جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « زبان شناسی فرهنگی » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

Based on Lakoff and Johnson’s cognitive framework, metaphor is considered is a key way humans perceive concepts in the universe. The aim of the present research was to study the effects of animal names on native Turkish speakers and the implicational meanings of the words. Turkish speakers derive metaphoric meanings by comparing humans and surrounding events to these entities. Based on interviews with 30 native speakers, 93 words were collected, 22 of which were common and reflected Turkish cultural views. First, the implicational meanings of these 22 words were extracted and listed in a table alongside each animal’s name. Then for each word, the explanation was given according to some examples and poems from Turkish reference books. In addition, the study examined the subjects of gender, frequency, and percentage in these metaphors. The results indicated that animal names influence the speech of native Turkish speakers, who use these metaphoric words daily in appropriate contexts.

In semantics cognitive of Lakoff and Johnson (1980), metaphor is one of the abstract conceptions of thought and language. Metaphor is an active process in cognitive system and is one of the main ways of human perceptions from surrounding environment. This research is to explaine the available concepts of Turkish speakers in using flowers in daily conversatios and specify their views to these concepts and phenomenons of flowers names, also their sourse and destination domain. The data of this research was collected by interviewing from 30 Turkish speakers which finally 13 useful flowers names were considered and their sourse and destination domains were presented; also, the cultural attitude of the speakers towards the names of the flowers was shown through conceptualization and categorization by drawing diagrams. The research findings indicate that the names of the flowers have entered the Turkish language and speakers use them to describe someone or something metaphorically; so that the use of these words has a relatively higher frequency of occurrence compared to other natural phenomena. This research can be useful for linguists, translators of Turkish to Persian languages and vice versa, poets and writers.

Kurmanji is one of the three main varieties of Kurdish language, scattered across some areas of Turkey, Syria, Iraq, and both the West and Northeast parts of Iran. The current study adopted the taxonomy organization approach in analyzing the lexicon related to conceptualization of domestic animals in Kurmanji according to Ecolinguistic frame. The data collection method follows the Guide to collecting dialects for the treasury of Iranian dialects. It operates through three stages: literature study, individual interview, and focus group interview. Data was analyzed based on lexican process suggested by Malt, Sloman, & Gennari and, the analyzing frame of folk biological classification and nomenclature, presented by Berlin, Breedlove, & Raven. Participants were selected based on convenience sampling, and the interview process continued till the saturation point was reached. Participants were native speakers aged 45-75 years old. Results revealed that “Same porotypes, different boundaries”, and “Nesting” imply a significant role in Kurmanji nomenclature of domestic animals and led to a recognizable classification of the lexicon based on factors like gender, age, color, verbs, treatment, and occupation. The Kurmanji culture seems to be enriched by the Folkbiological knowledge of speakers and their direct experiences. Also, cultural factors such as the experience of direct exposure and extensive ecological knowledge regarding domestic animals have led to the lexicalization of various concepts to illustrate the magnitude value of animals in Kurmanj’s culture and lifestyle.

This research aims at studying the conceptualizations and linguistic encodings of smell sense in Persian and Russian from Cultural-Cognitive Linguistics point of view, using Sharifian’s (2017) and Kövecses’ (2018) frameworks. Research data have been gathered through the internet from different weblogs and sites, but for extracting the synonyms and collocations of the word “smell”, dictionaries of these languages have been used too. The results show that in both languages the smell sense is applied both as the source and target domain in metaphors and both the higher and lower senses are used as the source domain in their synesthetic constructions. Two macro-metaphors , GOOD IS SMELLY and BAD IS SMELLY can be seen in both languages. "Suspecting, finding out/knowing, vanishing, filling, representing(something) and getting into trouble/occurring a difficulty are some of shared conceptualizations in these two languages. Apart from conceptualisations, some similarities and differences can be seen in the linguistic encodings in these two languages. Similarities confirm Kövecses (2010) in his belief that some conceptual metaphors in the sensory domain of languages are nearly universal because of the common experiences of all human beings. Differences reflect the Sharifian’s idea (2017) that says the origin of concetualisations is cultural cognition which is not totally the same, because of the asymmetric distribution, even in one community.

AbstractShahnameh Ferdowsi, a masterpiece about Ancient Iran, reveals Iranian old culture. This study tries to investigate the conceptualization of the cultural value of respect between parents – children and vice versa among all of the stories in Shahnameh. It figures out how these conceptualizations are shown and whether they are the same in both groups or not. This paper is based on cultural linguistics and follows its theoretical framework which includes three analytical tools named cultural schema, cultural category and cultural metaphor.The analytical-descriptive approach is used to collect the data and cultural pragmatic schema, a sub-branch of cultural schema, is the criterion for analyzing them. It is found that among 151 couplets, 61 cases are about respect conceptualization from parents toward children and 90 ones refer to respecting parents by children. The results demonstrate that respect conceptualization is observed among all social and family levels and situations even if with various forms; some of them are the same and some are specific to each group.

