تبریز

This study investigates the use of apologizing strategies by speakers of Azerbaijani Turkish in Iran. One hundred and twenty (60 male and 60 female) randomly selected speakers of Azerbaijani Turkish from Tabriz participated in a Discourse Completion Test (DCT) and returned 2400 apology speech acts. The DCT included 20 scenarios representing 10 discourse situations. The acts were analyzed based on the categorization suggested by Blum-Kulka and Olshtain (1984), which included Illocutionary Force Indicating Device, Taking on responsibility, Explanation, Offer of repair, Promise of forbearance, Concern for the hearer, and Nonverbal strategies. The findings indicated that the highly preferred apology strategies among the participants are explanation and offer of repair. Moreover, there was a statistically significant association between the independent variables (the participants’ age, gender, and level of education) and the choice of apology strategies. However, such an association was only significant for some discourse situations; e.g., in interaction with relatives that are in an equal status with the participant and in an adult-child interaction where the participant has a superior status.

Titles, kinship terms and nicknames are supplementary words that are voluntarily inserted next to the individuals’ names and are often used to pay tribute and show the kinship relation or social status of the person. The purpose of this study is to investigate the social titles, kinship terms as well as nicknames in 424 condolence letters collected from different areas in Tabriz, Iran. This paper reports a descriptive-analytical study. Findings indicate that there are many differences between using kinship terms and social titles as far as the gender of individuals are concerned. According to the findings, the frequency of social titles in the group of men (2781) is much higher than the frequency in that of women (328), which emphasizes the importance of the social roles attached to men in the genre under study. On the other hand, the number of kinship titles for women is higher, both in terms of type (51 cases) and in terms of frequency (1599), which in fact compensates for the limitation of titles and social titles for women. Regarding the reference to job titles such as "doctor" and "engineer", the frequency of job titles is higher in men corpus

One of the most important developments in Persian poetry after the constitutional revolution is the attention to the political and social issues of the country. Pro-constitutionalist poets, along with the changes in society, wrote poems for the constitution and paid attention to social events. One of the most frequent themes is the description of the uprising of the people of Azerbaijan led by Sattar Khan against Muhammad Ali Qajar, which has a special place in constitutional literature. Sattar Khan started the uprising and his companions also stood up and continued the uprising with the hardest struggle, resistance, enduring famine, torture, insults and insults. The most important performance of Sattar was that he resisted and fought for eleven months during the campaign of the Qajar government to Tabriz. After Sattar Khan, Mohammad Khayabani revolted against the Qajar government. The events of Tabriz and Sattar resistance were not far from the eyes of the poets. Prominent poets such as Mohammad Taqi Bahar, Aref Qazvini, Adib al-Mamalek Farahani, Vahid Dastgerdi, Mirzadeh Eshghi, Nasim Shamal, Farrokhi Yazdi are among the poets of this period who paid attention to the issues of Azerbaijan. . The results show: Describing the Despotism of Mohammad Ali Shah, Denunciation of Russia, praising the people's resistance against internal Despotism and the presence of characters in the country, praising Sattar Khan and sympathizing with the people are important components in relation to Azerbaijan in the poetry of the constitutional period.

In one of his Brotherhood letters to Mojtaba Minavi, the Malek-o' Shoara Bahar maintains that in the first Congress of Iranian Writers, his poetry and that of other comrades in the tradition were ignored in the tumult of the new and weightless style and rhyme of the Tudeh Party and the poetry of Nima and Ravahij and the nonsense of young Tabrizi poets. This article seeks to reveal the Bahar’s intention of the phrase "the nonsense of young Tabrizi poets". This congress was held in 1947 and in that year the Democratic sect was established in Azerbaijan. The Tudeh Party, as the organizer of the congress, had invited three members of the Democratic Party of Azerbaijan to the gathering: Seyed Taqi Milani, Ismail Shams and Balash Azaraoglu. Milani recited poems in Persian at this congress. Ismail Shams spoke about Azerbaijani literature and Azraoglu recited poems in Turkish that were apparently warmly applauded by the audience. Bahar took the audience’s support of Azaraoglu's Turkish poems, along with poetry readings by others like Nima and Ravahij as a disrespect to the modernists and the marginalization of literary traditionalism, and laments this in his letter to Minavi. By using the adjective “nonsense”, for young Tabrizi poets, Bahar has expressed his dissatisfaction and opposition towards democratic sect’s political and cultural positions. He has maintained that their performance has been in line with the intentions of congress’s organizers in destroying the national literature of Iran. In this research, an attempt has been made to point out some behind-the-scenes issues in holding the first writers' congress through the library method and data collection. These issues have not been mentioned anywhere so far.

