دفاتر الوراق

The new Arabic novel cannot reach its creative climax, and it cannot maintain its continuity except by inventing new mechanisms that carry rhetorical connotations and discourses in all its dimensions. Miraculousness is one of the eminent experimental and literary phenomena that preoccupied the thought of critics and scholars. In this type, there is a penetration and breaking of everything that is realistic and familiar and the creation of another world that causes confusion and astonishment in the mind of the reader. The contemporary Jordanian novel tried to build a modern text novel and was able to transcend the narrative traditions and enter a new experience in a way that presents a narrative technique represented in the miraculous and the exotic. We have chosen the novel “Novels of Warraq” by ، Barjas, Jalāl, which won the Booker Prize in 2021 AD, as a model for this study, for reasons including the lack of university studies in it. In the search for manifestations of the miracles in “Dafātir al-warrāq” we relied on the most appropriate approach, which is the descriptive-analytical approach, and then on the structural approach in analyzing the narrative text. In the end, we reached the most important results, the most important of which is that this novel can be considered one of the examples of miraculous literature according to Todorf’s theory.

Focalization is considered as a modern narrative technique and a basic feature of the perspective of a narrative, which means reducing the narrator's field of vision and limiting his information, as well as choosing a channel for conveying news from the narrator to the audience in the story, rather than the act of narrating from It should be done through a focal point that defines and limits the scope of vision.This technique, which was proposed by Girar Jinit, tries to narrow the range of reception through the theoretical documents of the narrative news to the narrator or fictional character of the receiver herself.Based on analytical-descriptive method, this research tries to investigate the effects of focalization in Jalal Burgess's novel "Defater al-Waraq" (bookseller's notebooks).Among the results of the present research, we can mention the use of three types of narrative focus (internal, external and zero focus) as well as multi-focus in order to encourage the reader to read by creating questions and ambiguity in his mind and also increasing the audience's information about the inner world of the novel's characters.

The literature of the filthy city (dystopia) is the literature of an imaginary and corrupt society that is ruled by chaos, this type of literature depicts an imaginary world in which goodness is depleted and absolute evil reigns over it. Its most prominent features include destruction, murder, cruelty, poverty and disease. This literary type, after the proper and decent life for the writers was not achieved in reality, In many of their literary works, it has appeared in the form of an imaginary world full of evil. Arab literature is also not free of this type of literature, Arab poets and elders have paid attention to this concept in their poetic works and literary texts. Among the writers who embodied the filthy city in their literary works is Jalal Bergess, a Jordanian novelist and the author of the novel "Defater al-Waraq". In this work, the author depicts a horrible imaginary city whose events revolve around murder, destruction and corruption. This is the result of the bitter realities of the Jordanian society and the existing class divide in it as a result of the rule of the government and the corrupt administrative system, as well as the continuous conflicts with the Israeli occupiers, which has led the Arab countries to destruction, unrest and chaos. This article deals with a descriptive-analytical approach with the aim of investigating the phenomena of dystopia such as poverty, deprivation, extensive government corruption, war, killing and destruction and the manifestation of these concepts in the novel of the "Defater al-Waraq". One of the other goals of this essay is to introduce the novel  "Defater al-Waraq"  as a socio-political novel  which has depicted the vices of society with the aim of achieving an ideal and desirable society. Considering the importance of research, the authors of the article, relying on the elements of dystopia, try to find the data that leads to the phenomenon of dystopia in the society and also to analyze and examine how its signs appear in the novel  "Defater al-Waraq" . This research has reached this conclusion that Jalal Bergess, psychological conditions governing the characters of the novel such as abnormalities and moral deviations have appeared which they do'nt find a solution to correct it and disobeying the rational commands brings their satisfaction. This phenomenon is not only limited to the poor and needy so that the rich and the holders of government positions are also suffering from moral deviation and their moral deviance has been manifested in the form of harassing others. Personality duality is another psychological phenomenon that  it can be seen in the novel  "Defater al-Waraq"   that the characters of the story are in a difficult struggle between doing good deeds and bad deeds. The author of the novel has not forgotten the lives of the disillusioned and the homeless and has depicted the visible and hidden aspects of their lives. Another sign of dystopia in the novel is the war and conflict with the Zionist regime, which has led to the poverty and misery of the people. On the other hand, the ruling system in the novel "Defater al-Waraq"  is a tyrannical power that has a great influence on events , although it may have an invisible presence like Utopia. In this novel, the ruling system has classified people into different categories, A group that has freely monopolized everything and have built their own utopian world and they have marginalized the rest of the people and they have deprived them of all their human rights. Another sign of government corruption is the expansion of the usury phenomenon in state banks, which swallows people's wealth and assets, that the result of this is the poverty and hardship that is brought to the people. Jalal Bergees has depicted the state of poverty and displacement of the people in such a way that their situation is far worse than that of the Palestinian refugees  and the cloths of rice and wheat bags donated to Palestinians are used as shirts and bags for Jordanian children. Jalal Bergess also has depicted other signs of dystopia, the state of fear and confusion that is the result of continuous surveillance by spies and mercenaries of the government who are constantly trying to monitor the people and it recounts its psychological consequences on the characters of the story. Jalal Bergess believes that the only solution to these crises is the dismantling of the corrupt government and the administration of Jordan by just and democracy-loving men and he believes that the only way to achieve this goal is resistance and perseverance against the oppression of rulers, But from the perspective of mental disorders caused by the bad state of society, he calls people to adopt humane and moral ideals.Key words: Modern novel, dystopia, Jalal Bergees, Defater al-Waraq.

