راوی اول شخص

The first-person narrator should be considered a "narrator-character" who is simultaneously a narrator and an experiencing character. From a semiotic-semantic point of view, the first-person narrator is a 'becoming" subject narrating his/her own experience from the surrounding world. The identity of the first-person narrative depends on this binary function; however, sometimes it takes effort to balance them since occasionally the first-person narrator only acts as a narrator (like a third-person narrator). Reviewing the background of the narratologists' theories, such as Stanzel (1984) and Fludernik (2002), shows that despite recognising these binary functions, the existing challenges and the ways to keep the balance have yet to be studied so far. The present study aims to develop the discussion of binary functions of the first-person narrator in a descriptive-analytical way by using the semiotics-semantics approach regarding "becoming" discourse to investigate the causes and the solutions regarding these binary functions. The statistical population of this research consists of nine novels: "The Blind Owl", "The School Principal", "The Year of Riot", "The Neighbors", "The Story of a City", "The Scorched Earth", "The Dog and the Long Winter", "I Turn Off the Lights" and "my bird". The result shows that in the "description" and "dialogue of characters", the role of experience is a severe challenge. In addition, the involvement of the narrator's mind in the narrative through referring to his/her feelings, thinking, judgment, interpretation, or speculation, along with methods such as "association" and "stream of consciousness", can be effective strategies to balance the binary functions.

Sa''di used first person narrator in almost one quarter (48 tales) of Golestan tales، though the current tradition of narrative in his period was based on third person narrator (omniscient). The main question in this study is that how first person narrative is used in Golestan. This study shows that، in Golestan، first person narrator is represented by various figures such as protagonist or witness. Most of these tales are autobiographical. This study also shows that there are not special functions of first person narrative in this literary work and there is no difference between structure and functions of third and first person narratives.

First person narrator is homodiegetic (one of the story's characters). This narrator is the protagonist or a witness and its voice is the main voice in the narrative. In first person narratives, the main focalizer is the narrator, too. A study of first person narratives in pre-school children's narrative poems proves the potentials of this narrative type; the use of first person narrative in pre-school children poems multiplies their educational effects. Choosing this kind of narrative has to be done carefully due to the nuances of voice and focalization. An analysis of two collections of Naser Keshavaz and Mostafa Rahmandoost shows the high frequency of this usage.