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Conflict is one of the issues that occurs in social relations and is revealed when the goal of an individual or a group is not in line with the goal of another individual or group. This element has been very effective in continuing the story of Khosrow and Shirin. This descriptive-analytical study investigates the conflict and its types in the story of Khosrow and Shirin. Although the conflict between Khosrow and Shirin lasted long, it has led to positive results. However, other conflicts in the story have ended with negative results. The types of story conflicts include 1) Goal conflict: The conflict between Khosrow and Farhad, Bahram and Khosrow, and Shiruye and Khosrow is of this type; and 2) Emotional conflict: The conflict between Shirin and Maryam, and Shirin and Shakar. The strategies taken by the characters in the story to resolve the conflict are: 1) Surrendering strategy: Khosrow's strategy against Shirouye and Farhad's strategy against Khosrow is of this type; 2) Shirin and Maryam have used the avoidance strategy; 3) Win-loss strategy (competition): Khosrow's strategy in disagreement with Farhad and Sheroe's approach to Khosrow is like this; 4) Win-win strategy: This is the strategy of Khosrow and Shirin; and 5) Compromising approach: Khosrow's method in reaching Shirin is like this.

Identity is a psychological necessity for humans and a prerequisite for any social life. Without a framework to define identity, individuals would become indistinguishable from one another, and none could meaningfully connect with others. Trust in one's environment is a vital component of social life, forming the basis of relationships. In its absence, identity conflicts and differences in the behavior of men and women, particularly during the transition from tradition to modernity, emerge. Social trust thus plays a significant role in human interactions, ranging from the micro level (family) to the macro level (society). This article aims to analyze and sociologically explain the factors influencing identity conflict using Anthony Giddens' theory. It examines the characters in the novel End of the Day by Afghan author Mohammad Hossein Mohammadi through a descriptive-analytical method. Giddens argues that to understand identity conflicts, one must first grasp the concept of tradition and its influence on identity structures, followed by an analysis of identity in the modern world. Tradition serves as a pre-established framework for shaping individuals' identities, and each person experiences a phenomenon of rupture in their quest for a new identity in the modern world. For the new generation of Afghan women, despite the limitations of the traditional world, this conflict and rupture have caused identity distress. However, compared to men, these women actively pursue modernity, even as they contend with the conservative restraints imposed by traditional women.

Cognitive semantics is one of the new patterns in the study of language that examines the relationship between the mind, human sensory perceptions, and linguistic elements. This model analyzes the way information is conceptualized in the mind. Image schema is one of the most fundamental approaches of cognitive semantics, which is formed as abstract concepts in the minds as a result of human interaction with the surrounding world and based on biological experiences. The clear and meaningful structure of schema can be a basis for forming metaphorical maps and understanding complex intellectual domains; Therefore, the purpose of the current research is that, based on the cognitive approach and relying on Johnson’s theory, while examining the three schematic containment, path, and force systems, how to represent life experiences in the poet’s mind, the connection of his worldview with the three schemas, as well as the ability of these systems to objectify abstract matters should be analyzed. The finding of the research show that Samih al-Qassim used has tangibly expressed his desired revolutionary themes by using perceptual elements and physical experiences in order to arouse the spirit of struggle in the audience. He has used a containment schema to visualize the concept of identity, a path schema to objectify the theme of achieving social goals and ideals, and a force schema as a tool to show the stability of the Palestinian nation. Based on the results of the research, the mentioned schemas show a detailed understanding of the mentalities and personality dimensions of Samih al-Qassim, these systems show the singer as committed to the community, as well as a person with high self-esteem and epic emotions.

In this qualitative and exploratory study, applying a comparative approach through content analysis, the (re)translations of three short stories from Dubliners were investigated. The aim was to draw on filial and dissident intertextual relations and, thereby, to investigate the effect of the preceding translations on the subsequent ones. Moreover, attempts were made to test Berman’s retranslation hypothesis. After identifying filial and dissident cases, those with the same nature were categorized and coded to find the realization of filiation and dissidence. The findings revealed both filial and dissident relations between the second translation and the earlier ones. The fact that the inappropriate collocations of the first translation(s) found their way to the second translation served as evidence for the filial relationship. The salient instances of dissidence included correcting the wrong choices of the earlier ones, adding omissions, appropriating the level of formality in dialogues, and cultural toning down. However, the third translation revealed a dominantly dissident relationship with its predecessors as cases of wrong translation were observed. Considering that a tendency was observed in the second translation to tone down the cultural elements and that translational errors were found in the third translation, Berman’s idea as to source-orientedness and the revolutionary nature of retranslations was rejected. The present study bears pedagogical implications as the approach taken can be used in comparative translation courses. Besides, the findings are awareness-raising among policymakers in the publishing industry as they highlight the need for taking supervisory measures and enacting restrictive laws on retranslations.

Identity is a personal and mental idea that a person presents in response to the “who and what” question of their life. In the context of society, this concept makes the individual think about knowing their personality and leads them to display a representation of the quality and quantity of their intelligence, actions, and behavior. It causes man to better understand different conditions by being influenced by their and society's mental and psychological issues. In the first place, identity is considered one of the most basic cultural-personality themes that, regarding its different types, can be harmed and cause crises for the individual and the society. In contemporary Arab world, crucial events and changes have raised several conflicts in Arab identity, resulting in undesirable harms and consequences such as identity crisis for Arab individuals. As one of the most prominent Arab poets, Nizar Qabbani has widely focused on identity crisis in his poetry. The significance of this study was identifying the factors in Qabbani’s thought which have set the stage for exploring identity crisis, the perplexity of human and the Arab world, and their helplessness and contempt in the world. In this regard, this descriptive-analytical study aimed to examine the different aspects of identity crisis (individual and national-ethnic) in Qabbani’s poetry and view. The research findings reveal that: 1. the chaotic and tense political, social, and cultural atmosphere, 2. the incompatibility between the interests of the ruling system and the individual is one of the important factors in the formation of a personal identity crisis. 3. Besides the Arabs’ suffering from a personal identity crisis, Nizar presents his poem as his identity through which he seeks to revive the original identity of the Arabs. 4. The incompetence, passivity, and inefficiency of the Arab leaders; 5. Being defeated by Israel, the occupation of some lands of Arab countries, and the intrusion of foreigners into those lands; 6. The economic problems are among the factors contributing to the national identity crisis; and 7. The disintegration, wandering and losing the past glory of the Arabs and their ethnic symbols play an essential role in creating the ethnic identity crisis in this poet’s poems.

