ادبیات معاصر

The purpose of this article is to explain the meaning and the form of the poem of the story of the city of Sangestan, the Third Brotherhood. At first, the analyzes of formalism were related to poetry and language, but the thought governing the text was neglected. This article, with descriptive and analytical method, answers the question, what is the meaning of the symbols of this poem? The success factor of this contemporary poem is the genius of emotion with the choice of "maygan" and its brilliant literary "form". By using political and mythological symbols, the Brotherhood has chosen a new way to express "Maygan". Linguistic and archaic elements are dominant, despairing over the improvement of Iran's situation in the 1330s. The Brotherhood's reaction to the defeat of the freedom fighters and the domination of the predatory and powerful colonialists has been well depicted in this system in the past.

Contemporary German literature is significantly tied to the Second World War and its consequences, a war that many Germans initially showed great enthusiasm for and considered it "pure Aryan nationalism", but once the war ended, called it a great historical mistake. The subject of the Second World War has been one of the most important pillars of contemporary literature for many years: some prominent writers were eyewitnesses of the war and its devastations. Among these writers we aimed to study Uwe Timm and his work Am Beispiel meines Bruders that challenged the life of his family which was directly affected by the Second World War and its consequences. The book with a frank and at the same time satirical language depicts the destructive effect of the war on family relationships as a devastating phenomenon. In this work, Uwe Timm's brother, is the main personage of the story, but the story of his parents and his sister is also intertwined with his fate. Even though Uwe was three years old when his brother died, leaving only a vague image in his mind, Uwe tried to create his work by using the photos and letters that his brother communicated with his family from the battlefield. The following article, based on the image of a German family's vision of the Second World War, in Am Beispiel meines Bruders, examines the impact of the war which leads to discrimination between children by their parents on the family relationships between Tim's family members.

This article aims to conduct a sociological analysis of Nader Naderpour’s poetry, focusing on the concepts of individuality and society in modern Persian poetry. As a prominent contemporary poet, Naderpour employs symbolic language and poetic imagery to illustrate complex interactions between the self and society, reflecting both conflict and coexistence. Utilizing theoretical perspectives from Bourdieu, Lukács, and Bakhtin, this study examines how individual identity and societal influences intertwine in Naderpour’s works. The findings reveal that Naderpour uses specific symbols and themes to portray an identity constantly negotiating with societal pressures. Individuality in his poetry serves as a means of resisting social constraints and seeking self-discovery, while society appears both as a restrictive force and an essential framework for personal growth. This duality enables Naderpour to depict the intricate relationship between the self and society, reflecting his own social and cultural experiences. The sociological significance of this study lies in viewing modern Persian poetry not only as an artistic form but also as a valuable source for understanding contemporary Iranian social and cultural dynamics, highlighting literature’s crucial role in social analysis.

Studying the contrasts and contrasting pairs is one of the main methods of literary structuralism. According to this theory, the human mind divides everything into two categories, good and bad, positive and negative, to understand the world around it. This simple rule is pushed to the hidden layers of the language in the transformation of the mind, and the artist reproduces different fields of contrasts in the meaning of his speech in the creation of a literary work. Dual confrontations are one of the most central themes in Khaled Hosseini's novel The Kite Runner. The author has taken the necessary leaven from it to create a fiction texture. This article has analyzed the confrontations in this novel with a descriptive-analytical method in the section on ethnic and religious confrontations, the author has been able to point out and indirectly criticize the racist thoughts in the Afghan society by confronting the Sunni Pashtuns against the Shia Hazaras. ;By comparing the free society of America with bigoted Afghanistan in space and time,it expresses its double deprivation in an unequal world. In contrast to the characters of the fiction and the description of people like Amir Pashtun Businessman’s child and Hassan Servant’s child,he deals with the extreme class differences in Afghanistan and by mentioning intra-personal confrontations, such as Amir's mental instability, he points to the confrontation of reason and emotion. In a word, the structure of Kite runner is full of in-depth and superficial oppositions, which can be considered as a matrix of oppositions.The most prominent of them is the contrast between reason and emotion, which brings the entire fiction closer to tragedy.

Social and political movements have been emerging in all human societies for a long time. In Iran, at the same time as the constitutional era, many movements were formed And put the society on a path of transformation and progress, whose effects can still be seen in literature, especially poetry.