Whatever the spiritual planet is, by the way On the ground, the secret of Tabriz's Jabin Abstract Cities represent the culture and civilization of their citizens and play a major role in the emergence of industrial and cultural structures. They worship the elders and are honored by the elders. Molana Jalaluddin mentions cities and urban structures in his works, General Shams and Mathnavi, but none has as much influence on Shams Tabrizi as Shabi and Tabriz because of Shams Tabrizi. Molana has been attracted to Shams since she was attracted to him, Its summing up of blackness clearly shames. Since then, Tabriz has become superior to the Kaaba and the Nassut and Lahout world within him, as if he sees the Tabriz raiding the Tabriz soil as if he had heard that Tabriz was the eloquence of Berkeley. The beautiful city of the 7th century, which was the capital of Ghazan Khan Timurid, is considered superior to Paradise, not the Ka'bah of Islam but the Ka'bah of both worlds, and Shams calls it the Yemeni pillar. He finds wonders in the Tabriz soil and asks travelers to bring him some Tabriz soil as a refuge so that he will eventually be buried in the Tabriz soil. In this article, the authors have tried to analyze the effects of Tabriz in Rumi's poetry by descriptive-analytical method and to find the reason for Tabriz's superiority in Rumi's mind and language.

Literary Legacy of Abd al-Majid Tabrizi (Persian Poet of Azerbaijan in the 8th/14thcentury) Alireza Ghojezadeh Assistant Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature, Islamic Azad University, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Tehran, Iran. E-mail Address: alirezaghojezade@yahoo.com Abstract Abdolmajid Tabrizi, a less well-known poet of the 8th century AD. Is. There is not much information about him. About 699 AH. He was born in Tabriz and probably between 757 and 768 AH. In the past, what is his poem is that he was engaged in farming and at the age of 55 he went over to Hajj, and after returning from the pilgrimage of the house of God, he went to Shiraz and spent some time there. In various forms of poetry, such as poetry, sonnets, compositions, pieces, masnavi and quatrains, they have experimented with various concepts and subjects, including the prayer of God, the promise of the Holy Prophet (s), the exhortation of the rulers, love, mysticism, counsel and Wisdom forms the theme of his poems. In the chanting, followers of such poets as Elementary, Anvari, Zahir Faryabi, and in Ghazalsarai, are the meta tags of Saadi's lyrics. His contemporary poets like Hafez have also been influenced by his poems.

One of the unknown travelogues of the late Naserid period is a travelogue entitled “Kerman Travelogue” written in 1309 A.H. (1892 A.D.). This travelogue is the account of a mission of the author and what happened to him on his journey from Tabriz to Kerman. The writer, who had remained anonymous until today, has been identified in this study. The aim of this study is to introduce this unique manuscript, identify its author and categorize its data in order to recognize its information for social and economic history of the late Naserid period regarding some important cities on the way. The results of the study show that the manuscript of the travelogue is unique and its author is introduced as Mirza Ismael Khan Banan-o-Saltaneh, one of Abd-ol-Hussain Mirza Farmanfarma’s staff. It seems that the scribe is Banan-o-Saltaneh as well. The data of the book is important for recognizing the social, economic and cultural history of the late Naserid period and half of this travelogue deals with Isfahan province and especially the city of Isfahan.

Linguistic attitude, i.e. any type of feeling or sensation of an individual towards his or her own language and that of others, involves concepts such as culture, identity, and mechanisms such as language planning. In this study, considering the three parameters of linguistic difference, correctness, and pleasantness, the attitudes of Tabrizi citizens towards dialectal variation across East Azerbaijan province were evaluated. A researcher-made questionnaire with three maps of the province was presented to 384 citizens of Tabriz who speak Azeri Turkish as their first language. The participants marked their opinion towards linguistic differences with Tabrizi accent in a scale from 1 to 4. The correctness and pleasantness parameters were evaluated in a scale from 1 to 7. The statistical data shows that the proximity principle is a valid parameter, as the least differences with Tabrizi dialect were recorded in six adjacent cities. Secondly, most participants considered Tabrizi dialect as the most correct and most pleasant variety across the province. With the two exceptions of Meraghe and Bonab, other counties showed a positive correlation between correctness and pleasantness parameters. The group of females ranked Tabrizi higher in terms of correctness and pleasantness. The age group 26-45 recognized more difference between Tabrizi accent and those of other counties. The non-educated group showed more significant attention towards the pleasantness parameter. In addition to theoretical achievements in sociolinguistics and dialectology, the findings of the present study could support language planning projects and decision making in institutions such as local IRIB as well as centers for teaching Azeri Turkish.

