الدیستوبیا

Dystopia, a significant literary subgenre, is diametrically opposed to the utopia that poets and writers longed to achieve. Dystopian literature broadly portrays the destructive consequences of political, social, and industrial clashes. In other words, this type of literary subgenre mirrors the dark side of the society which is replete with misery and agony. Since novels are mainly the product of societal events, dystopia is more widely reflected in novels than in other literary genres.Ahmad Saadawi, a contemporary Iraqi novelist, in Frankenstein in Baghdad, has depicted life in Baghdad with extreme pessimism concerning the reality of human life in the contemporary world. In this novel, the author has depicted the dangerous effects of political and social structures on the future of humanity especially the people of Baghdad. He depicts the detrimental effects of the American invasion of Iraq leaving the country in an abysmal situation. The novel is a fearsome portrayal of such a torn-apart society. In every line of the novel, signs of dystopian life are horrifically pictured.This research, based on a descriptive-analytical method, examines dystopian components such as moral degradation and degradation, criminal actions, deprivation of security, chaos, violence, destruction of peaceful life components, and enforced migration. The novel is a frightening image of a disjointed society plagued by unfortunate events.

The literature of the filthy city (dystopia) is the literature of an imaginary and corrupt society that is ruled by chaos, this type of literature depicts an imaginary world in which goodness is depleted and absolute evil reigns over it. Its most prominent features include destruction, murder, cruelty, poverty and disease. This literary type, after the proper and decent life for the writers was not achieved in reality, In many of their literary works, it has appeared in the form of an imaginary world full of evil. Arab literature is also not free of this type of literature, Arab poets and elders have paid attention to this concept in their poetic works and literary texts. Among the writers who embodied the filthy city in their literary works is Jalal Bergess, a Jordanian novelist and the author of the novel "Defater al-Waraq". In this work, the author depicts a horrible imaginary city whose events revolve around murder, destruction and corruption. This is the result of the bitter realities of the Jordanian society and the existing class divide in it as a result of the rule of the government and the corrupt administrative system, as well as the continuous conflicts with the Israeli occupiers, which has led the Arab countries to destruction, unrest and chaos. This article deals with a descriptive-analytical approach with the aim of investigating the phenomena of dystopia such as poverty, deprivation, extensive government corruption, war, killing and destruction and the manifestation of these concepts in the novel of the "Defater al-Waraq". One of the other goals of this essay is to introduce the novel  "Defater al-Waraq"  as a socio-political novel  which has depicted the vices of society with the aim of achieving an ideal and desirable society. Considering the importance of research, the authors of the article, relying on the elements of dystopia, try to find the data that leads to the phenomenon of dystopia in the society and also to analyze and examine how its signs appear in the novel  "Defater al-Waraq" . This research has reached this conclusion that Jalal Bergess, psychological conditions governing the characters of the novel such as abnormalities and moral deviations have appeared which they do'nt find a solution to correct it and disobeying the rational commands brings their satisfaction. This phenomenon is not only limited to the poor and needy so that the rich and the holders of government positions are also suffering from moral deviation and their moral deviance has been manifested in the form of harassing others. Personality duality is another psychological phenomenon that  it can be seen in the novel  "Defater al-Waraq"   that the characters of the story are in a difficult struggle between doing good deeds and bad deeds. The author of the novel has not forgotten the lives of the disillusioned and the homeless and has depicted the visible and hidden aspects of their lives. Another sign of dystopia in the novel is the war and conflict with the Zionist regime, which has led to the poverty and misery of the people. On the other hand, the ruling system in the novel "Defater al-Waraq"  is a tyrannical power that has a great influence on events , although it may have an invisible presence like Utopia. In this novel, the ruling system has classified people into different categories, A group that has freely monopolized everything and have built their own utopian world and they have marginalized the rest of the people and they have deprived them of all their human rights. Another sign of government corruption is the expansion of the usury phenomenon in state banks, which swallows people's wealth and assets, that the result of this is the poverty and hardship that is brought to the people. Jalal Bergees has depicted the state of poverty and displacement of the people in such a way that their situation is far worse than that of the Palestinian refugees  and the cloths of rice and wheat bags donated to Palestinians are used as shirts and bags for Jordanian children. Jalal Bergess also has depicted other signs of dystopia, the state of fear and confusion that is the result of continuous surveillance by spies and mercenaries of the government who are constantly trying to monitor the people and it recounts its psychological consequences on the characters of the story. Jalal Bergess believes that the only solution to these crises is the dismantling of the corrupt government and the administration of Jordan by just and democracy-loving men and he believes that the only way to achieve this goal is resistance and perseverance against the oppression of rulers, But from the perspective of mental disorders caused by the bad state of society, he calls people to adopt humane and moral ideals.Key words: Modern novel, dystopia, Jalal Bergees, Defater al-Waraq.

