جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « شهرنوش پارسی پور » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

This paper aims to study Shaharnush Parsipour's novel Touba and the Meaning of the Night" (1368) in the framework of  Erving Goffman's theory of Stigma: Management of Spoiled Identity (1963). This theory examines the relationship between people in daily life. This novel narrates the life of Touba from the late Qajar to the Pahlavi period. While using an anthropological approach, the present descriptive-analytical research tries to answer which themes of Goffman's Stigma are more prominent in the novel regarding Touba, who narrates the story. The results indicate that the novel's most important stigmas and labelings are feelings of anonymity or loss of identity, disgust, rejection, anti-currentism, social dissent, and doubts about Touba's character, which often has a psychological and cultural basis. The disrespect, hesitation, ominous feeling of destiny, insecurity, obsession, and inferiority complex, and consequently, the arousal of hatred and revenge surrounded Touba more than anything else.

Mystical stories serve as a means of spreading awareness and promoting spirituality in the realm of mysticism and human progress towards self-transcendence. Numerous authors have focused on transcendence under the guise of mysticism and spiritual experience in their works. Shahrnush Parsipur is one such writer who views the lives of her fictional characters through a mystical lens and portrays immortality in reality. In her renowned novel Women Without Men, Parsipur employs mystical elements to create her female characters. The objective of this research is to investigate the social and mystical perspective of Shahrnush Parsipur towards women and their social status, based on the novel, using an analytical-descriptive approach. The findings of this research suggest that each character in the novel can be considered a representative of a segment of women's society; women who, by attaining self-knowledge and embarking on a spiritual journey, strive to understand the truth of their existence and seek inner purity, immortality, and truth.

In his narratological theory, Gerard Genet examines the narratives in different texts based on five principles: the voice of narration, the time of narration, the level of narration, the time of narration and the landscape of narration, and his theory is considered the most prominent and comprehensive theory of narratology. Is known. The present research was carried out using a descriptive-analytical method with the aim of examining the collection of stories "Crystal Pendants" by ShahrnoushParsipour from the narrative aspect and showing the different levels of narration in it, and in this study, Genet's theory of narratology was emphasized; In this regard, the main question of the research is that in this case study, which elements of the narrative were used and to what extent? The research results showed that there are different levels of Genet's narratology theory in this collection of stories. In examining the voice of the narration, the author used a total of 12 short stories of this work, in seven stories the narrator is inside the event and in five stories the narrator is outside the event, and seven stories are narrated in the post-event style and the other five stories are narrated simultaneously with the event; Seven stories had constant internal focalization, two had external focalization, and the other three had no focalization or zero-degree focalization. Six cases of singular frequency, five cases of repeated frequency and one case of narrator frequency were obtained in the processing of stories. In the analysis of the narration time of the stories, nine cases of use of staging as a way of establishing dialogue between the characters of the stories, five cases of time sequence, two cases of prolongation and two cases of interruption or pause in the narration of the story were observed.

The novel Women Without Men written by Shahrnoush Parsipour, a famous Iranian writer, is one of the famous novels of contemporary Iranian literature. The story of this novel is based on the life experiences of five Iranian women of different ages and social classes and shows the rights and interests of Iranian women in the patriarchal society. Because the five women in this novel have different personality traits and backgrounds and represent different ages and social classes, their life experiences have been an example of different groups of women in Iranian society. The awareness of women's independence embodied in this book indicates the awakening of feminism's thoughts.For this purpose, in this article, an attempt has been made to explain the female characters based on the analytical-descriptive method and to examine the ideas of feminism embodied in this novel by using the theory of feminism.In this article, an attempt is made to analyze the novel Women Without Men based on feminist criticism based on the descriptive-analytical method. After explaining the female characters in a descriptive-analytical way, in the context of feminist criticism, various dimensions of feminist factors are extracted in this novel and the ideas of embodied feminism are examined using the theory of feminism.

