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One of the most important elements of Patrick Modiano's novels is the investigation of identity. A Trace of Malice begins and ends with distance from the identity. This article tends to find why the identity issu in the initial situation, which has led to some investigations in actions happened in the past, is different from the identity issu at the end of the novel. In order to answer this question, we use the narrative programs and the model of actors by Algirad Greimas. So, the text has been divided into three different structures : surface structure, functional structure and semiotics structure. In semiotics structure, we cut up the text into some sequences; each sequence is considered like a sample of whole text. It seems that what we can find in each sequence exists in whole text. At the end, we have presented the actantial model. As a result, we have found that one person appears at the same time in the role of the three main actants in the narrative: subject, sender and receiver. Three roles by one person might be the reason why the object loses its value for principal actant.

Grimas was a well-known narratologist influenced by linguists such as Propp, Saussure, and Jakobson. He limited narratives to stories and believed that the emergence of stories was based on the confrontation of actors. According to Grimas, actions shape fictional characters and characters have their actions in stories. His ideas resulted in the action-oriented model, which is still relevant today. In this model, a character's entire being is defined by the role they play in the story. Grimas designed this model to modify Propp's model and evaluate narratives from a new perspective. In his book Semantic Structure (1963), he summarized his work using the concept of action and presented his ideas with clarity and simplicity. Grimas' action model presents a new understanding of the character, where the character's role or action is an abstract or spiritual concept that can represent a person, animal, or even an idea.Numerous studies have explored the use of Grimas' action model in modern novels, highlighting its effectiveness in complex narratives. Naguib Mahfouz's "Al-Hob Taht al-matar" is a realistic and critical novel that tackles political and social issues, presenting an accurate portrayal of Egyptian society during a specific period. The novel's overall narrative structure can be analyzed using Grimas' action pattern, as well as its narrative chains and propositions.

Through the use of Grimas' action model and the descriptive-analytical method, this research has analyzed Naguib Mahfouz's novel "Al-Hob Taht al-matar."

An analysis of the novel "Al-Hob Taht al-matar" revealed that the six actors and narrative chains proposed by Grimas are fully present in this novel. The structure of the story is planned in such a way that the events happen one after the other in a linear timeline. In the plot, the events take place in a continuous chain and follow each other. This coherent and interconnected structure appears in five separate situations. In the first situation, which is the "romantic relationship between Marzouq and Aliat," Marzouq is the subject actor, Aliat is the target actor, and the goal and object of value is connected and married to Aliat. Suniyah is Marzouq's accomplice, and Fatna Nazar is his antagonist. In the second situation under the title: "Samra's becoming interested in reasons and making inappropriate requests from him", Samra's active and active actor is the valuable object of satisfying the reasons, the actor of mental disorder and same-sex orientation, the actor of pathological thoughts and sexual deviations that lead him to his goal. In the first position, we have an unnamed character who guides and serves as the antagonist of Hosni Hijazi. Moving on to the third position, titled "Mani Zahran's Entry into Cinema and Acting", we have Mani Zahran, an active and renowned actor famous for his roles in Suniye and Aliat. He is an anti-actor of Mohammad Rashvan and a valuable asset to the world of cinema. The fourth situation, titled "Ali Zahran's Revenge on Mohammad Rashvan", revolves around Dr. Ali Zahran, who is an active ego and a valuable tool for taking revenge on Mohammad Rashvan. He has a strong sense of duty towards his sister and is determined to defend her lost rights. He is also an accomplice of Hassan's and a noteworthy character in this position. Lastly, we have the fifth position, titled "Ebrahim's Struggle for the Homeland". The active actor in this position is Ibrahim, who is motivated by his love for the country and is the goal and value object of the struggle for the nation. He is an active actor in the homeland and opposes the neglect of Ibrahim's friends and people. He is also a prominent character in Suniyeh.