Cultural and linguistic decline has today become one of the most important and unsettling issues in sociolinguistic studies. It is said that of 6000-7000 existent languages half will die out or become moribund by the end of this century. This decline is often due to language shift processes through which linguistic communities begin to learn one or more languages at the cost of losing their own first language. Against this background¡ this research uses a questionnaire and a focus group interview with mothers of children under ten to examine the role of family and its interaction with the wider ecology in transmitting Azerbaijani to the next generation in Tabriz. The findings suggest that although family members play a significant role in language maintenance¡ their linguistic attitudes¡ decisions and behavior are under the influence of the wider ecology outside the home. To ensure the maintenance of a language¡ it is thus suggested that besides daily use of a language at home¡ there needs to be a favorable ecology to reinforce and encourage positive linguistic attitudes and behavior towards that language.

Urartians left pieces of evidence of their domination in North West of Iran. They were extraordinary metalworkers and sometimes wrote the name of the Urartian king on their objects. They sometimes decorated or even inscribed horse equipment with short inscriptions. Some discs from horse harnesses, with or without inscriptions, are found from Urartian kingdom. A similar object exists in Eastern Azerbaijan Museum which is a bronze disc from the horse harness with the inscription of Argishti I. This disc is dedicated to the museum by a rural from Varzaghan. Although the name of the king’s father is not written but epigraphically it is from Argishti I.

The current research was carried out based on theories of story fiction developed by Forrester in his novel “outsider in city” so that author’s success in applying design structure could be considered. Therefore, a summary of the story was mentioned by which liberation campaigns of Tabriz’s people with occupying Russians were displayed. Next, general plot of the story was divided into conflict, cancellation, crisis, proximal point, resolution and finalization, all of which were defined. Also at the end of the story outline for the paper is summarized and analyzed. In the struggle of the struggle of a little bit and check and chart percent abundance of conflict in the story is specified 98 percent struggle for physical conflict and moral development and is only two percent of the struggle to win the emotional and struggle with nature. Outline a complex story line and closed, starting from the beginning of the story with the introduction of attractive secondary character, intense physical and moral conflict, suspension of bold and strong, progressive crises, peak effect, the logical and final unraveling strong. The results indicated that the author could appropriately utilize the elements comprising the plot while developing a novel with new criteria of fiction. A descriptive analytical methodology was used.

The Voquea literary School is strongly associated to the periods of Timurids – especially 2nd half of 15th century – and Safavids from the view of social-political points. The school was founded in the last 15th century and reached its maturity by the end of that century to be continued up to the early 16th century. There have been several sporadic discussions about the poems of Voquea School and their content analysis, but any discussion – as far as the authors have searched- has accomplished about its geographical origin. Concerning the attendance of scouters of Voquea School in Azerbaijan and then the evolutions occurred in Painting field of Tabriz School, the authors of present article have tried to evaluate the role of Dar al-Saltana of Tabriz in adaptation and development of supernatural regards in the fields of Art and Literature

Charandab is one of the oldest lanes in Tabriz, where the most important cemeteries of Tabriz located. For the time being, only “the ruined cemetery” including the box shaped gravestones has remained. The area in which the cemetery is now situated was clearly known until 1934, but after that constructing a new street destroyed the cemetery; however, one could approximately determine its surroundings on the basis of the evidences available. The aim of this paper is studying the historical background and reports represented about the cemetery in different eras; moreover, the researchers attempted inferring the biography of the literary men buried in the cemetery. The most important historical resources on Charandab and the buried men are Rozat Aljinan and Jinat Aljinan. These books, though, are mainly about the graves of the great men in Tabriz, they could provide the reader with valuable information on the historical neighborhood of Tabriz. Based on what remains along with maps at hand, it is possible to determine the area that the cemetery covers. This paper, also, consists of reviewing the researches on the matter of Charandab and the buried literary men there.

This paper presents a new description of "Tabriz" in one verse of Mathnavi, Volume 6. The story begins with the journey of a poor man (Darvish) to Tabriz working for a loan from an official. Molana composes the poem from the point of view of this man about "Tabriz" and its residents. The poem reads: God`s empyrean mercy awarded to "Tabriz", the heaven on the earth, and whole residents. In this paper, attempts are made to examine this claim of Molana based on historical documents and religious scholars’ views through adopting a library investigation mode of research. Interpretations are based of direct meanings of words.