باستان گرایی

An Analysis of Antiquity in Poems by Siavash Kasraie and Nosrat Rahmani Abstract: Poetry evolves through norms, both in content and language and in its structure. Normality can be achived through new creations unfamiliar with the mind and language of literature, or by the dusting of the ancient face of the norms called archaic in Latin, and nowadays referred to as archeology. The most important aspect of the word resurrection in Siavash Kasraie’s poetry in Nosrat Rahmani’s use of ancient poetry and the structure of ancient poetry. Among the poets in question, the dedication to using ancient Persian language terms, both in terms of vocabulary and content, is more favorable and expression. This research examines the site and application of archeology in the poems of these two poets by using analytical explanations. Keywords: Familiarization, Antiquity, Siavash Kasraie, Nosrat Rahmani. Zahra Akbarinia, Graduate of Persian Language and Literature, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, Alborz Province, Iran 2. Corresponding Author, Dr. Tooraj Aghdaie, Associate Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan Branch, Zanjan Province, Iran

Persian language and literature have been very important in the formation of Iranian identity and have been mixed with the principles of patriotism, loyalty, rationalism and religion. The poets of the political literature of constitutionalism have used these capitals in the service of popular ideals. Freedom and nationalist ideas were among the main themes of constitutionalism; But for some reasons, each of the intellectuals had a special perception of them; For example: freedom in Farrokhi's view, in addition to the concepts of democracy and social freedoms and legalism, is mixed with the concepts of mythological, national and religious elements, modernism, cosmopolitanism and general peace and the seasoning of socialist thoughts.More than other constitutional poets, Farrakhi-Yazdi uses mythological and historical elements for social and political ideals. But in this way, he never falls into extreme archaism and chauvinism. The author tries to investigate these issues in a descriptive and analytical way by analyzing and comparing Farrokhi Yazidi's poems and articles and by using the works and researches that have been done about his life, poetry and thought.

In the field of literary criticism, the use of old-fashioned words and phrases, known as archaism, is one way to defamiliarize and emphasize words from a formalist viewpoint. Proper and timely use of archaism both enhance the sublimity of the verse and captivate the reader. Malik al-Shu'arā Bahār, a renowned contemporary poet, skillfully employs archaism, as one of the linguistic and stylistic features of his acclaimed works. Originally from the Khorāsān region, this poet has a sound familiarity and profound understanding of classical poe try, especially the Khorāsāni and Iraqi style s, which has enormously helped to shape the archaic esse nce of his poetic language . In this study, from an archaic perspective, we adopted an descriptive-analytical approach to focus on textual analysis of Malik al-Shu'arā Bahār's poetry. Our goal was to explore how consistently Mohammad Taqi Bahār used archaic words and grammatical structures in his poems, and to what degree his work deviated from the conventions. In his poetry, Bahār reflects his deep engagement with the literary traditions of the past. He purposefully incorporates archaic words and se ntence structures. Through his skille d use of language, Bahār artfully revive s the past in his works. This gives his poetry a unique elegance and artistry, de monstrating his command of classical linguistic techniques and enriching verse.

Shawqi Bzai’ is a Lebanese Shi’ite and an Arab contemporary literature modernist poet. Although he is one of the leading figures in modernism, he has not done away with the ancient heritage and has skillfully tied modernism to the ancient heritage. In his poets, he has made use of various types of deviations, particularly ancient or archaistic ones. The present paper seeks to investigate his poems to analyze the various aspects of archaism and antiquity-centered attitudes and thereby demonstrate the extent to which he has been successful in combining ancient heritage components with novel poetical purposes as well as express what he has been in pursue of by taking advantage of such archaistic methods. Based on the findings, archaism has been manifested in Shawqi Bzai’s poem in four forms. Firsly, he has used mythical and historical characters from Iranian, ancient Roman and ancient Arabic cultures, for instance, Shahrzad, Phoenix, Alexander, Zarqa’e Yamame. Secondly, he has taken advantage of the characteristics of religious-historical figures, especially the divine prophets, including Noah, Jesus and Moses. Thirdly, he has introduced historical subjects and incidents like the story of the birds called “Ababil”, the story of “the queen of Saba’” and Salomon and the events pertaining to Andalus Rock. Finally, he has applied archaism to his poems through making use of ancient words, jargons and word combinations like Amma Sabahan, Dagger, Hadi Al-‘Eys and so forth.