The research findings on the novel "Al-Hob Taht al-matar" revealed that its general structure can be summarized in five main situations, which took place in a linear and chain-like manner. The characters in the novel played their roles according to Grimas's action model, particularly in the six actions. Furthermore, all the components related to the narrative chains and propositions of Grimas were present in the novel. The findings also showed that the novel had all three narrative chains of contract, dissociation and performance. The most significant contract in the novel was the marriage contract, which was sometimes successful and sometimes unsuccessful. The events in the novel mostly focused on the activists' efforts to achieve success and fame, which often did not come true. The events and movements of the novel often flowed from positive to negative, and few events moved from negative to positive. Regarding the narrative propositions, the novel had all three descriptive, modal, and transitive propositions. The features and characteristics of the key characters of the story, including "Aliat, Marzouq, Hosni Hijazi, Ibrahim, Mani and Fitna Nazar," were presented in detail according to the occurrence of situations related to each of them. In the different situations of the novel, different characters had different goals and aspirations, all of whom faced obstacles in achieving their goals and aspirations with special methods. The actions related to the actors of this novel changed under the influence of the change of position of each actor, and sometimes, one value was replaced by another value.

Greimas, as the most famous theoretician of "narrative semantics", believes that the structure of a narrative, like the structure of a sentence, has its own grammar. By presenting some models such as action pattern, narrative program, semantic square, etc., he tries to structure the relationships between the meaningful signs of a texte, so that we can understand the internal structures of the meaning of the text by transitioning from the surface structure to the deep structure. The narrativity is the main organizing principle of any discourse. Narrative semiotics aims to search for deep, inherent and stable structures in discourses that can be formally manifested at the surface of texts. In this research, by referring to Greimas's narrative semiotics and his famous models, we intend to examine the narrativity in the novel "If Only It Were True" by Marc Levy. Unlike other literary criticism approaches that search for meaning outside the text, the semiotic approach searches for the mechanism of meaning formation in the text itself and in the deep layers of the text.

Background of study:

In the field of semiotics, narratology and semantics, many studies have been done by researchers in the form of books and articles. Emphasizing the narrative aspect of Greimas's approach, Abbasi has analyzed Persian texts in the books "Samad: The Structure of a Myth" and "Applied Narrative". Sha'iri has done many and extensive studies in this field, among which the books "Semantic of Literature: The Theory and Method of Analyzing Literary Discourse" and several articles such as "From Structuralist Semiotics to Discourse-Semiotics", "A Study of Types of Discourse Systems From the Semiotic Point of View", "Semiotic Analysis of the Process of Recognition in Literary Discourse: A Case Study of Pacheh Khizak written by Sadegh Choubak ".Marc Levy's works have also been the subject of researches with different approaches of literary criticism, among them, we can mention the article by Hassan Zokhtareh and Martine Boyer-Weinmann entitled "A Study of Literary Success in the Contemporary Media Age, Case Study: She and He by Marc Levy". The authors of this article examine the reasons for the success of best-selling novels and successful authors. Ali Abbassi and Mitra Moradi have studied the beginning and end parts of Levy's novel in the article entitled "The Study of the Incipit and the Closure in All Those Things We Never Said by Marc Levy".

In this research, using the models presented by Greimas, we intend to investigate the narrativity in the novel "If Only It Were True", by the French author, Marc Levy. By conducting this study, we are looking for an answer to the question "how the narrativity as the organizing principle of the discourse has helped to create meaning and reflect the author's desired values". Our hypothesis in this research is that the text consists of a set of semiotic-semantic elements at the surface and deep structures, between which there are meaningful relationships. Therefore, the purpose of this researche is to study the action pattern, narrative program and semantic square in this novel in order to determine how these elements make the discourse meaningful.

The findings of this study show that in this novel we are not facing a simple set of narrative programs, but there is a set of narrative programs that go in parallel to each other, this indicates the complexity of the narrative course of the action subject. By examining the semantic square, we learn that although the actors are temporarily in the position of death, they eventually come out of it and return to life; This reflects the author's positiviste values.