Influenced by European literature, constitutionalist intellectuals began to critique past literature in a revolutionary way; moreover, in order to establish "literary democracy," they called for literature that would serve to awaken people and bring about political change. Confrontation with Europe is the main cultural issue in the constitutional period. The attitude of the traditional Iranian society towards the European civilization caused the intellectual awakening of the intellectuals and the adoption of a new attitude towards politics and culture. Fascination with Western civilization and uncritical treatment of its effects made the humiliation of Iran's cultural heritage seem like a kind of modernism. With the arrival of Western culture in Iran, some believed that moving towards Western models could elevate Iranian society and return it to its former greatness. Imitating the West, they made reforms (Westernization) because they believed the prosperity of Iranian society could result from a comprehensive imitation of the West, so they tried to follow the example of the West in form/content (Westernization). But the third group, by emphasizing the system of indigenous values, Islamic-Iranian culture, etc., found a principled solution to achieve progress. In this study, we have tried to identify the discourse of "westernization" in the novel "Dog and Long Winter" by Shahrnush Parsipur, with political, social and ideological issues, and to explain the production of each discourse. Also, the complex structure of textual production, linguistic features and metalanguage effective in creating this work have been examined based on the method of Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis.

The present-day novels are associated with the experience of humans , coupled whit the realities of past and present life in fact the present novel, despite the new developments, is still seen as a patriarcnal footprint and women who are rulnerablet to violence the article addresses the issue of violence against women in the novels of tuba and the meaning of the night, women without men dogs and the high winter works of shahrnoush parsipour using literary criticism.Violence however is the same act of a particular person (a group of individuals or a particular group) who attacks and attacks on the life or property of others. The technigue usea in this research is content analysis. The result of thers the technigue used in this research is content analys is the result of the study is that. Violence plays an essential role in these novels and appears in violence forms (revealing and hidden) and condemns woman . in fact the worst violence used in these novels is psychological violence. Sometimes it’s in speech and sometimes in theology and it’s examples are: false criticism humiliation mischief disgust in sult ridicule cornering and shouting trampling and in fact, it can be concluded that shahrnoush parsipour as a woman in society has exposed woman in their novels in a way of violence, and has brought some kind of reader that seems to be present at the scene and is close to witnesses it has been the events that saw the oppression and humiliation of woman in two

Mystical stories use mental and spiritual subjects to spread awareness and spirituality. Many works have considered the movement of man towards transcendence and God under the title of mysticism or conduct; sometimes they have redefined this concept. Among contemporary female writers, Shahrnosh Parsipour is one of those who has worked in this field with a mystical point of view. One of the works of this author, which depicts the life of women with mystical features and themes, is the novel "Women without Men." In this work, the author depicts the life and behavior of women, each of whom is an example of women in different classes of society. This article examines the novel "Women without Men" by Shahrnosh Parsipour with a social and mystical perspective. The data of this research are collected by library method which is analyzed by a descriptive method.

Blending environmental movements with third-wave feminism formedecofeminism, which tied up the aims of the two movements. Ecofeminismtries to trace the relationship between women and nature, either from anessentialist approach or from a structuralist viewpoint, back to the age ofmythology. Women and their related affairs play an important role inShahrnoush Parsipour’s stories. Furthermore, in “Women without Men”,thoughts and lives of female characters of the story are tied to nature, especiallyto trees. Its climax is where the women of the story, in a traditional-mindedsociety, take initial steps to liberate themselves from any domination, becomeconscious, and enter society. Employing a descriptive-analytic approach, thisstudy sought to understand men/women relationships, on the one hand, andwomen/nature relation, on the other hand. The results show that womenbecome aware of their own femininity, their own body, and their society byescaping the domination of patriarchal culture. But it is not mean completefreedom from men. Their instinctive inclination to procreation returns themto men. Although a few female characters who are not optimistic about men,take different way which is joining nature and virgin birth; this is a way whichrelates them to pristine nature and sacred mothers throughout history andmythology. In this story, inappropriate relations of authoritarian men towomen and nature could be seen at the same time.

The main purpose of this article is to evaluate the men's characters of the novel of Touba and the Meaning of Night with an emphasis on the controversy between tradition and modernity. The confrontation between tradition and modernity can be seen as one of the most important themes of this story. In her lifetime, Tuba encounters men who each represents a particular discourse in the story. In this study, according to the main theme of the novel and using the analytical method, men are classified into two groups: traditional and modern, each with his own beliefs and insights and employing behaviors and actions toward women that are in contradiction with one another. In addition, the author's interest in Oriental Mysticism, Taoism, and her mythological insights have been influential in her way of representing men. Parsipour did not conflict over male sexuality in this novel, but what she protests is the traditional system of patriarchal thinking that not only erodes women, but also destroys men. These men are open-minded and modern intellectuals who oppose the system of domination and hierarchy established by tradition. In this novel, the author also considers Femininity as a kind of intrinsic and sacred value which Masculinity is devoid of. In this way, she did not go beyond the biological contradiction of the two sexes and has only transformed it.

