تاریخ بلعمی

This work, in the opinion of Mauri (2008), Mauri & Ramat (2011), and Mauri & van der Auwera (2012), while maintaining a deep broader perspective, investigates coding of the coordination relations under the labels ‘conjunction’, ‘adversativity’, and ‘disjunction’ in addition to adverbial connectives, which represent the essence of coordination being the conceptual juxtaposition of co-equal structures, namely ‘conditional’, ‘temporal’, ‘causal’, and ‘purposive’ in Târikh-e Bal’ami (11th century BC). Moreover, the present contribution will analyze complementation markers and the less studied coordinating markers, to be specific, conclusives, correlatives and similatives (in line with Haspelmath and Buchholz (1998)). The data revealed that coordination relations in Târikh-e Bal’ami, belonging to 10 centuries before, portray deep similarities with the coordination concepts and markers of Today New Persian. However, the causative coordination markers namely irâ and be suy-e ân ke and adversative markers namely pas and va showed certain differences.

History books are among the most important sources of recognition of myths. Even Ferdowsi, when seeking the mythological sources of the narrative of the Shahnameh, referred to the “Book of Kings”. Balami and Tha'alibi History are among the most important books of history in Persian. These two books are written simultaneously and with the same theme - the general history of Iran-. Each historian creates a special text based on his work resources and materials and his particular attitude to historiography.Considering myths, each historian has a different perspective, and historians sometimes have rationalized mythical characters; something that Ferdowsi is definitely displeased with. In the last century, a great deal of dissertations has been written about "Recit" and “History” (or story and history) and how they reflect each other in various literary criticisms of the world and most importantly, Paul Ricoeur's unique book "The Story and Time". Here we investigate the difference between the narrative of Goshtasb-the mythical king of Iran- in two books of Balami and Tha'alibi and the results of this research show how the treasury of a literary narrative has gained from his kingdom while Balami has a more historical and insightful look at this mythical character.

Understanding the meanings of prepositions, such as "az", is necessary due to the decisive role it plays by induction. In order to find out more about "az", with the approach of linguistic stylistics at the lexical level and by adopting a descriptive-analytical method, the use of the twenty-nine meanings of "az" was studied within: Tarikh-e Belami, Tarikh-e Beyhaqi, Jame’ol-Hekmatain, and Qabus-Nameh- related to the first and second period of Persian prose. The purpose of this study is to facilitate the perception of the texts of these two periods, recognition of the sharing, differentiation, to earn the percentage of the use of the meanings of "az", and its generalization in other similar works based on linguistic stylistics. Understanding the meanings of this statement can be a tool for accurate interpretation and explanation of texts. The outcome of the research reveals that, in comparison with all the books, the highest and lowest frequency is in the Tarikh-e Belami with 29.74 percent and Tarikh-e Beyhaqi with 19.64 percent, respectively. However, in comparison with two periods, the frequency of "az" is 51.34 percent within two books of the first period, and 48.66 percent within two books of the second period. In addition, the most widely used meaning belongs to “Tabeiz” with 44 times repetition in the first period, and the least frequently used meanings equally belongs to “Taozih” and “Mosahebat” in the first period; “Entesab”, “Fasl va Tamiz”, and “Baraie” in the second period, with only one repetition for each meaning. The other meanings of "az" apply in almost invariant distribution within both periods but, even so, there is not any distinctive distribution between each specific meaning within two separate periods