Character analysis in fiction has received special attention from critics and analysts of fiction in recent decades. Personality is part of the overall structure of a narrative and one of its aspects is activism. The action in the story and narrative determines the verb of the narrative character. Influenced by Propp, Greimas proposed his theory of narratology. His model of action in this theory can be applied in almost all literary genres, and this feature shows the flexibility and applicability of his model in examining the structural foundations of a text. The purpose and subject of this research is to study the characters of Ermiah's novel by Reza Amirkhani based on Greimas' action pattern. Greimas has designed a model for examining the character's character actions, which consists of three dual patterns: "actor / goal", "actor / actionable" and "friend / counter-actor". The results of the descriptive-analytical article indicate that the characters in this novel have significant value contrasts (war and anti-war). According to Greimas' action of pattern, Ermiah, as an active character in the field of imposed war and holy defense, has moved towards achieving his goal and has figured out the action of the story and put the other components of this pattern on the path of role-playing.

This survey attempts to demonstrate how the perception-sense process has been formed in the narration- process of One Thousand and One Nights via the study from Action Pattern and Semantic Square to Tension Square to find out how the function of story-into-story narrative structure in One Thousand and One Nights has passed from the Semantic Square and penetrated into the Tension Process, transformed the discursive condition, led to produce the fluid meanings and ultimately made up the tension of the Extensity and Intensity. In One Thousand And One Nights, everything has commenced from a deficiency. Emotional crisis that made Shahriyar as a vindictive actor, appeared due to the external oppression; but the narration process has begun by the presence of Sharzad as an intelligent narrator. Narration has displayed its function as elimination of deficiency via the presence of the narrator along with Shahriyar . The continual presence of narrator with her purposeful discourse has been suspending the abnormal condition, and the narration- process has led to semantic transcendence and created tension between the main actors. Disjunction from the revenge object and conjunction to the valuable object that have reprodued the relationship between Shariyar and his existence, clarifies a new movement and at last causes the transformation and reproduction of signs. Shahrzad has transformed the abnormal psychic condition of Shahriyar by means of the narrative language and ultimately, the injection of energy into the discursive space caused to change the stable and contracted situation into the redemptive situation .

Every work of art is a combination of structure and beauty. Aesthetic values ​​are in the role of the building blocks of a work of art, and a principled and purposeful structure can be used to apply them. The arrangement of aesthetic values ​​depends on the structure of the work; That is, a proper structure contributes to the relationship between aesthetic values. Narratology, as a science, strives to achieve clear narrative patterns. Propp and Garms are theorists who have defined narrative based on the actions of actors. The role model is one of the most important tools that provides semantic cues to critics. With the help of this model of action, it is possible to understand the presence or absence of internal coherence between narrative elements. Pirang is another important theoretical issue in the field of semantics and narratology with a constructivist approach and the most important part of a narrative and it can be considered as one of the most important elements related to the model of actors on which the coherence of the narrative structure depends. Weiss and Ramin is a Persian lyric poem that has always had a high place in Persian literature. In the present study, we have tried to establish this position by using Garms theory and by prescribing scientific frameworks.

Precedent, research goal This research is a descriptive-analytical method and the sources used in it are library documents. Babak Ahmadi (1991) in the book Structure and Interpretation of the text and (2017) the book from visual signs to the text took a big step in introducing the development of new approaches to narratology. Ahmad Okhot (1992) also tried to prove the compatibility of Persian literature with them by introducing the theories related to narratology by writing the book Grammar of the Story. Other authors such as Hamid Reza Shairi (2002) with the book Basics of Modern Semantics, Ali Abbasi (2016) with the book Applied Narrative and Mohammad Hadi Mohammadi and Ali Abbasi (2002) with the book Samad Structure of a myth in introducing this scientific approach and localization of this Theories have made a significant contribution. The purpose of this study is to prove the coherence of the plot and the narrative of Weiss and Ramin based on the structuralism of Propp and Garms.

