جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « آزادی » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

Attar Nishabouri's poems are full of humanitarian concepts which have a remarkable history in Iranian and Islamic mysticism and ethics. By intelligently understanding moral principles and adapting them to the life relationships of his era, Attar is known as the most prominent mystic who adhered to human freedom, explained and recommended it to humanity. The presence of a free man whose freedom has a broad meaning and an all-encompassing spectrum is intertwined with concepts such as love, blame, criticism and praise of the crazy, is a key motif of his major poems and is a way  for expressing his free-thinking spirit and his attitude towards this issue. Undoubtedly, in Attar's profound view of this matter, the choice of asceticism and escape from the world of materialism in order to gain freedom and liberty is considered an important indicator. As he considers reaching the position of closeness to God as pure servitude and freedom of the human soul, he considers the realization of this to be the process of training the soul towards leaving the world and avoiding worldly interests and acquiring moral virtues and living in love. What follows in this research is an attempt to explain the expanded the presence of the motif of freedom in Attar Neishabouri's poems using an analytical-descriptive method and a content analysis approach.

The interest in cognitive approaches to literature which include the development of methodologies for describing both the production and reception of literary texts has increased in the past few years. In proposing the Conceptual Metaphor Theory, George Lakoff and Mark Johnson in their book, Metaphors We Live By (1980), assert that conceptual metaphors help us comprehend abstract concepts in terms of more concrete ones. This research has tried to answer these questions that if the use of conceptual metaphor in Colson whitehead’s The Underground Railroad (2016) could contribute to the effectiveness of whitehead’s writing in describing the indescribable phenomena, such as horrors of slavery, racism and especially double oppression on black women? And is it possible to find main metaphors in the conceptual realm of freedom and suffering of slavery which give coherence to other sub-metaphors of the text? From the point of view of feminist criticism, it can be said that in this work, female protagonist of the story, Cora, experiences different abstract concepts in each stage of her train journey such as the sufferings of separation from mother, hard working without wages, rape, whipping, and sterilization. By using the title of the Underground Railroad as metaphor writer sends Cora toward a freedom which is unattainable. In this study, conceptual analytical method has been used.

The philosophical problems of modern society have been a concern of many playwrights. One of the reasons for Akbar Radi's fame in Iranian literature is to address such issues. In the United States, Sam Shepard is also a well-known activist. Questioning about human identity and individuality, as well as the relationship of the theatrical character with others, his relationship with society, freedom and desire to acquire desires, are among the topics seen in Shepard and Rady's plays. This article examines these existentialist concepts by comparing Shepard's True West, Buried Child, Rady's Night on the Wet Pavement and Mr. Gill's Magnificent Smile. In each group of plays, the authors reflect the lack of identity, disruption of relationships with others, desires, social responsibilities, and freedom of action. By examining and comparing the selected works of these two authors, in both completely different Eastern and Western societies, the social situation in the emergence of the mentioned philosophical concepts is similar in many respects and, except for a few debatable exceptions, are completely in line. This article aims at a comparative study of these two groups of plays with a view to the existentialist philosophy of Jean-Paul Sartre, and finally proves the disappearance of concepts of identity, inability to communicate in society, isolation and the disappearance of the concept of freedom in society. The purpose of writing this article is to investigate and compare the philosophy of existentialism in the selected works of Rady and Shepherd and to find common themes despite the cultural and geographical differences in them. This research is based on the school of comparative literature. Using a comparative approach in analyzing literary works and other works of art with each other leads to a deeper understanding of the works and erasing the boundaries between literary and artistic works.

One of the basic topics of cognitive linguistics is conceptual metaphor based on which an unknown and abstract conceptual field is inferred and understood by matching with known and concrete concepts in the human mind.that these well-known concepts originate from human experiences in all aspects of his life, including philosophy and literature. On the other hand, existentialism is a philosophical school that uses literature as a means to express its ideas; Existentialism's philosopher's turn to literary expression caused philosophy to merge with literature. Existentialist literature deals with themes such as loneliness, fear, sadness, emptiness, freedom, and death. Meanwhile, Arabic literature and especially poetry were not affected by the concepts of this school; And an example of this attention and luck can be seen in the poems of the contemporary Lebanese poet Khalil Al-Hawi, because the resonance and reflection of the elements of freedom and death are evident in his poems. He beautifully and artistically portrays the concepts of despair, pain, humiliation and despair caused by the consecutive failures of the Arabs and especially the uprising of 1967, which had a special echo in his soul and soul - all of which are abstract concepts - with concrete and tangible concepts in his poems. He has used conceptual metaphors to make his poems even more heartwarming. Therefore, the authors intend to analyze the conceptual metaphor in the existentialist components of freedom and death in Al-Hawi's poems with a descriptive-analytical method.