The psychological analysis of the novel is an important entry point for understanding the social reality and the tensions and crises that man suffers as a result of what modern civilization has brought about and its conflicts between the ancient heritage and the challenges of the present. This psychological study comes to shed light on the distinguished creative work of the Jordanian novelist Jalal Barjas, who won the International Prize for Arabic Fiction (Booker) in 2021 AD for his social novel “Notebooks of the Bookseller”. It is noticeable that the novelist, in his novel, depicted the social environment in which he lived in all its dimensions, especially the negative ones, in an attempt to embody the lived reality, and its abhorrent manifestations and repercussions full of impressive images burdened with the wounds of the past, the bitterness of the present, and the absence of a hoped-for future. And this study tries to analyze the psychology of the hero, who represents the segment of the educated young man who is disappointed in his subjective introversions and false visions in the imagination, which is a living image that cannot be missed in the complexes of the third world, which is under the pressure of modernity, subordination and cultural dissociation. This study attempts to analyze the psychology of the hero, who represents the frustrated class of the intellectual, floundering. in order to explore the secrets of the writer's psychology and her repressed visions embodied in the character of the hero. Exploring the features of the hero's personality ultimately leads to the significance of the story and the messages and discourses that it carries, which often come to correct behavioral distortions in a society wracked by crises. Perhaps the first thing that is learned from this novel is the writer’s knowledge of the details of the social life he lived and closely touched, and his skill in writing it in a novel.

The polyphonic novel is the novel in which we find the disappearance of the narrator in favor of the characters who undertake the process of narration and discourse on their own and express themselves and their thoughts and moods freely, and this is what critics expressed in the polyphonic narrative. We encounter the polyphonic narrative in the novels of modern and postmodern literature, as a departure from the traditional novel and its multiplicity of voices at different levels. The phenomenon of polyphony within the new novel is one of the most important features of the polyphonic novel, as the polyphonic and linguistic polyphony is one of the most important concepts that the Russian theorist, "Mikhail Bakhtin" searched for. There is no doubt that the Polyphonic text is considered a new type of literary text and it is of paramount importance in forming languages ​​and voices of opposition with different cultural and social affiliations and in making the novel a play in which the novelistic characters interact. On this basis, this research aims to study the polyphonic narration in the novel “Dafir al-Warraq” by the Jordanian novelist “Jalal Barjas” in the light of Mikhail Bakhtin’s theory and given that this novel celebrates polyphony. The narrative text, and since the subject deserves to be explored and focused on from multiple aspects, the research tried to delve deeper into this novel through its polyphonic features. Concluding that the novelistic text of Jalal Barjas opens up to the multiplicity of personalities, the mu

Since the novel has a role in influencing the reader, novelists use it to express the realities of life. And in order to be able to increase the effectiveness, they use the five senses in expressing events. But the issue of this effectiveness was not specifically considered in the discussions of researchers like other topics. Therefore, in this research, we chose Jalal Burgess's novel "Dafatir Al-warraq" as a model to examine the sensory mechanisms in the depiction of events that are harmoniously placed in the narrative parts of this novel. And we examine this research by considering the equivalent of the sense of sight and hearing in a descriptive and analytical way. It was concluded that the author connected the senses of his novel text with the living reality with this match to depict the relationship between them more. On the one hand, this case was intended to increase the sphere of influence on the receiver and on the other hand, to create the integration of two different worlds such as the narrative world and the realistic world. The distribution between peer emotions in realistic and virtual divided aspects led to aesthetic representations. which was placed in its concepts to create mutual dependence between two different parties, and Burgess was successful in expressing this fusion of imagination and reality in the novel Events.