Archeology is one the most important approaches to ancient culture and its reconstruction and re-creation. In the contemporary period in which the phenomenon of globalization has exposed nations to crises, with an archaic approach, self-awareness, cultural and national identity can be achieved .Saadi's works are one of the important sources of research on the components of ancient Iranian culture  and the research findings indicate that creating ontological security, explaining moral virtues, healing the sense of inferiority in the face of the invasion of foreign nations, criticizing the ruling style of the time, the image of an ideal society, stimulating national pride and epic spirit, reviving identity cultural and national are the main goals of Saadi archeology. also, Saadi never goes back to antiquity and does not seek to replace ancient culture with Islamic culture, rather, his archeology is a textbook of Iranian culture and literature. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and its unit is the verses and phrases related to archeology in Saadi's works and the collection of information is library.

Seyed Mohammad Saeed Al-Haboubi is one of the contemporary poets who was born in Najaf in 1266 AH and died in 1333 AH. Al-Habubi's poetic themes were a description of nature and the sincere praise of religious friends and elders. His poetic genius along with the classical culture of Najaf granted his poetry a high position while avoiding degeneration. The present study examines the foregrounding in the divan of Mohammad Saeed Haboubi and helps the audience to better understand the concept of temporalization, stylistics and semantics. To express the ability and the art of grain in foregrounding poetic themes, verbal and semantic constructions are used. One of the aims of this research is to acquaint the audience with the formalistic aspects of the poet's poems, on which no research has been done yet. The poet, on the basis of imagination and emotion, brings up the repetitive words of the standard language to which the audience is accustomed in a new and fascinating way in the form of poetry. In his poetry, the change in the structure of syntactic sentences and devices gives new life to ordinary speech.The words acquire music and allitration that have a greater impact on the audience. Defamiliarization takes place in language too. The change in the prosodic weight of classical poetry to new poetry is one of the signs of abnormality. Poetry is a kind of de-familiarization in language, which, according to formalist theories, is divided into two categories: deviation and extra regularity. Jeffrey Leech has categorized these norms into two types: linguistic and semantic. According to Leach's theory, which novel element in Bean's poems has a higher value in semantic deviation?, what forms of stylistic and temporal familiarization have appeared in Habubi's poetry?, and how has the semantic novelty foregrounded the ambiguous words in his poetry? No research has been done on the foregrounding in Habubi's poems so far. So, this article intends to use a descriptive-analytical method to examine the poet's abnormality in constructing forms of aesthetics and reviving words based on Leach's theory. The research method of this research is qualitative and descriptive using content analysis, which is done to objectively and qualitatively explain the content and concept of written texts in a systematic way. In the present article, the studied components are foregrounding, semantic deviation, deviation, extra regularity, and semantics of Seyed Mohammad Saeed Haboubi's poems based on Leach’s theory. Due to the importance of foregrounding in the literature, this research is of significance. The subject of this research in the field of extra regularity is how the poet describes some elements of novel such as "ambiguity", "proportionality" and "repetition" to define "polysemy", "semantic network" and "phonology". In terms of rule-making, how did the poet use "archaism" to relate the text to ancient culture, and how did he use the words of astronomy to improve the music and the image? The research findings can be reviewed in several areas. The result of the research refers to the function of different types of "Equivoque "in explaining ambiguous words, motivating the reader and foregrounding the relationship between words and meanings. The poet has also used "archaism" in both literary and religious forms, using a variety of Arabic terms in the field of symbolism and astronomy to create poetic images. Lexically, the result of this research on "Al-Haboubi" poems refers to the dual relationship between word and meaning. The choice and arrangement of words in a poetic sentence indicates the semantic connection of the words with the history of the language of poetry. According to Leech's theory, "temporal deviation" in the form of "archaism" in his poetry has two religious and literary forms. The use of ancient words, in addition to recalling historical events in the reader's mind, has refreshed repetitive words. Regarding religious archaism, the common affairs of Muslims, such as Hajj, have a higher percentage than the other religious issues, such as the religion of the poet and the signs of unity among Muslims in monotheism. In literary archaism, he has referred to the words of the poets of the pre-Islamic period, such as Amr al-Qays and Zuhair ibn Abi Aslami. He also refers to the brilliant history of Arabic poetry and uses its methods to create novelty in the repetitive words of his time. Haboubi uses the words Arabic grammar and astronomy more than anything else in "Stylization". He used these words to create an imaginary rhyme array. In "Semantic Abnormality", he has used novel method for imaginative illustration and polysemy for the audience. Using an array of repeated letters and consonants, the poet has foregrounded the allitration of letters in his poem. He used observance better in poetry. In most verses, he has used a proportional array. It has become a semantic network of words to create a picture of a subject in the mind of the audience. Seyed Haboubi has used these devices to do foregrounding in poetry.