Binary opposition is one of the fundamental concepts in the critique of structuralism, and post-structuralism as well as the theories of linguistics and semiotics which are rooted in the mythological and cultural beliefs. Binary opposition shifted from linguistics to cultural studies and was challenged in the postmodern condition eventually. Claude Levi-Strauss espouses a bipolar-oppositional structure to the logic of myth, including proverbs. In his view, the structure of the human mind to understand phenomena puts each continuum in a binary reciprocal polarity. This pervasive mental action will eventually lead to the binary opposition, such as nature and culture. The purpose of the present study, however, is to represent the value binaries in the proverbs of the Ilami people. Due to the reconstructural nature of the case study, the research paradigm was qualitative and the method used was qualitative content analysis. The data is the published books about the proverbs of the Ilami people and some key informants were asked to supplement the information. These people were selected through purposeful sampling and were questioned through semi-structured interviews. The findings indicated that the binary value of the Ilami proverbs includes the following general binary oppositions: rational/irrational; collective/individual; dynamism / stagnation; universalism / particularism; order/ disorder; social capital development/ social capital erosion; moderation/ extremism; and justice/ oppression. These binaries consist of more detailed subcategories that represent a society saturated with opposition. The binary oppositions derived from the findings are largely consistent with the Talcot Parsons model variables.

Wrigley can be the greatest and the most important conflict and inconsistency of the Seljuk era mirror. On the one hand a massive legacy of Wrigley Islamic and Iranian ÊãÏøä that contains wisdom, science, art, and poetry is inherited and the spiritual heritage of all of it to skhreh. Wrigley has always been among the new wisdom and wisdom and mfakharh to poetry and poetry of hate in swing and other sound effects the inconsistency can be found in the words and language of Wrigley. For a better understanding of the causes of this conflict, they should be investigated and social roles anvari's poetry and his åäÌÇѐÑیÒ. Wrigley has always been in the midst of existential truth and reality has been suspended and his social-stroke look to poetry, and very important in the understanding of these conflicts said. In the midst of his ãÏÍی ÞÕÇیÏ can be applied to different approaches and goals he also sought in the eulogy.

One of the contradictions of reason and mysticism was the contrast between religious-oriented approach of some scholars and mystics and rationalistic approach of some governors and philosophers during 5th-7th centuries (AH)/ 12th-15th centuries (AD). This hidden yet deep contrast continued throughout the centuries in different scientific and ideological forms among philosophers, jurisprudents, and mystics, and some philosophers and mystics were representatives of these different thought factions. The present study examined the similarities and differences of the two contradictory movements called Avicenna's and Attar's approaches, as representatives of each approach. In this study, presuming the purposeful authorship of symbolic journey of birds, the contradictions in Avicenna's Risalat-al-Tayrand Attar's Mantiq al-Tayr were examined. To this end, the contradictory contents of the mentioned books were extracted, compared, and then analyzed. The results showed that the point of departure between Attar and Avicenna is their interpretation of the soul and its dwelling in the body. Furthermore, the necessity for a path-finder's guide, a scientific approach towards phenomena on Avicenna's part and rejection of logic and cause-and-effect view on Attar's part, different approaches concerning the interactions between King of birds and other birds, different viewpoints on the matters ofmeeting God and the number of mystics who managed to meet Him, the epistemological difference between reason and love, and finally the introvert prospect of mysticism and the extrovert approach of philosophy are the main contradictory points of these two scholars. These contradictions could be suggestive of historical contrasts between religious-oriented mysticism and philosophical and rational mysticism.

Antagonism is the multiplicity of goals and emotions in man or between a man and a group of people so that it may result in tension among the mentioned elements. Antagonism in the story of Rostam and Esfandiar is a strategy devised by Goshtasb to Esfandiar. In the beginning of the story, Esfandiar and Rostam confront each other with no intention of fighting; they negotiate several times and in the end regarding their disagreement on goals they have no other choice but fight. This study, firstly, presents a summery of the story and then based on the theory of antagonism and negotiation, studies: 1.the kind of antagonism existing between the two sides, and 2. the solution offered by the two sides. The results show that the antagonism between Rostam and Esfandiar is that of purpose. The solution suggested by both sides of the antagonism in the first part of story is negotiation, however, in the end they appeal to force and Esfandiar is dead.

In order to obtain an exact study of the technical response, which means writing a poem with rhyming weight and overall content similar to another poem in response to its poet, with the objective of validating him as a peer or expressing superiority, this paper tries to present a descriptive–analytical approach. Given that the abovementioned impulses are the basis of conflict and disagreement between the two poets, by focusing on Persian poetry published from the start until the sixth centuries, we have tried to define the terms of accountability and review the serious and non-serious expression techniques (parody) and also investigate the reasons for conflict and conflict-seeking questions in poetry. In addition, it has been shown that these techniques have always been one of the critical ways in which poets express their opinions about other poets and their poems.