The development of all kinds of literary, linguistic, and fictional satires with intellectual, philosophical, social, and political topics is one of the characteristics of the Seljuk era. In this era, on the one hand, kings and Sufists tended to support the culture of the common people, and on the other hand, poets and writers, due to the growth of literacy in the society, improved their linguistic and literary art and created difficult works. Since the kings and common people had a simple mentality, poets used humor and poetic stories to communicate with them. In the meantime, all kinds of humor and satire, which were common demands of the kings and the masses of the people, as one of the types of fun and entertainment as well as a means of judgment about the era, attracted the attention of poets and kings. The other functions of satire in this period are: a tool to show the displeasure of poets with the inattention of rulers to their art, a tool for job competition between poets and also to show the realities of the times, criticism of mischief and discrimination, and also to take revenge on the creators of anarchy.

Existentialism means "authenticity of existence" or "primacy of being". This school was founded by Soren Kierkegaard in the 1830s, although its backgrounds were already in use. The primacy of being on nature, responsibility, freedom, apprehension, choice... is a feature of this school. In Existentialism, human is stranger, because it is not been made of nature. He does not have innate features and creates his own nature. The first purpose of existentialism is a stranger man, because he is not made of nature. They are left in a place that is neither of their genders nor made for them. The first purpose of existentialism is to make a man aware of his identity and make him responsible for his own existence and the existence of all human beings. He must make his own destiny with free choice. Existentialism in Iran in the 1940s and 1950s fell on Sayyed Ahmed Fardid and Ali Shariati's efforts. Mostafa Mastoor is one of the famous contemporary story writers. His first literary work, The Two Eyes of Wet House, in 1369, and his first story, Love on the Pavement, was published in 1377. In Mastoor's stories which mostly result in Soren Kierkegaard's faith thoughts especially Kiss the Lovely Face of God and Pig’s Bone and Leper’s Hands, and some of the existentialism features such as the authenticity of existence, loneliness, lust, anxiety, pessimism, and so on which are discussed in this article.

Tagore mainly famous as a poet. Tagore's works and poems have to be analyzed from various literary, philosophical and political dimensions. Although most of the features of the school of prose are contained in the prose of Tagore, his poems are more influenced by the school of Romanticism. in a descriptive-analytical method and quantitative evaluation the most important components of the school of romanticism, such as: nature, individuality, excitement and feelings, death,... have been investigated in Tagore's poetry. First, his position in world and Indian literature is briefly introduced, and then the main features of the school of romanticism in his poetry are examined and evaluated. Nature is described in a metaphorical and life-giving way in his poetry. Tagore is more concerned with mystical love. Death is frequent in his poetry and he is not afraid of facing death. In general, characteristics and themes: nature with a frequency of 79%, individuality 61%, the relationship between human behaviors and natural elements 56%, love 38% and... have higher frequency in his poems.

The present paper examines the concept of freedom and its different categories, and more specifically, the freedom of speech in the poetry of Farrokhi Yazdi from a legal perspective. According to this view, freedom is tied up with the concept of "having a right to" and it is defined as an absence of obstacles and limitations. Freedom, similar to justice and public order, is an abstract concept which has been debated and interpreted differently from the perspective of different sciences. On the one hand, freedom has been established as one of the governing principles of democracy, and on the other hand, it has occupied a high position in literary expressions, especially, in poetry. Naturally, an individual would oppose a view which seeks to crucify one's fundamental rights, and freedom is considered as one of these rights because it turns a human being into a subject. In Iran, the beginning of some aspects of such confrontational views can be found in the Constitutional Era. Thus, the thinkers of this era, also influenced by this view, tried to prove the existence of the concept of freedom as a right. Farrokhi Yazdi was one of such thinkers who was at the heart of this conflict. Even though he did not directly address the concept of freedom and its necessity for democracy in his poems, his goal was to achieve a kind of democracy the materialization of which depended on achieving the types of freedom which, in various documents, are considered among fundamental human freedoms today. Now the question is, what kinds of freedom does Farrokhi Yazdi mean by freedom? To find the answer, we draw on a descriptive and analytical method and tie the research to the law and legal matters.