< p >Fereidoon Tavallali is considered as a pioneer in modern Persian poetry and an influential figure in contemporary Persian poetry. In addition to a taste in modern poetry, he has said several magnificent odes in classic poetic forms. His odes are barely twenty five in numbers and they describe nature, praise and worship as well as socio political issues, etc. The population in this study is his odes collection mainly published in “Bazgasht”. This study aims to investigate and recognize Fereidoon Tavallali’s most noticeable lingual characteristics in his odes collections regarding lexical meaning, combinations, syntax, prefixed verbs, and semantic archaism, etc. The methodology was library research with an analytical-descriptive approach to illustrate Tavallali’s lingual elements in his odes. The results show that Tavallali’s language is generally plain, fluent and sophisticated. He has exploited modern and new combinations (heater and dollar currency) along with archaic ones (howdah and tribute) and has made use of colloquial words as well as linear-structured sentences in his odes collections to enrich Persian language and granted a wider range of semantics to its words.

To be reflected The Attachment of sadegh hedayat to delay in the mankind’s history and culture in the many of his effects and maxims. Hedayat has tendency to division of chronological and periods of history in the his effects, minimum to the two reasons. The first to reason his Attachment to the history and second, to mind terms of chronological which in that to be current history Romans Don’t in this article, history indications in an effect, rather become to recover for the first time, indications of one extended way of periods of mankind’s history in the sixteen sadegh hedayat’s effects. in the base, Afsane – ye – afarinesh, pedaran – e – adam, namak _ e – torki, tarikkhaneh, boof – e – koor, afarinegan, atash parast, takht – e – abounasr, parvin dokhtar – e – sasan, akharin labkhand, maziar, sayh moghol, topmorvari, haji agha, farad, singelele, to organize this periods.

Re-reading is a targeted and oriented reading by a reader and interpreter who attempts to analyze and re-read a text or message in the light of a concept or a specific theory. Since the mind and language in Akhavan Sales’s poetry opened a bright window to the past of Iran with all of its historical, political and cultural rise and fall, the present research is primarily concerned with the concept of national identity as one of elements of Classicism and its representation in his poetry. Identity means one’s or a group’s definition of self and whoness of self in contrast to “other” and a sense of belonging to a material and spiritual collection whose elements have already been shaped. National identity, which is the most prevalent and legitimate level of identity in social system, is defined as the sense of responsibility and dependency to a society. System of beliefs, values, norms and such cultural institutions as language, religion, traditions and literature, are included in this definition. The author’s main concern in broaching such a subject is the examination of Akhavan’s unique role in shaping the concept of national identity in Iran’s contemporary poetry. Akhavan’s poetry in Pahlavi I and II eras was in accordance with current policies of the ruling class as well as majority of the intellectuals of the time who in one form or another pretended a devotion to Iranian and national identity; for this reason, according to values and norms of those years his poetry stresses such concepts as myths, nationalism, archaism, nostalgia, protection of national and cultural borders, Iranian ethnicity, and fighting against enemies’ destructive invasions.

The formalist critics believe in archaism, i.e. the use of old and obsolete terms, as a method of defamiliarization and focalization in literary works. The right and proper use and application of archaism, however, can lead to the elevation of the poetry as well as the increase of fascination and pleasure for the addressees. Nosrat Rahmani and Ali Mousavi Garmaroudi, Iranian contemporary poets, have embellished their poetry applying this trope and so have they given a certain character to the type of their poetry. It is noteworthy to mention that Garmaroudi enjoys more often this defamiliarization in his poems, thanks to his erudition and affinity to Persian classic poetry. The present research aims at studying the usage of archaism in the works of Rahmani and Garmaroudi as the main tool to recognize the characteristics of their language and style.

