time of writing poems, analyzing the power relations and the social status of poets, as well as distinguishing the goals and intentions of the two poets in question are other topics that we will pay attention to. In the following, we will discuss the cognitive analysis, that is, the examination of the perception and representation of the concept of freedom, and the examination of the poets' arguments and mental constructions about freedom, and finally, the examination of the role and effect of poems in society and its reflection in public opinion, as well as the analysis of how the poems relate to each other. We will mention the poet with the social issues of the day.
 

 From Teun Van Dijk's (2003) point of view, discourse analysis deals with methodical research in the direction of language communication in social and cultural contexts. Among the key strains of Van Dijk's approach to discourse analysis, we can mention things such as: emphasis on the role of context, analysis of power relations, interdisciplinary approach, critical perspective and the need to pay attention to cognitive processes. Sincerely, Van Dijk's discourse analysis provides a nuanced and critical approach to understanding the complex interaction between language, power, and social context.    In this article, relying on the American school of comparative literature and in the form of discourse analysis, and relying on Van Dijk's socio-cognitive perspective as one of the basic and efficient methods, we first evaluate the concept of freedom in the two great Iranian and Arab poets, Bahār and Shawqi, Attention has been shown; Then, we have examined the topic from the point of view of ideological strategies. Relying on Van Dijk's critical discourse analysis approach, we will compare the manifestations of freedom in the poems of the two mentioned poets, and by emphasizing the role of context, power relations and cognitive processes, we will identify and compare the way the concept of freedom is represented in the poems of the poets. Discovering interdisciplinary connections between language, power and socio-political contexts of the two mentioned poets is one of the other goals of this research. Then, using the theoretical framework of Van Dijk's discourse analysis, we try to present a critical and interdisciplinary perspective on the theme of freedom in Bahār and Shawqi's poems.

In Bahār and Shawqi's poems, freedom is repeatedly mentioned as a high value and a transcendent goal. Both of these poets have praised and glorified freedom and its manifestations and considered it a gift from God, which, as a noble ideal and a vital desire, plays an important role in the destiny of the nation. The word freedom is in the sense of "breaking the determinism of one chain of causes and effects with the help of another chain" (Haghshenas, 2004: 56). In Latin, the word Liberation or sometimes Freedom is derived from it. The interpretation of freedom means the ability to use the goals that a person or social system undertakes at its own will. If a person is able to realize all his choices and no person or organization threatens his work, he enjoys unconditional independence. At first glance, absolute freedom seems very desirable, but the truth is that because humans live socially, they cannot fully benefit from it; Because the unlimited freedom of one person causes the waste and destruction of the freedom of other people. That is why every society, by formulating its own social, political and legal norms, both protect the freedom of the members of the society and consider an end for it. Freedom has two positive and negative aspects: "Negative freedom means that we have certain rights that impose limits on the amount of government intervention in our lives. Positive freedom also means that we have certain opportunities and choices with which we can realize our human capabilities" (Robinson, 2021: 164). The word freedom is a common interpretation, among its types in the world today, the following can be mentioned: freedom of religion, economic freedom, social freedom, freedom to vote and free elections, political freedom, ethnic and national freedoms, civil liberties, freedom of speech, freedom of the media and press and freedom to criticize the power. A considerable part of the mentioned types is reflected in the poetry of Bahār and Shawqi, which we try to compare as much as possible and express their commonalities, in addition to dealing with its most prominent cases.

