زکریا تامر

The narration of a story can be viewed from different perspectives, and one of these aspects is the narrative typology proposed by the French theorist Jaap LintVelt. He formulated this theory based on the functional interaction between narrator and actor, delving into the analysis of the role and narrative act of the narrator, the characters, and the audience. This theory focuses on the concept of focus and examines the relationship of imaginary elements between the narrator, characters, and audience, including abstract elements, tangible aspects, actors, narrator, and audience. This framework makes analyzing different characters, audiences, and narrative modes easier. The present research uses a descriptive-analytical method based on Jaap LintVelt theory to examine the narrative typology and the narratoraudience relationship related to the narrative, story, and characters in the “Sahil alJawad al-Abyad” collection investigated by Zakaria Tamer. The results suggested that Tamer uses the homogeneous narrative in seven stories of the book's eleven stories, where the narrator performs the dual function of plot and exposition. Tamer strives to engage the audience and makes his character understandable by creating an appropriate atmosphere and articulating specific sentences and expressions. In these stories, he uses surrealistic elements such as imagination, contemplation of death, disobedience, and similar elements to provide a detailed depiction of the prevailing conditions during the act of narration, to engage the audience and make his characters relatable. In some stories, Tamer successfully addresses the current problems of young people such as poverty and unemployment using an asynchronous narrative technique. Furthermore, the results suggested that Tamer effectively integrated narrative-discursive strategies and techniques into the story content.

Deconstruction, one of the critical trends of postmodernism, was pioneered by Jacques Derrida a French-born Algerian critic. A reading strategy, not a literary method or theory, Deconstruction focuses on the reader rather than the text or the author. In this reading strategy, language is considered deceptive, unstable, ambiguous, and unreliable which is recreated by the reader. The most important terms in this strategy are writing, differance and deferral, proliferation, dispersion, and trace. This study analyzes one of Zakaria Tamer’s short stories entitled “Oh, the Forgotten Cherry” from the Damascus is Burnt collection to identify/address its deconstructive elements. The significance of this study which adopts a descriptive-analytical method lies in opening a new window toward the ubiquity of meaning in a literary text. This study addresses the differance in meaning due to the dispersal of textual elements. The dichotomy between innocence and greed is the most contradictory duality in the short story where the author deconstructs slavery.

Cognitive linguists do not negate the metaphorical creativity inherent in the works of poets and writers. According to the ‘Cognitive Poetics’ theory proposed by Lakoff and Turner (1989), poets and writers frequently employ the same conventional conceptual metaphors in their compositions that are prevalent in everyday language. The creative aspect of poetry emerges from the adept manipulation and modification of these commonplace conceptual metaphors, achieved through the application of four conceptual tools: expansion, complication, questioning, and combination. The primary objective of this research is to introduce these strategies and assess their applicability in conducting a cognitive analysis of certain novel metaphors found in two collections of short stories authored by Zakaria Tamer (1931), a distinguished contemporary Syrian writer. The analysis of the data indicates that Tamer has utilized the same everyday conceptual metaphors in his narratives. Consequently, the creativity exhibited by this author could potentially be attributed to the proficient application of the aforementioned tools in the usage of ordinary metaphors. Based on the data analysis, it is observed that Tamer, in the creation of the metaphors examined, has predominantly employed the tool of combination, sparingly used the tool of questioning, and has made moderate use of the tools of expansion and complication. The findings also suggest that Tamer, through his judicious use of metaphor, not only imparts elegance and beauty to his prose but also effectively communicates the underlying concepts and messages of his stories to the reader.

Based on the progress of psychology studies and the attention paid to children's cognitive, personality, emotional, and social development, it has been shown that psychological well-being is important for having a good life and helping children grow up to have productive and successful lives. Zakaria Tamer is a writer who works in the field of children's literature and writes in the Arabic language. He believes that the story is a platform that has an educational and psychological function and that it is effective in nurturing and flourishing the child's personality and ensuring that the child's mental health is maintained. A descriptive-analytical approach was taken in this study to investigate the components of well-being. Taking into account the importance of mental health as well as the need to raise the level of children's productivity and self-actualization, the present study was carried out. According to the obtained results, Zakaria Tamer tries to influence children's personality development and enhance their mental health by using a smooth style, a straightforward fantasy that is based on external reality, and animal characters that are drawn from natural elements and occasionally human. He also explains moral principles in his stories. Finally, he describes psychological well-being indicators in his stories, including personal development, independence, autonomy, effective and positive interpersonal communication, a sense of purpose in life, and control over one's environment. Tamer also aims to institutionalize away from idealistic self-concept and attention to self-concept in the child's institution through symbolic and metaphorical language use.