Mirza Abolghasem Ghaem Magham has been an influential political character in Iranian contemporary history; he also has some valuable works in Persian literature. What enables researchers today to be more thoroughly familiar with the major part of his prose and verse is a precise and accurate analysis of his prose and verse works, the introduction of the outstanding features of his works, and the presentation of sufficient instances and evidence in every case. The expression of political pains in a pleasant language, the omission of the titles of letters, outspokenness, no inclination towards love meanings, and archaism are some features of his works. The present article first gives the research literature, then evaluates the basic features of Ghaem Magham’s works with prominent instances, and finally presents the results in a separate table for convenient and easy use.

Archaism is one of the most important tools for defamiliarisation of speech and it causes the wordto go beyond the reach of the common people and be closer to poetry. The most prominent function of Defamiliarisation is the poetic creativity that a part of it originates from the Archaism. Ahmad Shamloo who is among the innovator and effective poets of our time، has largely benefited from the Archaism and its functions for the new changes he has created in the art of poetry. He could connect the old prose and the themes of the modern world By virtue of his intelligence and ingenuity in art، his language proficiency and taking advantage of the great works such as the History of Beyhaqi، Golestan-e-Saadi and the mystical prose of fifth and sixth centuries. He could create a special place for his innovative method of poetry which has been named the Blank Verse. The aim of this study is to investigate the functions and types of Archaismin a poem of Shamloo which has led to determining his poetic language. This research has been conducted using the Archaism description in the mentioned poem based on library resources.

Akhare-Shahname is the third collection of poems by the contemporary poet, Mehdi Akhavan Sales. It includes his poems from 1335 to 1338 most of which have been composed in free (Nimayee) style. In this article, the linguistic devices which are used in Akhare-Shahname collection are investigated. This study aims to determine and describe the elements that are effective in linguistic foregrounding of poems in Akhare-Shahname. 32 poems from this collection were studied and repetitive linguistic structures were classified and were named based on valid sources. In this study, we found that artistic devices like new lexical combination, syntactic deviation, semantic de-familiarization and syntactic and lexical archaism have had effects on literal foregrounding of these poems. The Use of these linguistic devices shows that the poet has brought about changes in both paradigmatic and syntagmatic axes.

Sadegh Hedayat, famous Iranian writer, was always interested in history and presented Iran with a look of worshiping the past. Thus most of his books can be viewed in this respect. The Blind Owl is one of his works that can be analyzed from this aspect. This work includes some points about a traditional culture. This culture is famous as gray earthenware culture belonging to immigrant Aryan peoples in Rey (Rages), Turkmenistan and India. Hedayat constantly refers to gray color, and signs of Aryan people’s immigration in this story and the place of event that is the archaic city of Rey, and his tendency to ethnography suggests that there might be some link between this culture and The Blind Owl which this paper searches for.

AkhavanSaleth started his work by composing poems in Khorasani's style at the beginning of modernism; however, soon he got acquainted with Nima's style and remained one of his faithful friends ever. AmalDonqol, a nationalist Egyptian poet, was born in 1940 in Qena; he was living at the time when Arabdogmatism was prevalent in Egypt and he is therefore known as the 'poet of protest'. Akhavan is so attached to the heritage of his ancestors that in his poems, in both form and content, this ancient heritage is observable. Donqol, too, has strong attachment to the heritage of his ancestors and has referred to it frequently in order to provoke the nationalist sentiments of his audience. He draws on history and mythsalong with their events and characters to return to the Arabs their lost pride.

Russian Formalists considered literature as a special use of language which occurs through deviating from defamiliarizing the practical language. Thus, due to the special function of language in literary criticism new debates were initiated which inspired the modern critics in their analysis of literature. "Defamiliariztion" is the key concept in formalism and deviation is the key term defamiliarization. In this essay the formalistic approach is used to analyze the lexical archaism in Nima Yushij's free verses and his modern views on poetry in this regard. The poet's use of this archaic language and his commitment to tradition in some cases and non-commitment in some other cases is studied.