Cultural conceptualizations express the manner of thought and ideology of a society to these phenomena. The study of the cultural conceptualizations helps to solve cultural misunderstandings and facilitate the cross-cultural understanding. The Cultural conceptualizations of anger using the words of the body organs and the elements of nature and the cultural origins of conceptualizations have been studied in Bakhtiyari Dialect of Zazomahroo Region. Research method is descriptive-analytical one. Due to rural and nomadic lifestyle of people, the words related to natural phenomena and the elements of nature are used as a basis for cultural conceptualizations. Some of the cultural conceptualizations are expressed through using the words related to the body organs. Statistical population is 700 expressions, proverbs and phrases related to angry. Data were obtained by field study, interviewing and observations. The analyses of the data showed the origins of the cultural conceptualizations in rural and nomadic people’s lifestyle, beliefs, ideologies, imaginations, and the physiological effect of feelings and emotions of anger on human body. This lifestyle makes people have a direct contact to the nature; therefore, they use the impious and destructive aspects of natural phenomena as a concrete domain to express the abstract notion of anger. They use their beliefs and imaginations about the effects of anger on the body organs to express the cultural conceptualizations. cultural conceptualizations of anger as “fire, heat, force, flood, snow slide, and lightning” come from the inspiration of natural phenomena and  rural and nomadic lifestyle.

The study of metaphors through cognitive approach illustrates how much the human mental imaginations extends to abstract concepts. In this study, which has been conducted in the cultural linguistics framework, the process of categorization and imaginative schemas have been used to explain the metaphors of the water phenomenon in the Azerbaijani Turkish language. The research data were collected through interviews with 30 Turkish native speakers, as well as the use of books, poetry collections and dictionaries of this language in a very limited number. First, the semantic relationship of each of the words related to water was determined, then, to show the exact metaphorical meanings, the semantic categorization method and the presentation of an imaginary schema were used to determine the viewpoints of Azerbaijani Turkish speakers to the metaphors of water. The research findings show that the speakers of this language use water expressions metaphorically in their speech. There are ten metaphoric expressions of water with positive use and one with negative use that are used by native speakers in appropriate situations.

Gender stereotypes can be considered as one of the prominent concepts in the field of socio-linguistics. These stereotypes are found at all levels of language application, including children’s literature, and play an important role in the reproduction of sexist language and patriarchal discourse. Through a descriptive- analytic method, the present study aims to investigate the aforementioned stereotypes in forty children’s stories of age groups “A” and “B” and seeks to compare the amount and the types of common stereotypes within the cultural linguistics framework as proposed by Sharifian (2016). Then, a linguistic and cultural interpretation of the stereotypes will be provided. The results of this study indicate that although the amount of gender stereotypes in children’s stories has been diminished in the past decades, patriarchal discourse is still remarkably present on the deep structure level and encodes its values and criteria through the presentation of gendered frameworks and roles in language and affects the audiences.

The primary purpose of this research is to study cultural cognition and conceptualizations in Persian stories published for children. The problem of research is to determine which cultural conceptualizations are embedded in the texts of Persian children’s stories.  The methodological approach taken in this study is based on cultural linguistics. According to Sharifian (2017) cultural linguistics is based on the premise that many aspects of human languages encode cultural conceptualizations. In other words, cultural conceptualizations are embedded in many features of human languages. Cultural linguistics offers both a theoretical and an analytical framework to investigate the cultural conceptualizations underling the human languages in practice. The theoretical framework of cultural linguistics contains the notion of “cultural cognition”, which affords an integrated understanding of the notions of “cognition” and “culture” and the way these two concepts are related to language. This analytical framework provides some useful tools that allow us to examine features of human languages which encode conceptualizations and to analyze the relationship between language and cultural conceptualizations. They contain the three major notions of “cultural schema”, “cultural category”, and “cultural metaphor”.  By cultural schemas we mean a culturally constructed subclass of “cognitive schemas” that are an invention of the cognitive sciences. Cultural schemas, which may in some cases encompass subschemas, are instantiated in many aspects of language. Sharifian (2014) believes that cultural schemas capture pools of knowledge that provide the basis for a significant portion of encyclopedic and pragmatic meanings in human languages. Additionally, they provide substantial foundation for the “common ground” i.e., the knowledge shared, or assumed to be shared, by the members of a speech community. Cultural schemas (and subschemas) include beliefs, norms, rules, and expectations of behaviour as well as values relating to various aspects and components of experience. Members of a cultural group negotiate and renegotiate these schemas and pass them onto later generations. According to Shore (1996), cultural schemas may be instantiated through the use of language, in painting, rituals, and even in silence. Various levels and units of language such as morphosyntactic features, lexical items, speech acts, idioms, metaphors, discourse markers, etc., may be established in cultural schemas. Aspects of language that mainly draw on cultural schemas may expedite intra-cultural communication, while debilitating intercultural communication. Within a cultural group, the communication, which is based on cultural schemas, involves a much more fluid transfer of messages and yields more homogeneous interpretations than the communication which is based on idiosyncratic, individual-based schemas. This research introduces fundamental cultural schemas in the Persian childrens’ stories within cultural linguistics analytical framework and analyses the determined schemas within metalinguistic discourse method which is developed by Sharifian and Tayebi (2017a, 2017b).  For their analysis of perceptions of (im)politeness in Persian, Sharifian and Tayebi developed an innovative three-tier model consisting metadiscourse analysis level, discourse analysis level, and conceptual analysis level. Metadiscourse analysis focuses on identifying words or expressions frequently used by those participating in interactions describing (im)polite acts. In discourse analysis level, they identified the scenarios that had led to evaluations of (im)politeness. Eventually, in conceptual analysis, they examined the nature of the relationship between the perception and evaluation of (im)politeness and the impliciting cultural conceptualizations, as well as the ethnography of related cultural conceptualizations. Some of these may remain unobserved by the interactants in the course of communication. The statistical sample of this research consisted a corpus of 100 Persian stories published for children of A and B age groups (6-10 years old) during the time span of 1998-2018. Fifty-two interactions have been found in these stories among the characters. Thirty-one cultural schemas showing various cultural themes are identified by putting the interactions of the stories’ characters within analytical framework of cultural linguistics. The findings indicate that three major macro schemas of sympathy, taa’rof (Iranian art of etiquette) and sense of regret have shown some repetitive schematic patterns which are themselves closely related to sub-schemas of cooperation, freedom seeking, hospitality, formality, and embarrassment. Silence plays an indispensible pragmatic role in macro-schema level and a considerable number of verbal interactions of the stories’ characters are closely influenced by this metalinguistic element. Micro schema of solitariness is also embedded within macro schema of sympathy and regret. This consequently has had remarkable effect on verbal and nonverbal interactions of characters. The present study makes several noteworthy contributions to the elicitation of some of cultural schemas in Persian language. These schemas are reflected in common social interactions of children stories. They also enrich the literature relating to children stories. The evidence from this study, mainly the new list of schemas, will serve as a base for further probes in sociological and anthropological studies.