The book “Tahrik-e- Azadi men urdu ka hisa” (Army’s share in the freedom movement) is the work of the famous contemporary scholar Moinuddin Aqeel. The book, published in 2008, is one of the scholar's most valuable works on the history of Urdu in terms of Islamism, nationalism, libertarianism, and its impact on strengthening the Islamic mentality and promoting the social consciousness of Muslims. Here, the author has studied all the literary and non-literary forms of literature, including poetry and literary prose, even lectures, sermons, and conventions. The introduction of religious, political and literary movements on this subject has added to the scientific value and data of this research.

Since the term Azad has been used mostly as a synonym of emancipation and independence, researchers, interpreting or correcting old texts, usually have ignored the real meaning of expressions like Azad, Azade and Azadi or compounds like Sarve Azad, Susane Azad, and Azad Mard. Documentary studying of terms Azad, Azade, Azadi and Azadegan in old texts shows that these terms, besides emancipation and independence, have some other meanings like faultless, sincere, white, healthy and perfect. Therefore, when descriptions as Azade, Azadegi and Azadegan have been used about Iranian people, they have been used in those latter meanings. The usage of Azadegi as a word for admiring goodness was so common that being free had the meaning of thankfulness and praising.

Psychological critique is one of the main approaches to dealing with literary works. The author's psychoanalysis, the study of the psychological characteristics of the characters, and the psychoanalysis of the readers are the main practical fields of this type. For the critic of psychological criticism, there is no limit to the use of different schools of psychology. For this reason, there is less of an approach in psychology that has not been used. The existential school is a stream of psychological studies that was influenced by existentialism in the second half of the twentieth century and soon became one of the most important branches of mental analysis. From this psychological point of view, death, freedom, loneliness and emptiness are the most important human concerns that the quality of subjects' confrontation with these concerns is the cause of their health or mental disorder. Given that in recent decades’ attention to existential concerns in the creation of works of art and literature has been given special attention, and that existential psychology is the main basis for the use of the existentialism in people's lives. In this article, by using a descriptive-analytical method has been made an attempt to examine the use of this psychological approach in a critical study of literary works, especially the literary type of the novel. The results show that the issues of death, responsibility, choice, loneliness, emptiness, originality and suffering are the main issues that should be considered in the critique of psychology with an existential approach.

One of the key human rights issues is the issue of freedom. This debate and its variants, including freedom of opinion, freedom of expression, ... have also been the subject of debate among thinkers and thinkers. Today, all civilized states claim freedom, but each offers a different definition, but regarding the principle of freedom as a citizenship, there is a disagreement over the scope and scope of freedom. Throughout history we will acknowledge that there have always been debates about the limits and degrees of freedom that vary with time and social rituals and types; the scope of this debate has focused on human slavery. And once in freedom of expression and opinion, and in other times freedom of religion, etc. It is worth noting that no thinker in history has accepted the unconditional freedom and the major controversy over boundaries. And the freedom to do so, which in many cases has been a pretext for law enforcement, and many have been given the freedom to do some homework. They refused and some advocated for freedom and ignored many rights of the people and society, so the debate over freedom has always been about freedom.The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan are similar in many respects because of their close ties and united religious roots. One of these parallels is freedom as one of the most prominent citizenship rights. The main question of this study is to compare the constitution of Iran and Pakistan with the comparative study of the importance of this issue and to compare the weaknesses and strengths of these two countries in comparison with the laws of the two countries.

This research is a descriptive - comparative study and the method of collecting information through library method is obtained by downloading legal and legal software and authentic books. The authors, after extracting the contents and comparing the bulletins collected in the fundamental rights of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Republic of Pakistan, determined the extent of freedom in the two countries of Iran and Pakistan and the extent of their similarities and differences.

One of the most important issues in society is the issue of freedom and its importance to the extent that it is addressed in the constitution of most countries. The constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Republic of Pakistan have also taken a special look at the issue of freedom as one of the basic needs of society, and this has been well reflected in the constitution of these two countries. The constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran has considered the issue of freedom in various respects and has addressed several aspects of the constitution in a number of discussions on the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran with regard to freedom. Freedom of parties and associations, freedom of assembly and march, freedom of choice of religion, freedom of religious minorities, freedom of kin and tribal freedom of thought, freedom of the press, freedom of Islamic freedom The constitution has been discussed in detail and its scope has been specified in addition to the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, and the Constitution of the Republic of Pakistan has explicitly considered and specified its scope and scope. What is certain, however, is that both the Islamic Republic of Iran and Pakistan, despite their keen attention to the issue of liberty, have in no way denied freedom unconditionally and, along with this important point, set the boundaries of freedom. So as not to disturb other people in society.