This narrative consists of four action models, each of which is based on a plot. The first and second action models work in parallel in a contradictory relationship to achieve a goal and form an independent story. Following these plots, a new story begins with two other action models, both of which (in conjunction with Weiss and in conjunction with Ramin) operate in parallel; But the relationship between them is interactive and they advance the narrative to achieve a common goal. The plot on which these two narratives are based is the same. In Weiss and Ramin's narrative, we are faced with two types of plots: linear plots that follow each other and parallel plots that tell the story at the same time. These plots themselves fall into two groups of confrontation and interaction. In Weiss and Ramin, it can be seen that a fictional character is placed in the position of two actors. Sometimes these two positions of action have an interactive relationship with each other and move towards a goal; In the first plot, the target (viro) acts in the position of the actor, and in the second plot, the midwife appears in the position of the actor and the actor. This shows the importance of these fictional characters in the narrative; Because they take on the narration of an important part of the story and by being in two positions, they bring the most help to the active actor to reach the goal. In some cases, the actions of the actors change; That is, from the front of helping the active actor, they are transferred to the opposite front. As in action model First, the actor (city) has become a deterrent actor, and in action model second we see this change in city action. Given the material motivation of the city for this change of action, the most important feedback received from the analysis of his position in these models of action is the realization of his shaky personality and the sudden change of direction of the narrative. By summarizing the initial and final parts and devoting as much volume as possible to the middle part, the author has created a fit and a principle of uniformity that causes order and coherence in the story of Weiss and Ramin.

Weiss and Ramin's lyrical system is a narrative based on Grimas structuralist theory that has a complete structural pattern and narrative; Because in addition to having three initial, middle and final parts, the element of change is also seen in it. Also, based on the type of text that was chosen (narration), there is a kind of semantic coherence in it and no part of the anecdote is ineffective in advancing the flow of narration. This is a privilege that many literary works lack. Another feature of the story of Weiss and Ramin is the multiplicity of narrative syntax and plot in this work, which shows the complexity of the narrative. There is more than one plot in a long narrative of tricks that prevent the audience from getting bored and accompany him with the narrator. Despite the various narrative patterns in Weiss and Ramin, Weiss is a fixed point around which other elements revolve, which contributes to the coherence of the text. The result of the above results is the proof of the high position of Weiss and Ramin's system on the basis of a lawful and scientific system that responds to linguistic theories after nine centuries and has the ability to make the audience have a better reading based on scientific theories. 

Valuable value is in the joints of the surface-structures. Therefore, recognizing the structure of narrative history, describing the nature of the historiography, is one of the most commonly used notices in the analysis of literary texts. The personality of the key element is a rosary with its acts and speech. Germas is one of the experts who has designed the action patterns in reviewing the characters of the story. The question is: is a warrior novel adaptable to the actor's model of the actor? The present article, in an analytical-descriptive manner, has examined the personality in the novel "Salahshoor" by Abdolhossein Industrialzadeh. The results of reflecting the pattern of Grams on this fictional effect suggest that this pattern of action is quite comparable in this novel. The historical novel has several characters that can be classified according to the actor's model of action, with actors, actors, actors, actors, actors, and actors acting in action. In this research, we try to model with the actor of Gremos, Find out the characters in the novel.

Structuralism is an attempt to apply linguistic theory to non-linguistic subjects and activities. In this paper, the narrative of Zahak Mardush is examined based on the theory of Claude Bremond, the French structuralist narrator. Bremond considers sequence to be an essential element of narrative. His model is based on the dual approach of winning or not winning the champion. In this paper, the narrative has been analyzed by a descriptive-analytical method. After examining it, it was concluded that the narrative has a systematic design and has used the method of narration linearly.

Alger Das Julien Gremas Successful theorist in the field of narration And functionality is a narrative In order to examine different types of By providing definite patterns,He has done a lot of work These efforts have caused that He introduces the action model, the chains of narrative and the semantics of his semantics.In this study, we try to The structure of the story of "Firouz and Shahnaz"The work of Mohammad Sadegh Nazem, famous for Sadegha, Persian poet and singer of the 11th century AH in the Indian subcontinent,Based on the theory of Gremas. In addition to identifying the actors and the model of the system of validity,The narrative chain and the semantics of this story, and its degree of conformance to the model, are also analyzed.The result of this research The result of this research is descriptive and based on library studies.This is the story of "Firouz and Shahnaz", despite the apparent simplicity It has a structural and full validity And in the form of the theory of action, the verb chains and the semantic square of Gremas can be evaluated.