One of the most important and fundamental human instincts is the existential instinct that man develops according to this desire, and according to Freud, the instinct of death brings fear, self-harm and suicide to man. The issue of death is one of the most complex issues that has cast its shadow over man over the years and has placed him in the contradiction of the joy of life and the fear of doom; On this basis, scientists from various fields try to recognize that Freud was the leader of this thinking. Freud believes that there is no contradiction between the joy of life and the fear of death, and the two can be studied together under the titles of Eros and Thanatos. Sinan Anton is one of the Iraqi novelists who has given a high place to death in his novels, among which the novel "Only in the Pomegranate" is one of the most important novels that has dealt with the various issues of death. This research is written based on a descriptive-analytical method to divide death into three main axes: - Terror, liquidation, and kidnapping, then insanity with the axes of anxiety, fear, dreams and nightmares and addiction, and then imprisonment that escapes the most important tone. It is its axis. And as a result of this research, we learned that Sinan Anthony used all these meanings to describe death, and by washing each corpse, he expressed the way of death.

There is a marathon-like race between academic criticism and literary texts as the former attmepts to classify, frame and determine the boundaries of the latter. Yet, the rapid transformation that is taking place at different levels of society upst the majority of frameworks and boundaries. Taking short story as a genre, one is entitled to suggest that freedom is its essential element. It is observable that stories have surpassed all traditional literary conventions in the twenty-first century. For example, modern means of communication such as the Internet, Facebook and others have taken an important role in the field of literary creatation. The Tunisian author Monsef Al-Wahibi, for example, has chosen the category of "Facebook novel" for his Adam's Lover in which we see a Facebook-based communication between a man and woman. Dialogue of Fingers is another particular case in point. Amidst this turbulence of standards, Arabic literature is witnessing innovations and initiatives that are direct or indirect reaction to the events that the Arab world has been going through in this last decade, that is, prior to the so-called "Arab Spring" and the period during which follow it. One these initiatives goes beyond novelistic conventions in that it breaks the chronological order and the historical sequence, and abolishes the boundaries between reality and fantasy, thus entering "science-fiction" as a direct factor in building narratives and developing events. The stream of Utopian and Dystopian of writing should be grounded in this context. This study has selected two particular novels to develop its argument: Utopia (2008) by Ahmed Khaled Tawfiq and Mercury (2015) by Muhammad Rabi. The paper analyzes the narrative technique that transcends the hierarchy of time in narration on the one hand, and creates worlds in which the boundaries between reality and fantasy are blurred on the other hand. Finally, the paper creates a link betwwen the selected case studies and the turbulent political/social situation in the Arab community.

Reflect on writers’ intellectual traits, we see most of them in pursuit of a modern society in which they find themselves needless, or a society of peace and tranquility, but the reality is something other than what they wish for because turmoil and unrest fluctuates in their works and are driven by the sense of despair surrounding them, which is exactly the opposite of Utopia, and on the opposite side, dystopia was born, especially in the novel. From his childhood, Sinan Antoon opened his eyes to war, famine, boycott, and repression and his life has been filled with catastrophes. So, in his novel, dystopia is seen widely, and intensified after 2003 war because Iraq experienced an unimaginable destruction. In the novel Al-Fihris (Index), Sinan Antoon points to a corner of environmental devastation, alien domination, war, and abnormal death that the present study seeks to discover using an analytical descriptive.