This research, which is a theoretical study, was carried out using a descriptive-analytical method and using library tools. The scope and society studied are the poems that were written under the influence of social political uprisings, from the constitution to the Mordad 1332 incident.

The findings of the research show that the poems related to the political movements of this period differ to a large extent in terms of content from other poems of this era. One of the most important features of these poems is the existence of different themes and themes, the suitability of poets" poems with the changes and conditions of society, as well as the interweaving of poetry with political and social struggles. These poems are remarkable from different aspects; But the most important thing is to examine the way of poets in persuading the audience and influencing them more, which leads to the expansion of struggles and bringing the nation to the heart of the events.

This influence is done in different ways, the most important of which are: 1- Inciting people to fight for freedom, which includes: inviting people to fight using expressive techniques, using cultural beliefs, and also paying attention to mythological characters. 2- Criticism. 3- Admiring the leaders of the movements and other fighters. 4- Blaming and humiliating the leader of one of the parties or their enemies.

 one of the structuralist theorists, Algridas Julien Greimas, is a Lithuanian linguist who is known as one of the most famous theorists of semantics in the field of narrative. The aim of the present study is to investigate the semiotic of Greimas in two prominent works of Golshiri.

 The method of conducting the present research is descriptive-analytic based on library studies, which will be discussed and investigated based on Greimas" discursive semiology approach. In order to achieve the goals of the research, two stories of Christian and Kid and Shazde Ehtejab have been studied completely.

 The novel Christian and Kid and Shazde Ehtejab can be read from the perspective of Greimas"s model due to its complex narrative structure and postmodernist elements such as uncertainty, anachronism, and mixing the real world with the narrator"s (author"s) mental world.

 Christian and Kid novel, with the author"s emphasis on the emotional, spiritual and inner aspects of the fictional characters, including the narrator and Christian, has made an approach of state (emotional) model well. In this novel, Golshiri"s emphasis and attention on emotional and sensory-perceptual factors has created a kind of emotional action between the narrator and Christian, and in the novel Shazde Ehtejab, functions and the author"s main emphasis is on showing the actions of the main actors, including the actors present in the story and the narrative chain of confrontation between these characters.

Nizar Qabbani (1923-1998 AD) is considered one of the most famous and popular contemporary Arab poets in the 20th century, who seriously turned to political and stability poetry after the defeat of the Arabs in June 1967. The ode "Rasheel and Sisters" is one of the prominent odes of Nizar Qabbani, which was written after the bombing of Qana by Israel in 1996, and the symbolic appeal of various religious, historical, mythological and literary figures has given a special effect to this ode. Undoubtedly, the cultural, political and social conditions of the Arab world and the various intellectual and cultural springs that the poet used and the dynamic mind and vision of her critic were effective in calling these characters. This symbolic presence sometimes includes religious figures such as Christ, Imam Ali (a.s.) and Imam Hussein (a.s.), and sometimes it includes Arab and non-Arab mythological figures such as Don Quixote, Antart, etc. With the symbolic use of these characters and their hidden and obvious existential meanings in a positive and sometimes transformed and negative way, Nizar tried to express his attitudes, messages, pains, experiences and criticisms on his enemies and the Arab society in a literary format. convey to the audience.

Our main issue in this research is how to implement intercultural didactic. The research methodology is descriptive-analytical. Using a researcher-made questionnaire as the main research tool, which includes 20 five-choice questions and its validity has been measured and standardized, we will deal with the effectiveness of intercultural didactic. Therefore, by randomly selecting 200 people from among the total population of undergraduate students in the field of French Language in Iranian universities and in two experimental groups of 100 people, we will examine the effect of this teaching method on improving students' pragmatic competence and interest in literary content. All 20 items of the questionnaire have a strong correlation with their factors and therefore the questionnaire is standardized. Also, the results of descriptive statistics (Table 5-5) show that after removing the possible effect of the pre-test, the experimental group (45.19) obtained a higher average than the control group (35.28) in improving pragmatic competence. Table 5-9 also shows the descriptive statistics of the two experimental groups and the proof of interest in literary content in the post-test. Based on this, the result was obtained that the experimental group (mean = 25.69) compared to the control group (mean = 18.15) obtained a higher mean in the post-test of interest in literary content. Based on the results of the t-test of two independent samples in Table 10-5 (p > .05, t = 9.78 (198)), the effect size index of the t-statistic is 9.78 equal to 0.571, which shows a large effect size.