The story is a kind of literature which seeks to be effective and involve the emotions and feelings of the reader primarily and then his or her mind and wisdom. This type of literary genre is popular in the contemporary era due to its coverage of topics. In order to influence the audience, it needs various factors. Story writers make their impacts by creating strange and dramatic events, use of powerful characters, the application of new themes and ideas. Among these features, poetry can be a component of a story and an important factor influencing the audience. The author of the story uses it with tools in a justified manner to have the ultimate impact on the reader and attract the audience with the adventures of their story. Therefore, it can be said that story and poetry are two separate literary genres, but this does not mean that their paths are completely different and there is no similarly between the elements of poetry and story. Sometimes, poetry observes the narrative elements such as an accident, a personality, etc., and becomes a fictional poem. However, among the types of stories such as novels, romance and short stories, short stories are more poetic than the others; because this type of story is closely related to poetry due to its shortness. Poetry itself requires smaller tools and components, including the use of poetic images and selecting poetic titles and interpretations, using techniques appropriate to the poetic world are such as the stream of consciousness and monologue. Due to the structural affinity of this fictional genre and poetry, both genres benefit from these cases.Poetry in contemporary fiction or prose is considered as an issue that can be proposed in research. It has been used in different styles since ancient times. But the forms and characteristics that the contemporary writers use are very different from the style of the past. Prose versus poetry and the order in the works of the ancients can be examined only by being prose. But prose in our time is a literary category called a story or fiction. So, there is no necessity in the story for the author to use poetic component, unlike the old prose in which the use of poetry was a kind of stylistic trick. Among the contemporary narrative works, fiction is selected to be examined here along with its goals and functions.

Among Arabic writers, Zakaria Tamer, a contemporary Syrian writer, is one of the most prominent writers in the field of poetic narratives. He often pays attention to features of poetry in his story collections. This is especially true about his first collection “The Neighing of the White Steed”, which has different poetic elements regarding social theme that create effects in special social contexts. He intends to defeat the rule of sorrow, grief, and absurdity in the society. Through a descriptive-analytical method, this study aims to come up with a theory related to the relationship between prose and poetry by examining the elements of poetry in the short story collection of Zakaria Tamer. In his story series, the author has used many poetic elements such as poetic title, simile, pleasing images, stream of consciousness, and temporal breaks. Each of these components is analyzed separately in this study.

The results show that this work has different elements of poetry. By adaptation from a scene of the short and transient life, it has a poetic capacity. This plays a key role in the collection. The deployment of poetic elements in this work proves it resemblance to poetry. The author uses poetic titles, poetic images, similes, stream of consciousness, and temporal interruptions.Thus, Zakaria Tamer's deliberate and artistic use of poetic elements is closely related to text and language. These factors, with their high frequency in the collection, show that the concept of poetry has emerged well in the collection of stories. The author sticks to a combination of association and repetition to maintain unity and non-disintegration between the short stories, which has led to tangible fictional poetry.The other poetic factors that make the poetry of the collection valuable are the connection of poetry with elements such as perspective, place, and personality and the theme, the existence of emotions and feelings, and the existence of multiple sentences that have led to the overall coherence of the work. Also, these poetic factors have made the work very effective in romantic and sensory terms and in terms of inner concepts, whispers and feelings. It also makes the poem-loving audience enjoy the story because narrative concepts such as storytelling and characterization elements are less pronounced than poetic concepts and poetic language and images.

This research is the descriptive and analytical investigation of the elements of poetry in Zakaria Tamer’s short story collection “The Neighing of the White Steed”. The results show that this collection has various elements of versification, and the the stories of this collection are very close to poetry.

The children literature is the origin of the values ​​and aspirations of a society that must be internalized in the spirit and soul of an important group of people, namely children and adolescents, because they are the future makers of the society.  This field of children literature differs greatly from adult literature. One of the most significant of these differences is the elements of the story, because the elements of the children's story must fit into the characteristics, wishes, and talents of the children. Character is another important element in this matter. Examining character’s impact on the reader makes the selection of the story more crucial, and introduces suitable and useful stories. With this view, participation in this field of literature becomes feasible only for those who have achieved deep knowledge and understanding of the field. Zakaria Tamer, contemporary Syrian writer, is one of those writers who has succeeded in this area and has created valuable and lasting stories. This study aimed to investigate the element of character in Zakaria Tamer's story collection through a descriptive-analytical method, in order to evaluate and measure their educational role and effect on the audience. The results show that Zakarria Tomer has applied different kinds of characters including human, animal, and natural and artificial phenomena. As seen in Tamer's story collection, Tamer applied one (specific) character in one story and different mixed characters in others. Animal characters showed higher frequency of usage and played a pivotal role among others. This may refer to and be influenced by children's psychological features. Animals are selected depending on their character features. Behind each story, Tamer sought an educational message illustrated through characters' speech and action. Simplifying the speech and action through applying rhetorical feature made the understanding less complex