Both poets have praised freedom seekers such as Bahār Mamdouh,s Sattar Khan and Sheikh Mohammad Khiabani. Shawqi also praises Saad Zaghloul. Bahār's view in this field is completely national and patriotic and his heroes are Iranian; However, Shawqi went further and chose his admirers from Arab fighters - both Egyptian and non-Egyptian. Bahār and Shawqi, with a reformist and critical point of view, have put their poetry in the service of generalizing freedom and favoring it. Also, the issue of women's freedom is one of the common concerns of Bahār and Shawqi, with the difference that its frequency is more in Shawqi's poetry than in Bahār's poems. Shawqi and Bahār envision an ominous fate for the enemies and opponents of freedom. Based on the findings of the research, Bahār and Shawqi, as two popular/patriotic poets, have never been indifferent and passive to the socio-political transformations of their time. These two have continuously fought against these changes and have reacted positively to them. Based on the most concrete socio-political discourses, Bahār and Shawqi's poems can be described in the description of the unconditional and petty society towards the government of the time and passive intellectuals, as well as various manifestations of freedom. Examining the socio-political aspects of the poems of the mentioned poets based on Van Dijk's critical discourse analysis approach, it is determined that the great approaches of Bahār and Shawqi are in favor of their own discourse and in contrast with the discourse of others in several strategies of Van Dijk's ideological square such as: negative presentation, emphasis and reduction, polarization, positive appearance. The goal is the positive self-arrangement of oneself and the negative presentation of others. Shawqi uses allegorical stories to show the results of the terror ruling the society and censorship. In these allegories, animals and birds are symbols of human society.Women's freedom is one of the common concerns of Bahār and Shawqi. Bahār is against women's observance of the outer hijab and considers chastity and honor to be the true hijab of an Iranian woman. Ahmed Shawqi also mentions the Prophet's way of respecting women's rights and activities such as learning science, business, politics, etc. on his part. Shawqi's sensitivity about women's hijab and the extent to which it is addressed in the poem is much more than Bahār's.

Freedom is one of the fundamental concepts of Jean-Paul Sartre's existential philosophy, and existential psychoanalysis is a method based on this philosophy that Sartre proposed to analyze the psyche and even the whole life of a person. Being and Nothingness is Sartre's most important philosophical principles in explaining and proving human freedom, and the Age of Reason is his first novel from the trilogy of the Roads to Freedom. The present research used the interpretive analysis method to analyze the manifestation of freedom in the Age of Reason with reference to Sartre's philosophy in Being and Nothingness. The analysis of both texts shows that for Sartre, the value of freedom is in conscious commitment and acceptance of responsibility for it. However, despite Sartre's relatively detailed description of freedom, due to his rejection of unconsciousness and neglect of culture, serious criticism can be made from his thoughts on this issue.

Introduction:

Freedom is considered one of the most fundamental concepts of the constitutional revolution and has a high frequency in the literature of this period. The political literature of the constitutional era has also been called Protest Literature. Protest is the most important identity indicator of constitutional period poetry, protesting autocratic rulers who denied the most obvious human rights to the people. Farrokhi Yazdi is one of the famous poets of this era. By analyzing Farrokhi’s political and critical poems, this research tries to explore new angles of his freedom-seeking discourse and to answer the question why freedom is the most important political and social concern of the poet in this period. The research findings show that the power relations in Farrokhi’s freedom-seeking discourse are formed based on a two-way conflict. On one hand, it depicts the struggle of freedom seekers against the heralds of tyranny, and on the other hand, reveals the class discrimination between the rich and the poor in Iran’s heterogeneous society during the constitutional era. Farrokhi’s poetic and realistic language in recreating this two-sided and heterogeneous conflict reveals other aspects of important events of the constitutional revolution to the audience. In Farrokhi’s political thought, freedom precedes other fundamentals of constitutionalism. In the poet's worldview, class freedom and the freedom of the masses precede individual freedoms. Farrokhi’s perception of freedom is more political than individual; his definition of freedom gains meaning in opposition to tyranny. 

Literature Review:

Much research has been done about freedom in Farrokhi Yazdi’s protest poetry. Sadeghzadeh (1387) has studied reformism and modernism in Farrokhi’s political poems. Based on the content of the poet's poems and writings, he concluded that Farrokhi is one of the modernist and intellectual poets of the constitutional era, who has used Western modernity extensively in his writings and poems. Alizadeh and Khosravi (1401) examined freedom in Farrokhi’s poetry from a legal perspective and concluded that in his poetry, freedom is used in the sense of “having the right” on the one hand, which cannot be restricted, and on the other hand, Farrokhi considered it as one of the governing principles of democracy, which has a legal burden and needs to be interpreted in the framework of the constitution. So far, there has been no independent research on the analysis of Farrokhi’s protest poems based on Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis, and the present study is the first of its kind. 