The institution of the family and the methods of representing it in literary works, including fiction, have been considered in every era. Sometimes authors are attracted to writing family-centered stories relying on their knowledge of the family situation in their era. One of the issues of interest in sociology studies regarding this institution is the issue of power. Identifying the methods of distribution of power in the family shows many social changes that have occurred over time. Due to the increasing rate of these developments and their impact on the structure and function of the family, as well as the future of this institution, the durability or collapse of the traditional and modern forms of the family has become one of the most important preoccupations of sociological thinkers. In this research, based on sociological studies in the field of family, as well as the opinions of different thinkers in the field of power, the structure of power distribution and the methods of its application, the type of resistance to power and the sources of power generation in family relationships in 87 contemporary short stories by seven contemporary Persian authors in the decades 1960s to 2010s were examined; with the aim of clarifying whether in these stories, the power structure in the family is one-sided and asymmetrical, or based on the model of equal rights. It should also be clarified whether the authors were able to draw a picture of the current state of the family institution in Iran despite the existing restrictions and prohibitions. The results show that in these stories, the family structure is semi-symmetrical, non-linear and a combination of intimacy and dominance in line with the balance of tradition and modernity. The methods of exercising power are expressed in two ways: persuasion and coercion; but the type of resistance is more passive due to the adherence of members, especially women, to traditions and customs . From among power-generating sources in family relationships in contemporary short-stories, traditional beliefs and social status are given priority and next to them, we have the following issues: emotional dependency; men’s job dignity; women’s employment; education; men’s powerlessness, and women’s self-esteem and superstitious ideas.

Death can be considered the most important common issue among humans in all times, places and the only rival of life. Expressing the nature of death is a kind of representation of different people's attitude towards the nature of life. None of the poets have removed this concern. Therefore, addressing the thoughts of writers and poets, in this regard, will be effective in better understanding and getting to know the intellectual and epistemological views of these poets. To achieve this goal, one should analyze the texts and poems of these poets. One of the methods of text analysis is critical discourse analysis. in which they discover the author's and poet's attitude towards his works.
Since literature and society have a two-way relationship and the influence of contemporary poetry on society and the influence of contemporary literature in the formation of many socio-political developments has been proven. In this research, we aim to examine the influence of society on the poet's thought about death and its reflection in his works. Among the contemporary poets, Aminpour has expressed the important social and political issues of each period in his poetry explicitly and with appropriate tone, and this issue brings us into the realm of discourse analysis of his works. Accordingly, in this essay, by applying the level of explanation in the analysis of critical discourse, we seek to prove the ups and downs of the poet's death thoughts in his different poetic periods. It seems that his attitude towards death, which includes the outlook on life, has changed in different periods of his life.

Examining Eschatological Elements in the Poems of Ahmad Shamlou IntroductionOne of the enduring and widely debated topics that has been the focal point of discussions among individuals, theorists, philosophers, religions, cultures, and nations is the concept of the world's ultimate fate. The idea of a beginning for the world implies that humanity consistently perceives the world in a linear path and envisions a destiny for it. Such a perspective leads to various cultures and nations, based on their ways of life, intellectual foundations, beliefs, traditions, and collective experiences, offering diverse predictions about the fate of the world. These predictions, at times, become influential and give rise to multiple movements on a societal level.Although eschatology is a significant topic in theology and divinity, it has also found prominence in broader fields such as literature and art, giving rise to a literary genre known as eschatological or apocalyptic literature.

Stand-up Comedy is a type of audio-visual art that has received serious attention in recent decades. It is a combination of verbal and dramatic arts derived from Oral literature and deeply ingrained in folk culture. Stand-up comedy encompasses different forms of art and performance such as storytelling, acting, music, presenting and oration. Comedians engage with the audience directly on stage, regaling them with amusing anecdotes about life and societal matters, inducing laughter and providing a mental release. The findings of this survey indicate that owing to the distinctive features of stand-up comedy, this form of art will gain significant popularity in future. This particular form of contemporary art serves various purposes including, entertainment, education, creating social solidarity and empathy, as well as critiquing political and societal issues. Its notable interartistic features encompass storytelling, being audience's oriented, being critical, improvisational, flexibility, and drawing on informal language and colloquialisms. The present article explores the history of stand-up comedy in Iran, its functions, its structure and defining characteristics. Additionally, the article delves into the significant themes, elements, styles, and techniques employed by comedians in crafting their performances, and three cases of Iranian performances are analyzed as examples.