Undoubtedly, derision is not merely a means of making fun of others. It is also an effective artistic tool in the hand of a writer or a poet to express his political and social concerns. One of those who have used this tool is the Syrian author Zakaria Tamer. In his short story Al-Istighatheh (supplication), he has practiced derision in various ways to criticize the wrong notions cherished by the Syrian society and political regime. Using a descriptive-analytical method in this article and at the suggestion of the authers, the images are drawn by a caricaturist. The present study seeks to convey the author’s attitudes to the audience, detect the instances of marginalizing the hero’s identity as a wrong deed, and highlight the artistic manners of derision in the story. As the results suggest, the art of derision is manifested in various concepts such as sleeping Damascus, shattered body, literate readers ignorant of the hero’s stance, inefficient weapon, false confused and disarmed hero minister, rejection of an abject death, and the end of the hero and his weapon. The artistic techniques of deriding as practiced in the story are magic realism, figurative words, painful ridiculous images, overt and covert ridicules, quasi-tribute rebuke, lexical semantic contradiction, and intertextuality

The phenomenon of deconstruction emerged in the late sixties of the twentieth century from the point of view of structuralism. Associated with breach of the metaphysics of presence, deconstructing criticism was raised by Jacques Derrida, within which the verbal/parole aspects of the texts are violated. The purpose of this comprehensive outlook is to delve into the hidden meanings of the text and its metaphysical dimensions. Dimashq al-Ḥarāʼiq was written byZakaria Tamer, a well-known short story writer in the Arab world. This article deals with the collection of two short stories, "Mot al-Sha'r al-Asvad" and "vajh al-ghamar" by analyzing the text using the deconstruction approach. The research method is descriptive-analytic. After the text analysis, it emerges that the main contradictions in the stories are hope / despair, dignity / inferiority and captivity / freedom. By analyzing these contradictions and deconstructing them, it is concluded that the existence of contradictory inversion in the stories is due to the disapproval of the higher classes by the oppressed lower class, which is attributed to the lack of knowledge or the lack of power for confrontation.

The frustration and isolation of some Western intellectuals as a result of the painful repercussions of the First World War made them inclined to the imagination and subjectivism of modernist rationalism and materialism, they explore the human’s unconsciousness, then they found surrealism school which influenced literatures and writers of the East and West. The present article illustrates a surrealist features due to the descriptive-analytical approach to explore the components of surrealism in Fi Yum Marh” by Zakaria Tamer (Syrian Writer) and “Three Drops of Blood” by Sadegh Hedayat's two short stories, These authors have created a completely surreal space for expressing their minds in the stories mentioned above and the principles of this literary school, namely automatic writing, attention to fantasy, love, allure and madness, humor and irony, objective coincidence and affairs. They have dramatically and supernaturally represented their works. Tamer's main goal is to protest the irresponsibility of institutions related to community security and to issue judgments on behalf of people who are not competent to judge. Hedayat by this story has followed the critical and turbulent situation of Iran during the Pahlavi era, when intellectuals, writers, and poets protested against it, in which the elements of power suppressed them in the various ways.

Pessimism towards the world and its structures has always been a topical issue during human history. But the approaches to probe it have led to a formal school of thought called nihilism and this has been one of the outputs of modernism reflected in poems composed by Persian and Arab poets along with the works of the philosophers and scholars in the field. Since one of the best approaches to identify an issue is to compare it with a parallel and same level sample, the present study has tried to probe the issue using a descriptive-analytic method to discuss about the elements and constituents of nihilism in the works of Sadegh Hedayat and Zakaria Tamer as two pioneering writers in modern story writing in Iran and Syria who tended towards nihilism to recognize some of the problems repeated in this school of thought and to investigate about the factors that led these two authors towards nihilist thoughts. Findings showed that although Hedayat and Tamer belonged to two different cultures and societies, nihilism, disappointment, pessimism towards the individuals and the society, thinking of death and introverted thoughts have dominated thoughts of both authors and being informed about the thoughts of western scholars, local dominance and tyranny have been among the common and effective factors that caused both authors to tend towards nihilism.

discourse analysis is an interdisciplinary approach that is related to literature through studies of literature, linguistics, stylistics and literary criticism. Indeed, the discourse analysis helps in interfering with factors such as ideology, power, history, etc. in relation to languages, such as humor, text interpretation, and in reading text clearly reveals the context of context in context. Zakaria tamer a Syrian journalist and journalist who walks with the media in the " short story of humour " in the struggle with the political stifling and social awakening. in this paper, we attempt to explain the story of " and its historical purpose and the author 's main purpose, which is to fight the corrupt system. Zakaria tamer in this story deals with the critique of the political and social situation of the people in that period of time and space. in this paper, the author uses exaggerated and exaggerated features in the story of ", the author 's use of exaggeration and exaggeration, the irony of the irony, the irony and humor of personality; the issue we will examine in this paper. one of the important results of humour in this story is the author's use of exaggeration, and sarcastically., which in a variety of words humor, mood humor, and humor of personality. historical heroes also benefit from historical heroes in the form of anagram to reflect the social anxiety in his story.