Methodology:

This research has selected, extracted and analyzed Farrokhi’s protest poem with the theme of freedom, which had the possibility of critical discourse analysis in a descriptive-analytical way and citing library sources. Although the method of the current research is qualitative, a quantitative perspective has also been considered in referring to Farrokhi’s protest poems. Theoretical Basis Discourse analysis is an interdisciplinary and qualitative orientation, first used by English structuralist linguist Zellig Harris in 1952. Harris and other structuralist linguists examined the text at a level beyond the sentence, but critical analysis paid attention to the inequality of power in societies and challenging the institution of power. In the approach of critical discourse analysis, the relationship between power and ideology is investigated in the context of the text. Norman Fairclough’s theory of critical discourse analysis is one of the most famous theories in discourse analysis, which while dealing with the category of power, domination, and ideology in the situational context of the text and paying attention to the hidden and visible layers of texts, including literature and poetry, tries to understand power relations on three levels: description, interpretation, and explanation.

Discussion:

A) Description LevelAt this level, Fairclough analyzes the experiential, relational, and expressive values ​​of the text in terms of vocabulary and grammar. In the description section, a text is examined at three levels: vocabulary, grammar, and text structures. Words in the speech chain are elements that give a certain meaning and ideological load to the text. In his protest poems, Farrokhi Yazdi uses more words that can reflect his revolutionary nature and the experimental values ​​of his freedom-seeking discourse. Variable phrasing is another characteristic of lexical experimental values, in which the speaker has a different understanding and interpretation of the social events of his era. Farrokhi uses this feature for harsh criticism against Reza Shah’s government. From Farrokhi's point of view, Reza Shah's rule was a continuation of the tyranny of the Qajar period, and for this reason, he stubbornly opposes it. People are described with less formal or euphemistic words and expressions and most of Farrokhi's descriptions have a negative attitude to people, personalities, and parties.B) Interpretation LevelInterpretation is a mixture of the content of the text and the perceptions of the interpreter. According to Fairclough, interpretations are a combination of the contents of the text itself and the mentality of the interpreter. At the interpretation level, things like the story of the text, participants, relationships between participants, and connection (the role of language in advancing the story) are discussed. The main story of Farrokhi Yazdi’s protest poems reflects the political and social conditions of Iran's tyrannical society during the Qajar and Pahlavi eras. There are three categories of actors and participants in Farrokhi’s freedom-seeking discourse. First, the poet who is the narrator; second, constitutional revolutionaries; and third, the enemies and opponents of the constitution. The position of activists in Farrokhi’s discourse is the position of people. In terms of the function of language, Farrokhi’s poem is a monophonic narrative in which the audience only hear the voice of the poet who describes all the events and incidents like an all-knowing narrator. Farrokhi’s narration of freedom-seeking discourse is full of situations such as despair, hope, victory, defeat, struggle, and imprisonment which are reproduced in his poetic statements.C) Explanation LevelAt this level, the mutual influence of text and society on each other is examined. Farrokhi’s environmental conditions were inflamed and full of contradictions and inequality in the Qajar era. Injustice and lack of freedom and law caused Farrokhi to have a harsh and radical approach towards autocratic rulers. For this reason, his poetry is influenced by the events of the constitutional revolution and the fears and hopes resulting from it. 