Dystopian literature tries to describe the turbulent, corrupt, and shaky societies from which citizens try to flee. Because a utopia is only theoretically written and described. This is while dystopia has covered the utopia of the poets an oblivion veil literally and realistically, leaving it only in poets’, writers’, and philosophers’ minds as a hope or ideal. The two cities are at war with each other, with utopia trying to reform society, and dystopia trying to destroy it. We knew that poetry is a human effort to change the social society, the raw material of which is to be found in the events of society, so Abdul Razzaq Al-Rubaie has incorporated dystopia in all his poetry with all the corruption, discrimination, poverty and war in his poetry after seeing his country in the grip of war, the battle and the destruction of all infrastructure and the environment. The present paper employed a descriptive-analytic method to discover dystopian axes in Abdul Razzaq al-Rubaie's poetry, such as war, environmental degradation, and antiquities, chaos, and alien domination over the country by observing and finding these axes. We found that the poet tried to express the oppression and discrimination in his society, considering Iraq an important center in dystopian literature. The poet was able to reveal subjects and subjects that no poet could dare to say.

Dystopia, corrupt city, or bitter reality literature is a result of prevailing social and political variables and events. The poet in dystopia depends on the community or the city, and the main factor for the emergence of dystopian elements in the poetic structure. Dystopia manifested itself in the poetic works of ‛Alī Kan‛ān in a remarkable way, and we also reveal the mental and spiritual dimensions of dystopia from various angles, by applying them to examples of ‛Alī Kan‛ān poetic texts, in order to reveal the connotations of this literary phenomenon. This article relies on his study of all kinds of dystopian literature in its poetic lines and then mentions its characteristics and influence in his poetic output, so that we look at the characteristics of this environment in which he lived, and that we arrive accurately at the writer's vision about the corrupt city. Based on this, the research seeks to identify the role of human, social, political, and economic events, which play an important role in obtaining the new meanings of ‛Alī Kan‛ān’s poetic texts and the diversity of their meanings in terms of dystopian literature, with an approach characterized by a descriptive, analytical and the library research method. In this research we concluded that the poet strived in his literary works to give us an honest picture of the corrupt city and its negative impact on society

Many contemporary writers and poets have touched on the phenomenon of dystopia, or what we express in a corrupt city; in their poetry and literature, by highlighting its bad manifestations such as unemployment, extreme poverty, deprivation, wars and their dismal and negative impact on people. And fighting the corrupt authorities and governments that do not work for the good of the people and the future generations do not care about them. Dr. Ahmed Al-Waili, as he is a rhetoric orator in the contemporary era and nicknamed the Dean of the Husayn al-Husayni and the Shi’ite mobile library in the field of poetry and literature in the field of poetry and literature . I take care of the Islamic community in general and the Iraqi society in particular, the care of the reformer and the guide who declares, refers and stimulates his poetry and critical and effective speeches to reform and uproot these phenomena that emanate from the corrupt city, or replace the virtuous city to its opposite. In this study on the descriptive-analytical method, we study the manifestations of dystopia in his poem "Baghdad", and what he referred to in his poetry and at the end of the day we mention the most important results that we have come to

Modern Arabicliterature in general and the contemporarynovel in particular, arein their formative stagesinfluenced by social variables. The writer/authordrawshisrawmaterialfrom the humanistic-social events and uses human society as the theme and basis of the novel. Meanwhile, apartfromimitating western art and comprehendinginevitablenecessity of urban life, the city playsa key role in this part. The use of the city in utopiaframework has an oldhistory in easternrealm, but the converse form as 'dystopia' or 'corrupt city' which is recently developingin Arabic novels including FawziZebians'Orwell fi al-zahia al-jonubiyah' (Orwell in the Southern Suburb). The writer tries to disclose the factors that preventhuman beings from exaltationby considernghumanistic and social conditions of southernsuburb of Beirut. So, this article tries to read the mentioned novel in the light of dystopia constituents and gets information about humanistic and social factors of dystopia in the formation of FawziZebian's novel.The results show that the writer observes social conditions of southernsuburb of Beirut andits relations with the political conditions of Lebanese society and has muchdare in raisingproblemsthat are in cases dificult to deal withovertly.