Cognitive linguistics as a semantic approach included a set of theories, which conceptual metaphor and imaginary schema are the most important. Imaginary schemas are fundamental and abstract conceptual structures in the mind that are based on physical experiences and activities during the interaction or observation of the surrounding world. The present study intends to conduct a descriptive, analytical and comparative method and in order to get acquainted with the metaphorical and cultural system of "water and fire", to conduct a cognitive analysis of imaginary schemas taken from these two opposing elements in six books of MasnaviManavi and Shams Moulana’s general poetical works. The aim of this study was to achieve cognition through the use of volumetric, motion and power schemas in Moulana’s poems, so that by examining the function of these schemas, a more accurate knowledge of the individual and social personality of this poet can be obtained. One of the most important achievements of this research that can be mentioned:These two elements find supernatural properties in literary concepts and metaphorical functions, especially mystical themes, when placed along a verse, and depict a kind of long-standing contradiction between reason and love.
Cognitive analysis of schemas expresses the introverted, intuitive, emotional, and receptive personality of Moulana.

Our conceptual system is metaphor based. Children also face this cognitive interaction from the beginning of language acquisition. Accordingly, based on their little knowledge of the environment and vocabularies, they benefit from adult`s metaphorical system.Nowadays children`s knowledge is different from that of Piaget`s time and even after this era. Mass communication, modern toys like X-boxes and tablets all have developed children`s cognitive world. In this field study, sixty 2- to 5- years-old Persian-speaking boys and girls were examined in order to understand the time of comprehension and use of embodied metaphors regarding the variable of age in them. A self-mode test was prepared on the basis of Persian metaphoric phrases and Bialka-pkul`s study (2003). The research method was descriptive-survey and the population consisted of 2-5-year-old children of kindergartens in zones 1, 4, and 20 of Tehran. Sixty monolingual normal girls and boys made the sample. The research results are zeitgeist of complete understanding and relative understanding of embodiment metaphorical expressions and perception content due to the age variant in addition. The result of this study with the results of the Bialka- Pikul (2003) was in line. There is a difference that Bialka-pkul research, study on children from age of 3 years, three month but current research says children from the age of two years have a relative understanding of embodiment metaphorical expressions, this study denotes that perception content increasing due to the age variant and cognitive interest. Response of children to tests questions shows children speech in three distinct cultural groups. Persian -language children's speech in no.1 urban area of Tehran city whom they interaction with nature and their metaphorical expressions derived from natural and pristine words, while (the four) children use the environment words frequently, while (the twenty) use metaphorical expressions derived from adult speech and common phrases and words of Persian language. Different use of metaphoric phrases by children indicate different confederacy of receiving physical realm and the realm of subjective perception and cognitive in three different under study cultural groups. Such knowledge is not unique and represents a significant number of children's cognitive differences in the three under study areas . 2-2.5-year-olds gained the least points (0.4 out of 4) in metaphor understanding and had the most and the least difficulties in color and sound metaphors, respectively, but the other groups got higher points (1.5, 1.3, 2.2, 2.1, 3, orderly). The boys had better understanding than girls although the difference wasnt significant (P>0.05).