Conclusion:

The research findings show that Farrokhi uses all the possibilities and linguistic capacities to stabilize the political tendencies of the constitutionalists and tries to educate the people about the concept of freedom and its place to introduce social struggles in a society where tyranny is rampant. Farrokhi, who is a constitutionalist, introduces the constitutionalists as revolutionary, modernist, and intellectual figures who have no other goal than the elevation and development of the country by expanding the discourse of freedom. Also, by highlighting the historical and cultural events and mentioning the mythical characters and symbols of Iran, it depicts the confrontation between the heralds of freedom and tyranny to make an acceptable and popular face of the constitutionalists who fight against the incompetence of the Qajar kings and the tyranny of Reza Shah.

The interest in cognitive approaches to literature which include the development of methodologies for describing both the production and reception of literary texts has increased in the past few years. In proposing the Conceptual Metaphor Theory, George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in their book, Metaphors We Live By (1980), assert that conceptual metaphors help us comprehend abstract concepts in terms of more concrete ones. This research has tried to answer these questions that if the use of conceptual metaphor in Colson whitehead’s The Underground Railroad (2016) could contribute to the effectiveness of whitehead’s writing in describing the indescribable phenomena, such as horrors of slavery, racism and especially double oppression on black women And is it possible to find main metaphors in the conceptual realm of freedom and suffering of slavery which give coherence to other sub-metaphors of the text From the point of view of feminist criticism, it can be said that in this work, female protagonist of the story, Cora, experiences different abstract concepts in each stage of her train journey such as the sufferings of separation from mother, hard working without wages, rape, whipping, and sterilization. By using the title of the Underground Railroad as metaphor writer sends Cora toward a freedom which is unattainable. In this study, conceptual analytical method has been used.

The philosophical problems of modern society have been a concern of many playwrights. One of the reasons for Akbar Radi's fame in Iranian literature is to address such issues. In the United States, Sam Shepard is also a well-known activist. Questioning about human identity and individuality, as well as the relationship of the theatrical character with others, his relationship with society, freedom and desire to acquire desires, are among the topics seen in Shepard and Rady's plays. This article examines these existentialist concepts by comparing Shepard's True West, Buried Child, Rady's Night on the Wet Pavement and Mr. Gill's Magnificent Smile. In each group of plays, the authors reflect the lack of identity, disruption of relationships with others, desires, social responsibilities, and freedom of action. By examining and comparing the selected works of these two authors, in both completely different Eastern and Western societies, the social situation in the emergence of the mentioned philosophical concepts is similar in many respects and, except for a few debatable exceptions, are completely in line. This article aims at a comparative study of these two groups of plays with a view to the existentialist philosophy of Jean-Paul Sartre, and finally proves the disappearance of concepts of identity, inability to communicate in society, isolation and the disappearance of the concept of freedom in society. The purpose of writing this article is to investigate and compare the philosophy of existentialism in the selected works of Rady and Shepherd and to find common themes despite the cultural and geographical differences in them. This research is based on the school of comparative literature. Using a comparative approach in analyzing literary works and other works of art with each other leads to a deeper understanding of the works and erasing the boundaries between literary and artistic works.

One of the basic topics of cognitive linguistics is conceptual metaphor based on which an unknown and abstract conceptual field is inferred and understood by matching with known and concrete concepts in the human mind.that these well-known concepts originate from human experiences in all aspects of his life, including philosophy and literature. On the other hand, existentialism is a philosophical school that uses literature as a means to express its ideas; Existentialism's philosopher's turn to literary expression caused philosophy to merge with literature. Existentialist literature deals with themes such as loneliness, fear, sadness, emptiness, freedom, and death. Meanwhile, Arabic literature and especially poetry were not affected by the concepts of this school; And an example of this attention and luck can be seen in the poems of the contemporary Lebanese poet Khalil Al-Hawi, because the resonance and reflection of the elements of freedom and death are evident in his poems. He beautifully and artistically portrays the concepts of despair, pain, humiliation and despair caused by the consecutive failures of the Arabs and especially the uprising of 1967, which had a special echo in his soul and soul - all of which are abstract concepts - with concrete and tangible concepts in his poems. He has used conceptual metaphors to make his poems even more heartwarming. Therefore, the authors intend to analyze the conceptual metaphor in the existentialist components of freedom and death in Al-Hawi's poems with a descriptive-analytical method.