Surrealism is a literary school that emerged in France in the early 20th century and its aim was to reach “Sublime”. Dreams, autographs, frenzy, humor, eroticism, magic, surrealistic objects, and the objective accident are surrealistic devices. Zakaria Tamer, a contemporary Syrian writer, is an Arab writer whose works illustrate his influence on such an attitude in the selection of subjects and fictional spaces. This article examines the course of the evolution of the early decades of writing by examining the three first sets of Tamer's short stories based on the principles of the school of surrealism. The findings of this study show that Zakaria Tamer in his first collection, The Neighing of the White Steed, has a greater commitment to French surrealism and most of his stories are narrated in a dream-like way. In his second collection, Spring in The Ashes, and third collection, The Thunder, localizes this attitude I such a way that the level of surrealistic components decreases yet surrealist spaces still dominate the stories. A remarkable point in this process is Tamer's approach to some kind of social surrealism which has a clear contradiction with the individualistic aspect of this school. The present study employs a descriptive-analytical approach.

Children’s literature needs to be criticized as the other literary genres; a criticism that takes the child into account and helps him to precept the story better. Aidan Chambers has presented a criticism method that takes the child into account as the reader and places him in the story. In fact, when writing the story, the author addresses someone, the implied reader. This method notes that the writer or the author, makes a relation with the reader in the text, and consciously and sometimes unconsciously creates a picture of himself and of the reader. Hence, the meaning of the text could be understood. This article wants to analyze different components of implied reader like style, point of view, favoritism and talking gaps, in some of the short stories from “Why the River Fell Silent?” and “The Flower Spoke to the Bird” story collections by Zakaria Tamer, the contemporary Syrian author, with descriptive-analytic and statistic approaches. The results show considering the components of implied reader, Tamer has paid lots of attention to use simple words and short sentences appropriate for children. Choosing appropriate point of view, siding with children and right interaction with them, are some of the other characteristics of these stories. In addition, Tamer transfer the stories’ messages like friendship and helping fellows, contentment, responsibility, protection of privacy and etc. by focusing on the moment of change in the life of the characters and choosing appropriate pictures for it.

Among areas in which ‘satire’ could be used to address the reality is literature because men of letters could reveal the reality with their own words, and writers and poets in various countries use it to express their intents. Regarding the effectiveness of satire on reflecting the faults and people’s inhumanity of a society in a piece of writing, whether politically or socially, it could be recognized that the language of satire is more eloquent and impressive than those of other literary devices. One of the men of letters that has uncovered the painful truth of his society and the Arab world with satire is Zakaria Tamer, that has dedicated his life to fighting against the disasters of his time illustrating the political and social problems artistically and creatively. This study focuses on the theme of satire in the Arab world concerning three subjects, i.e. poverty and poverty gap, freedom and fight against tyranny, and criticism and ridicule, as well as on analyzing his viewpoints on the subjects in his short stories.

Literary works, doubtlessly, affect each other, and no text is independent of another. This dialogue and effectiveness leads to the dynamism of literary works. The Syrian writer, Zakaria Tamer, is among the authors who sketch the position of modern human and their lack of identity by his special techniques. In this article, the series Ar- Ra’d has been studied based on the intertextual relations creatively made with literary, historical and especially the Holy Quran using an analytical-descriptive method of research. Generally, Tamer makes use of all possibilities, especially of ancient heritage, to describe the crises the modern human faces. The author has benefited the Holy Quranwhich is the most precious and comprehensive literary, religious and historical heritage, in a way that the title of the story series and the themes discussed, remind the readers of the Surah “Ar-Ra’d” and the concepts brought up in it.

Zakaria Tamir is one of the most prominent contemporary story writers of Syria who has scrutinized the problems of contemporary mankind from different perspectives. Such a theme evidently requires a modern form incompatible with the traditional form.In “A man from Damascus”, Zakaria Tamir analyses the cultural-social problems of mankind through a give personality using a new style. The purpose of the study is to explore the story writing techniques by ZakariaTamir and its conformity with the distancing theory. The study revealed that distancing theory, proposed by Bertolt Brecht, can be verified. Certain indicators of this theory can be observed inthis short story. Zakaria deals with problems of modern mankind including love, marriage, future, family, prides, and self-esteem. Moreover, the attitudes of the main character of the story towards the above issues are decribed accompanied by a bitter tone covering all aspects of the protagonist’s life. The keycommon motif in the thought and deed of the protagonist isdullness.