 Farsi speakers have not paid much attention to Persian grammar publishing for the last few centuries, particularly in the case of prepositions and their equivalent meaning in Jar letters. Researchers have encountered many difficulties, due to the significant role which these prepositions play in conveying meanings, especially in the translated texts of ancient Persian literature.  Considering that Arabic is the language of the Qur'an and the religious language of Muslim Iranians, Many valuable books such as those pertaining to the literature and history are written in Arabic, so Persian speakers must be familiar with this language and its rules for translating literary and religious texts into Persian. One of these critical literary books is the Tarikh-i Bel'ami, translated from Arabic into Persian. An important feature of the book is its style of writing, which is very close to the Arabic prose, and too many Arabic vocabulary has been used throughout it. Notwithstanding the translator has tried to translate Arabic into Persian, following the Persian style, he was not successful on that. Because due to numbers of reasons, he created some meanings, which had never been applied in the second (destination) language before. Those reasons are introduced as follows. The role of the grammatical topic, the similarity of the meanings of the Persian prepositions with the Jar letters in Arabic, the influence of the book’s original language (Arabic) on the translated text, and considering the fact that the meanings of each language can affect on the second language through translation. In this book, many Persian prepositions are adapted from Arabic or vice versa. In this paper, the meanings of the Persian prepositions "BE" compared with the Jar letter "BĀ" in the Arabic, as well as comparing their similarities and differences. By doing this research, the equivalence of the "BE" and "BĀ" becomes more accurate through the translation of the bilingual texts, and the substitution of the words associated with those is going to accomplish more accurately. Eventually the possible translation errors are going to be reduced, and the exact meaning of each word extracted from source texts are going to transfer to the destination texts correctly. 

This research is fundamental and is done based on the criticism and analysis of data and documentation. The method of data collection is library-based and then analyzed by the comparative method. For this purpose, firstly, the Persian and Arabic grammatical books about the prepositions "BE" and the Jar letter "BĀ" were studied. Then, the meanings of these two words were extracted using authentic books and references. It is important to note that in the course of this study, the book of Tarikh-i Bel'ami was thoroughly examined. The statistical population is the preposition, "BE," in the Tarikh-i Bel'ami and the Jar letter, "BĀ." The analysis of the data in this study is based on a comparison of written evidence and documents, and any specific tools for this research have not been used.

The Jar letters are BA, TA, CAF, LAM, WAV, MONZO, MOZ, kHALA, ROBBA, HASHA, MEN, ADA, FI, AN, ALA, HATA, ELA. (Ibn Malik, 1996: 34) These letters are one of the most essential categories of the Arabic language that link the meaning of the verb to the noun. Some have stated that since the ability of some verbs to reach out the object is too low, these letters help the verb to reach out the object. (Ibn Aqil, 2011:3/8)  The primary meaning of the letter "BĀ" in Arabic is "Elsagh." This letter is one of the seventeen letters of Jar that comes up before the noun and makes it "Majror," and has all the properties of the Jar letters as well. (Ibn Hisham, 1999: 2/11) The common meanings of the letter "BĀ" in the Arabic language with the preposition "BE" in the Tarikh-i Bel'ami book include: "Elsagh", "Sababiat or Talil", "Mosabehat", "Ghasam", "Zarfiat-e Makani," Zarfiat-e Zamani, " Mojavezat (An / Az) "," ["BĀ" synonymous with "Men" and "BE" synonymous with "Az"], "Estela", "Esteanat", "Entaha-e ghaiat", "Avaz va Badal", "Movafeghat va Motabeghat".  Uncommon meanings of the preposition "BE" with the letter "BĀ" in the Arabic language in the the Tarikh-i Bel'ami include: "Tozih", "Seirourat", "Esteghragh-e Jens va Bayan-e Vahdat", "Tavali va Ta’aghob", "Moshabehat", "Ra-e Mafouli", "Taghsim", "Haal", "Souy va Janeb", "synonym of Dar-bareye", "Ekhtesas", "Mozadat", "Moghayese va Nesbat", synonyms "Kasre-e Ezafe"," "synonym of Be-Rasme, Be-Onvane, and Be-Masabe", "synonym of Bar-Ohde-e, Bar-Zemme-e", "Meghdar va Andaze". The non-common meanings of the letter of "BĀ" in Arabic with the preposition, "BE," include: "Moghabeleh," "Tadieh", "Tafdieh," "Tabeiz", "Ba-e Takid".