The present study aims at investigating narratology of the short story "Elegy for Jaleh and her murderer" by Abou Torab Khosravi based on Greima's Actantial and Sensible /Stative Models. It also seeks to investigate narrative structures considered by Greimas in order to explain the gradual evolution of sequences and formation of the story to compare the Sensible /Stative models, and to examine the way of passing through the actantial system into the Sensible /Stative model in this story. The actantial model turns around Lieutenant Kavous actions where in a pre-programmed and prescriptive manner, he wants to affect the object of value with a special order in contractual / executive and disjunctive sequences. Action helpers and anti-actants in turn, facilitate or make difficult the hero's action. However, in the Sensible /Stative Model, we can find how actants and object of value turn into object of value and sensible or stative subject in the cycle of discourse. As well, it is easy to observe that sensible or stative subject without any pre-planned program, finds himself in a new situation by dealing with the object of value after passing through emotional-perceptual processes and other aspects of discourse that can be called "moving toward the beloved". Thus, it can be concluded that in this discursive transmutation, the relationship between actants can be redefined with a gradual transformation in five sequences, and the established actantial discourse reaches doubt and changes into sensible /stative discourse.

The study of narratives، as the greatest gift of structuralism is considered as one of the most important aspects of the modern literary theory. Following Prop، structuralists attempted to present an overall model in creating different narrative in the 20th century. In this field، A. J. Greimas—the most popular narrative theorist—went beyond the limited studies of Prop، and presented his action model and his narrative chains. By doing so، he attempted to reach to the general principles of the narratives language and to analyze each narrative based on a specific narrative structure. He created his action model in a way that it can be adaptable which other narratives. Therefore، the aim of the present research is to study the narrative structure of Bahram and Gol-andam story، as a sample of the amatory and lyrical poems based on Greimas theory so we can analyze the structure of the original Plot using changes in statuses according to two-fold reciprocities، the narrative chains، and the action model of narratives. after analyzing the context، we concluded that Greimas''s action model in analyzing the narrative of lyric poems of Bahram and Gol-andam is approximately useful and plot of the story has a particular structure and narrative cohesion and is investigate from two viewpoints (two-fold reciprocities and syntactic rules) and from the action viewpoint، it includes two distinct action models with distinct actives which is rarely seen in other narratives.

Literary Structuralism seeks the most scientific basis for analyzing literary texts. Structuralism is the method of analyzing the text and understanding its system. Greimas is one of the narratologists who proposes Action Theory for making the analysis and understanding of the narration easier. He simplifies Propp’s model and also shows that all elements of the tale are analyzable and effective. The actors may be things, concepts or personas. Greimas theory is flexible and has a high potential for analyzing the tale. This paper tries to offer clear and objective instances of Sheikhe Sanan story based on Greimas’ Action Theory. The story of Sheikhe Sanan is the longest and most famous story in Manteghol Tayr and it is always considered by researchers of Manteghol Tayr. This story has ups and downs which make possible a Greimasian analysis. Such analysis not only shows the integrity and coherence of the story but also shows the capacities of this model for analyzing the structure of Persian old tales.

This article is an analysis of the narrative aspect of Attar’s Mantiq-Al-Tayr (Speech of Birds), based on the views of two structuralist narratologists- Gremas and Genette. On the one hand, using Gremas’s interpretative actanitial model, and basic structure of binary oppositions in this model, we will study the process of creating meaning and development of narrative units in Mantiq-Al-Tayr, as well as the role of binary oppositions, such as, meaning/ form, body/ soul, and the heaven/ the earth in the formation of the actantial roles. On the other hand, based on Genet’s theory, the three narrative levels of the story- narrative, narratology and linking features of these levels- will be presented in Mantiq-Al-Tayr in order to show to what extent this work enjoys narrative structure.