 Mostafa Rahmandoost is one of the most prominent and famous contemporary poets in the field of literature, especially children"s poetry. The main purpose of this essay is to investigate the methods and stylistic features of this child poet in three linguistic, literary and intellectual levels so that we can pay attention to the main features and stylistic features of the poet.

 The upcoming research will be carried out in a descriptive-analytical way based on library studies. The statistical community and scope of the research in this article is a selection of Rahmandoost"s poetic works in the field of children"s literature in the age group A and B.

 The findings of the research indicate that Rahmandoost used simple and easy-to-understand words, appropriate images and didactic, educational, moral and religious points at the three levels of language, literature and thought.

 The results of the research indicate that at the linguistic level, the vocabulary of Rahmandoost is very much appropriate for the age of the children, free of superstition, difficulty and weakness of composition, use of everyday terms and words, slang and sometimes very simple proverbs to increase the lexical level and Children"s vocabulary. At the literary level, repetition among the images of recognition (animation) and simile is used to a greater extent to teach concepts such as colors, seasons, natural environment, law education, moral points such as altruism, affection and kindness, attention to God"s power, etc. Is. Allowed, other types of far-seeing metaphors and irony have a very limited and brief use in Rahmandoost"s poems in the studied area. At the intellectual level, Rahmandost tries to teach colors, seasons, foods, animals, etc. indirectly by focusing on teaching moral points, respecting parents, paying attention to God"s presence in the universe, and religious concepts.

Animal is viewed in traditional literature as a tool and symbol that shows the human attitude. In the new perspective, however, especially in Deleuze's view, the animal is no longer a tool in hands of humans but humans must submit themselves to the animal and get close to animality. Considering the new concept, this study used the ideas of such thinkers as Deleuze and other related postmodernist thinkers to examine the characters and features of Suvashoun novel from the perspective of animality. The main themes that this study discussed are animality, childhood, madness, humanity. Regarding animality, we see Suvashoun a dialectic, where antithesis appears in Yusuf's humanity. Madness and prison are means used for liberating man from his subjectivity in prison. That is why Zari takes her vow to the madhouse and distributes it among the prisoners. Desire and body, childhood and femininity, Kelo’s personality and MakMahon's poetry, and Dr. Abdollah Khan's mysticism leaves no room for human humanity of Yusuf. He should be the contemporary Siavash, whose head is innocently cut off in the bowl of his mythical innocence. Such a Suvashoun not only ensures the liberty of his soul but accomplishes the animality of Zari.

The entrance of the Marxism’s’ left-wing idealism in the early 14th SH in Iran, has been the source of extensive changes in all cultural aspects and particularly in literature. The fruit of such thinking stream was a newfound literary school which was based on Marxism-Leninism perspective that due to some factors, evolved and developed swiftly. To such a degree that the majority of authors, poets and translators got interested in such school of thought and a great number of significant literary works that shape the body of the Iranian contemporary literature, were created under the influence of Marxism ideas. In order to answer the question that what factors caused the development and growth of the left-wing literature in Iran this writing suggests two general factors of social backgrounds and intellectual infrastructure and with regards to historical documents tries to outline components such as The social backgrounds arising from the constitutional revolution, the victory of October 1917’s revolution, the alteration of Iran’s relationship with the mighty neighboring country and the extended activity of left-wing parties, provided the opportunity for the emergence and the development of the Marxism-Leninism ideology as the infrastructure of the left wing literature in Iran. Additionally, based on literary works we would try to prove this claim that the elements of left-wing literature like realism, protestation, modernism etc. were in alignment and with correspondence to the needs of the Iranian society which required a new and a pioneer literature for the process of its’ structural change and provided the backgrounds for growth and expansion of the left-wing literature in Iran.

The Gothic style was a mode of story writing which became popular in the eighteenth and the beginning of the nineteenth century in Europe when suppression caused by church and religious beliefs on the people was dominant. These stories are created based on imaginary and unreal situations. The role of gothic writers is to analyze the psychological disorders; therefore, novels written in the gothic style are also known as black romance. In Eastern literature (Kurdish and Persian), some socio-political events encouraged story writers to go for surrealism and magical realism adapted with social infrastructure of their community. In this research, Gothic elements in Hoshang Golshiri’s Prince Ehtejab and Bakhtiar Ali’s Death of the Second Single Child have been explored through their relevance to Iranian and Kurdish society. Moreover, the style of both authors has also been investigated. The results indicate that Hoshang Golshiri and Bakhtiar Ali have used Gothic techniques in their stories in accordance with the social conditions of their society. The Gothic is a means to reflect the social and political conditions of these authors' era, where tensions caused by social issues in turn, yields to socio-political situation of their era in a Gothic format.