  There are many different meanings for the Arabic Jar letter, "BĀ", and the Persian preposition, "BĀ". The total number of the meanings of "BE" and "BĀ" is thirty-five, which thirty of them goes to "BE, and the rest eighteen goes to the "BĀ". These two letters share thirteen meanings; the preposition "BE" alone has seventeen meanings, while the letter of Jar "BĀ" has five of these meanings (Table 1). Therefore, in addition to considering the many commonalities in this field, we can say that the meaning of "BE" is more extensive than "BĀ," and the application of the most meanings of "BE" in the Tarikh-i Bel'ami is enormous (Fig. 1). We also state that the Persian language, especially the language of ancient texts, is highly influenced by Arabic rules and has plenty of grammatical commonalities, including; the common meanings in the Jar letter and preposition. In order to obtain these meanings, mastery of the Arabic language and the rules of that are necessary.   Table 1: Number of Differences, common, and Total meaning of the preposition "BE" with Arabic Jar letter "BĀ"

The present study is a historic-semantic research that seeks to overview the meaning of two verbs of ‘standing’ and ‘sitting’ in Tarikh-i Bal'ami (A book by Bal'ami about the History of the Prophets and Kings). To achieve a comprehensive conclusion, the results of this study were compared with various meanings of these two verbs in the texts of middle Persian from one hand and the contemporary Persian on the other hand. The results showed that from two main components of ‘standing’ (be upright and immovable) that are derived from the Iranian Ancient root of this verb, the second one (immovability) is common in most of its semantic aspect whether in concrete or abstract forms. Also, the verb ‘standing’ in Tarikh-i Bal'ami has undergone semantic extension compared to the middle period while this verb faced semantic reduction in contemporary period compared to Tarikh-i Bal'ami. From semantic component approach, the verb ‘sitting’ showed that two of its components (stay downward and immovable) that are derived from the Iranian Ancient root of this verb can be seen in most of its meaning whether in concrete or abstract forms. The comparison of the verb ‘sitting’ in different periods showed that this verb undergone extension in each period than the previous ones. Due to the common semantic components that exist in various meaning of each of these two verbs, sitting and standing can be called Polysemy.

Bal'ami History is one of the most precious old resources of Dari Farsi proses. We are researching about the effective role of prefix "Baz" in this masterpiece of Dari Farsi prose and the most important historical resource to highlight the different meanings of each word in semantic system and in relation to the chain of speech and to eradicate the semantic ambiguity of the sentence. Accurate acquaintance of Farsi poetry and prose needs cognition of grammatical topics in the sentence. Using prefix "Baz" in different ways in the sentences have made new verbs with new meanings. In Bal'ami History the "Baz" is used in the form of name, infinitive, adjective, adverb, preposition and prefix of compound verbs. In the form of prefix of compound verbs "Baz" is in two forms, one is changed the meaning of the verb and the other doesn’t. More important point is that using the same compound verb made by prefix in different sentences resulted variety of meaning and different usages witch shows that Bal'ami's Goal was to say the precise meaning of the verb in the text of the sentence. This shows the superiority and skill of this artist and literary lover.

Bal'ami's history and Bayhaqi's history are among the masterpieces of the early histography and examples of smooth and intermediate texts of the Iranian prose literature. There have been several studies on the two pieces; however, few comparative studies of them could be found in the literature. This study, thus, aims to show the attitude, method, and features of histography in Bayhaqi, Tabari, and Bal'ami's histories focusing on the similarities and differences. The comparison of the two works can shed light on the quality and changing process of writing history. The results suggest that Bayhaqi's history tries to analyze and explain the events besides mere narration. His method stands among the analytic histography. But Bal'ami, in his translation, only chooses the reliable narratives from Tabari, because he believes that the repetition of reports on an event does not mean its validity. Bal'ami focuses on rationality as a criterion in such reports. Bal'ami and Bayhaqi consider history different from superstition and focus on the realities which are reported by credible narrators. Some of the other features of Bal'ami's histography is to analyze and find the causes through his narration, thus, this histography is different from that of the Tabari. Bayhaqi believes that the aim of history is to learn a lesson. Tabari, also, believes in learning from history and pursues religious goals in his history writing as well. But Bal'ami is influenced by political and nationalist motivations. People and society play a more dominant role in Tabari's (and Bal'ami) histories in comparison with Bayhaqi's.