In a comparative study of freedom in Iranian and Pakistani law, we came to the conclusion that the constitution of Iran and Pakistan in various respects, including freedom of parties and peoples, freedom of assembly and march, freedom to choose a job, and related freedoms. Religious minorities, tribal freedoms, freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, the foundations of freedom in Islam are very close to one another, and the two countries have not considered freedom as absolute and unconditional. Various point to the fundamental point that freedom is to the extent that it is not contrary to the rights of others. But the origin of this must be traced back to the teachings of Islam and its neighborliness, as both the Islamic Republic of Iran and Pakistan have based their rule on being Islamic, and Islam has emphasized freedom in its aspect. Different countries have never considered freedom absolute and on the other hand, due to the proximity of the two countries of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Republic of Pakistan, the effects of these two countries have been great.

In the field of comparative literature, by examining common themes in the literature of different nations, countless commonalities can be achieved that emphasize the mutual influence of poets or writers. The birth of any poetic text arises from the social, political and economic conditions prevailing in society, which is narrated and reflected by the pen of a committed poet. In this article, a comparative study of the ideological poems of two famous poets from two different cultures and civilizations French Paul Alois (1895-1952 AD) and Iranian Ahmad Shamloo (1926-2000) has been investigated with emphasis on basic concepts such as peace, justice, freedom, love and ideal -utopia - based on sociological method and ideological critique. The approach to compare the poems of these two great poets is a sociological approach; Because these two poets have been greatly influenced by the times in which they lived and reflected social events in their works. In fact, the purpose of social critique is to study the interaction of literature and society. In addition, in this article, we will use the critique of ideology.

Sohrab is one of the contemporary mystic poets who have acted an inner journey in writing his "Hasht Ketab". The thematic study of Sohrab Sepehri's poems places him among the poets of phenomenology who open the first doors to the perception and awareness of his existence and in unity with the world around him, lead to epistemology and ontological view. Among the existing schools of psychology, the existentialist approach is the only one that directly and with the help of existential and emerging philosophers and authors, looks at different types of emotions and mental disorders from its ontological point of view. Yalom's view provided a map for ontological-humanistic treatment by focusing on the "certainties of existence," i.e, death, freedom, isolation, and emptiness, and by emphasizing the relationship in order to discuss these certainties. These things play a very important role in each level of the individual's psychological structure and are closely related to clinical work. In addition, they create a central organizing principle.

Ahmad Shamlou and Ahmad Matar are among the leaders in political and social poetry in Persian and Arabic literature. Freedom and liberation are among the most important themes of poetry of Shamloo and Matar. In this study, we decided to have a comparative study of the place of freedom in the poetry of these two poets and to provide a deeper understanding of it by examining the commonalities and differences. The present study is conducted based on library studies and in a descriptive manner. First, we have found examples of poems that refer to the theme of freedom in the poetry of both poets and have comparatively put them together and divided them into the following four items: 1. In longing for freedom 2. Freedom of expression and thought 3. Love of freedom 4. Freedom as humanity. In the cases mentioned, Shamloo and Matar agree on freedom and both have set the mission of poetry to achieve freedom; With the difference that the language of Shamloo poetry is not as sharp and critical as Matar.

Romanticism is an important move in the history of art and global thinking. In the present study, nature, imagination, and freedom have been selected from among the significant elements of romanticism based on the high frequency in the poems by Lord Byron and Simin Behbahani. Taking the relationship between and among these elements into account, it could be seen that the tendency towards nature, imagination and freedom play basic roles compared with the other elements of romanticism. The results of a comparative analysis of the aforementioned elements show that, although different in terms of geography, history, culture, and gender, these two poets have some things in common which stem from a common understanding of the nature of romanticism. The results of the present descriptive-analytic study indicated that imagination is a basic issue linked with other poetic elements. Unlike Byron who cannot literarily configure freedom as a specific issue despite his great efforts, freedom could be found in Behbahani’s poems admiring woman as a gender. However, the relationship between these elements in the poem of both poets similarly show that nature is an eternal source for imagination while showing freedom whereas the very imagination represents the freedom of soul and thought in romanticism.