The development of all kinds of literary, linguistic, and fictional satires with intellectual, philosophical, social, and political topics is one of the characteristics of the Seljuk era. In this era, on the one hand, kings and Sufists tended to support the culture of the common people, and on the other hand, poets and writers, due to the growth of literacy in the society, improved their linguistic and literary art and created difficult works. Since the kings and common people had a simple mentality, poets used humor and poetic stories to communicate with them. In the meantime, all kinds of humor and satire, which were common demands of the kings and the masses of the people, as one of the types of fun and entertainment as well as a means of judgment about the era, attracted the attention of poets and kings. The other functions of satire in this period are: a tool to show the displeasure of poets with the inattention of rulers to their art, a tool for job competition between poets and also to show the realities of the times, criticism of mischief and discrimination, and also to take revenge on the creators of anarchy.

Existentialism means "authenticity of existence" or "primacy of being". This school was founded by Soren Kierkegaard in the 1830s, although its backgrounds were already in use. The primacy of being on nature, responsibility, freedom, apprehension, choice... is a feature of this school. In Existentialism, human is stranger, because it is not been made of nature. He does not have innate features and creates his own nature. The first purpose of existentialism is a stranger man, because he is not made of nature. They are left in a place that is neither of their genders nor made for them. The first purpose of existentialism is to make a man aware of his identity and make him responsible for his own existence and the existence of all human beings. He must make his own destiny with free choice. Existentialism in Iran in the 1940s and 1950s fell on Sayyed Ahmed Fardid and Ali Shariati's efforts. Mostafa Mastoor is one of the famous contemporary story writers. His first literary work, The Two Eyes of Wet House, in 1369, and his first story, Love on the Pavement, was published in 1377. In Mastoor's stories which mostly result in Soren Kierkegaard's faith thoughts especially Kiss the Lovely Face of God and Pig’s Bone and Leper’s Hands, and some of the existentialism features such as the authenticity of existence, loneliness, lust, anxiety, pessimism, and so on which are discussed in this article.

Tagore mainly famous as a poet. Tagore's works and poems have to be analyzed from various literary, philosophical and political dimensions. Although most of the features of the school of prose are contained in the prose of Tagore, his poems are more influenced by the school of Romanticism. in a descriptive-analytical method and quantitative evaluation the most important components of the school of romanticism, such as: nature, individuality, excitement and feelings, death,... have been investigated in Tagore's poetry. First, his position in world and Indian literature is briefly introduced, and then the main features of the school of romanticism in his poetry are examined and evaluated. Nature is described in a metaphorical and life-giving way in his poetry. Tagore is more concerned with mystical love. Death is frequent in his poetry and he is not afraid of facing death. In general, characteristics and themes: nature with a frequency of 79%, individuality 61%, the relationship between human behaviors and natural elements 56%, love 38% and... have higher frequency in his poems.

Attar Nishabouri's poems are full of humanitarian concepts which have a remarkable history in Iranian and Islamic mysticism and ethics. By intelligently understanding moral principles and adapting them to the life relationships of his era, Attar is known as the most prominent mystic who adhered to human freedom, explained and recommended it to humanity. The presence of a free man whose freedom has a broad meaning and an all-encompassing spectrum is intertwined with concepts such as love, blame, criticism and praise of the crazy, is a key motif of his major poems and is a way  for expressing his free-thinking spirit and his attitude towards this issue. Undoubtedly, in Attar's profound view of this matter, the choice of asceticism and escape from the world of materialism in order to gain freedom and liberty is considered an important indicator. As he considers reaching the position of closeness to God as pure servitude and freedom of the human soul, he considers the realization of this to be the process of training the soul towards leaving the world and avoiding worldly interests and acquiring moral virtues and living in love. What follows in this research is an attempt to explain the expanded the presence of the motif of freedom in Attar Neishabouri's poems using an analytical-descriptive method and a content analysis approach.