Aryan Iran is cradle of Mithraism; a mysterious religion that traversed the cultural and religious borders and spread in all of the world. So the mystical beliefs of Mithraists and many of their mores and cults become as a part of Iranian and world's people historical heritage and culture. The influence of this ancient religion on Zoroastrianism, Christianty and Islamic mysticism is well known. The traces of Mitra, the great Iranian ancient deity and the goddess of light, can be clearly seen in Persian historical and literary texts. Some of Mithraic thoughts are presented in Tarikh-e Balami (history of Balami), by Abu Ali Muhammad Balami. Many of issues about Iranian culture and civilization are widely reported in the book. By using analytic method, the present article tries to examine Mithraic themes in Tarikh-e Balami.

According to intertextuality approach, there is no self-sufficient text; but every text is intertextually related to its previous and following ones. In this study, first, different aspects of text and intertextuality were described, then, the Story of ‘The Jewish King who killed the Christians because of prejudice’ from Masnavi was analyzed from an intertextual perspective. As the proponents of intertextuality believe that there is no original text, the results of this study also showed that this story of Masnavi is a reflection of its earlier stories such as ‘Shaghad and Rostam’ from Shahnameh, ‘Jazymat olabrsh’ from Balami's History, ‘Firouz, the king of Iran and Hytalyan’ from Tabari's History and ‘The owl and the crow’ from Kalileh and Demneh. In all of these five stories, there is enmity between two nations and one of the king's followers asks the king to beat him in front of people. The beat person succeeds to gain the enemy’s trust and finally defeat them hard.

Nowadays the issue of the recognition of the history and nature of the tradition narrative in Persian language processing is necessary. In the attempt to investigate the nature of old story remains a tale of the text of the stories، the first part is focused on Balamy. processing described in the text. Feature stories fictional elements on the Balamy started writing it (352 AH)، a show that narrative began forming in the early centuries of the common language، Farsi Dari and cooked narrative elements and a Structural sophistication Balamy anecdotes on the nature of the text shows that this approach suggests a translator that are making you experience the heritage Balamy predecessors had left. So the root form tradition of story -making in ancient texts processor must be sought from the fourth century AD.

Tārīkh-e Bayhaqī and Tārīkh-e Balami are considered two masterpieces of Persian history. However despite many studies done on the two books, no comprehensive study is done from the perspectives of comparative, historical and literary criticism on aspects such as narrating history style and language. Nonetheless, these two books are proper examples for comparative studies as they principles of narrative and storytelling are traceable in them. The present study is to study the characteristics of narrative and fictional aspects of the two texts including perspective, character, tone and atmosphere in order to show some of the similarities and differences between the two masterpieces. Some of the results of this study indicate that the diversity of perspective in Tārīkh-e Bayhaqī is more than Tārīkh-e Balami. In Beihaghi's text the focus is more on characters than on action while Balami's text is more action-oriented. Beihaghi is more successful in stage-setting than Balami, as well as in elements of tone and atmosphere. These factors make the former text more vivid and so more attractive to the reader.

Dependency nominal phrases are among the main kinds of nominal phrases. These phrases have spread in kinds and types. In this paper¡ we investigate these kinds of phrases in the whole text of Tarikh-e-Balámi from the historical grammar perspective. This work is indeed one of the first remained Dari Persian manuscripts. More specifically¡ we study issues that have historical aspects or are semantical and considered as stylistic features. The method adopted in this study is based on the definitions and divisions that late professor Farshidvard who wrote extensively on these nominal groups. Also¡ we use other grammar books¡ whenever they are relevant to our discussion. The main goal of this article is providing an accurate historical recognition of dependency nominal phrases that are subtle issues in syntax and are considered as frequently used syntactic groups in discourse. It is assumed that the scientific investigation of grammatical subjects in a specific text may enrich the historical grammar and also may shed lights on old texts.