Manouchehr Atashi can be considered one of the poets of contemporary literature, but various aspects and angles of his poetry have not been researched yet. The study and analysis of Atashi"s poems from the point of view of psychological criticism based on contemporary psychological theories, including Karen Horne"s theory, which can clearly reveal the close relationship between the literary work and the poet"s spirit and social environment, is the main goal of the upcoming research, which in other scientific studies about poems Fire has been neglected. Examining this issue will open a new window for the lovers and critics to know and introduce the works of this outstanding poet.

The descriptive-analytical research method is based on library studies and the method of sand analysis, in which the analyzed samples are purposefully selected from the collection of Manouchehr Atashi"s poems.

Based on what has been discussed in this research, fear, anxiety and defense mechanisms against it in the form of isolation, seclusion, seclusion, taking refuge in an ideal world and creating an ideal self-image, philosophical bewilderment and protest according to Karen"s psychological theory. Hornay can be seen in Manouchehr Atashi"s poems and compositions.

The social environment and the surrounding world and human relationships with the surrounding people can be effective in creating feelings of fear, anxiety and failure; Emotions that are considered in Hornay"s psychological theory as fundamental anxiety. The findings of the upcoming research show that the contemporary world, manifestations of industrial progress, the death of loved ones and failure in love are all effective factors in creating a sense of anxiety in Manouchehr Atashi"s poems.

In the contemporary era, overwhelmed by the spectacle and cognitive capitalism, human beings are submerged under a constant flow of data and intangible goods; a direct result of the emergence and proliferation of information and communication technologies. In the realm of cultural products, particularly in the literary creation sector, where it is impossible to strike a balance between creation and reception, the concepts of attention and reception assume a particular importance. In contrast to outdated heirs of the aesthetic approach to literature, whose roots extend back to the 19th century and have contributed to the contemporary crisis and devaluation of French literature, many contemporary writers, particularly bestselling authors, utilize the capabilities of digital media to promote and sell their works. This study aimed to explore the impact of these media on author visibility and contemporary literary success, drawing on the theories of Yves Citton on the ecology of attention and Nathalie Heinich on the sociology of visibility. This study demonstrated how, on the one hand, it is possible to create value by attracting attention and gaining visibility and celebrity, and on the other hand, to move beyond textocentrism and extend the scope of a literary work.

contemporary poets Have devoted some of their poems to subject of Islamic Awakening. One of the issues that is being Considered globally and especially by the Islamic countries and societies is the accurate know edge of The dimentions of the Islamic Awakening as a new thought that has been brought up in recent decades. Said Matuq is amony the new and contemporary poets who has used poem as an expressive literary Genre to express his thoughts and ideas and to learn the Islamic Awakening as a valuable goal in his Society. He has used xeffective concepts which based Very on original values and explanation of national identity will smooth the way of Moslem people to eternal happiness or hereafter bliss. This research answers the guestion of which concepts exists in the Emirati poet Saeed Matuq which are positive for compre hensively streng thening of Awakening movement in the history of Islamic civilization. for this purpose the descriptive analytical method ased on he has been able to successfully reflect the political and social mood of his people and the other Islamic countries in the path to worship and awakening and anti-colonialism.

The basic elements in literary images and imaginary forms, such as metaphor, simile, irony, metaphor, matching of the senses, etc., depend on colors; color has an important and prominent place; Because it gives literary words dimension, direction and depth and also its great impact on our lives and spirits is evident, poets use this element to give objectivity to their literary concepts. The abundant effect of colors has encouraged many researchers to study their effects and dimensions, both positive and negative, and each of them is trying to show these effects to others. In this article, an attempt has been made to study color as one of the main and important elements in contemporary literature, especially in the poems of Adonis and Qaisar Aminpour, by descriptive-comparative method, and also to evaluate the poems of these two Syrian and Iranian poets. The most obvious achievement of this research is that these two poets used six colors of black, white, blue, green, red and yellow with different committees to reflect and express different intentions and themes that were often due to the social conditions of the society. Their symbolic use was used to add to the richness of their poems.