Mythological criticism is an effective tool for examining early ideas, historical events and human ideals throughout history, and through it can be traced the actions of ancient humans. Various areas can be explored, including mythical criticism, in Touba and the Meaning of Night, a novel by Shahrnush Parsipur. The aim of the present research is to study the components of mythical criticism in Touba and the Meaning of Night by using descriptive-analytical method. The results indicate that in the novel, there is a direct and significant relationship between women and the elements of nature, which has given direction and meaning to the mythological actions of women. For example, by using the symbolic and archetypal concept of water, it is possible to explain the placement of Munesan next to the fountainhead and Leila next to the pond, who, respectively, seek to achieve fertility and the process of individuation. We can also mention the influence of the Epic of Gilgamesh on Touba and the Meaning of Night; because Touba, like Gilgamesh, uses the archetype of journey to achieve self-examination and perfection.

Prayer as a form of religious behavior is intended to seek contact with the existence of the eternal that the individual worshiper bounces him as his creator or spiritual being into consideration.Worshipping is performed in different ways in various religions. Since the old days the ways of praying and worshiping among people as one of the most important elements of religious teachings have been of great interest to researchers. Attar is a prominent Sufi poet and genius of the Persian language who takes advantage of prayer to express his moral and spiritual lessons. He offers many of his sublime lessons in these prayers and teaches his audience directly and indirectly and visualizes many humans’ inabilities and perplexities on Earth and praying God, in the light of hope. He speaks of life and spiritual life and death that can offer solutions for the problems of human or to conform him or offer him sympathy and help.In some cases, the prayers criticize most of the problems, disorders, and power relations of the society. This study investigates some of Attar’s prayers and their features in his couplet-poems

There are written works in the field of Persian novels that have frequent explicit and implicit references to mystical issues. These novels often utilize mysticism either as an element for characterization and advancement of the story plot or as an effective factor for presenting the discourse desired by the author. Sag va Zemestan-e Boland</em> (The Dog and the Long Winter</em>) and Touba va ma'na-ye Shab</em> (Touba and Meaning of Night)</em>by Shahrnoush Parsipour are among novels in which mysticism and mystical elements are reflected in various ways. Preceptor and devotion to him in a spiritual journey is one of these mystical themes. In this study, which aimed to examine the place of preceptor and devotion to him in the mentioned works, it was found that in both novels, the temperamental features and sociopolitical circumstances </strong>of the time including war, crime, death, suffering, sin and loneliness have led the story characters to incline to mysticism. The manners of some characters in the two stories who, despite taking advantage of the preceptor’s mystical teachings, did not reach spiritual excellence or acted differently from each other may reveal two things: first, the transformation in the author's approach occurred as a result of sociopolitical changes of the two decades of fifty and sixty, and second, her change of attitude about surrender to preceptor. The author establishes the idea that unconditional surrender to preceptor is incompatible with reflective and skeptical spirit of modern man; the fact that manifests itself in the words as well as the behaviors of the characters in the story.

Feminist movement was established with the aim of defending women rights and has undergone many changes. The position of the family and other related discussions are among the issues of central concern to the feminists. Extreme feminists with their devaluing views of marital relationships, valid marriages, having children, marital commitment, etc., can endanger family stability especially in the modern world. In the meantime, through the creation of the fictional works with extreme approaches, the feminist writers have spread devaluing views about family and marital issues among their readers. Adopting a pathological approach, the present paper seeks to explore two of the feministic fictional works particularly associated with the position of women and family. These fictional works include "The Dog and the Long Winter," a novel by Shahrnoush Parsipour, and "My Bird," a novel by Fariba Vafi. The findings indicate that by creating weak personalities of women, promoting extreme views against men, casting doubt on the marriage and the valuable position of the family, not only have these selected works failed to improve the condition of women in their stories, but also they have created an identity crisis for them by dividing them from their natural and social roles and positions.

Feminism, which is the belief in equality between men's and women's rights, is a political, social and cultural movement that has invaded the world for the past two centuries. The main demand of this movement is to address the gender inequality caused by the patriarchal system and the realization of women's rights, first emerged in Western literature, and expanded to political and social issues by literary and artistic works. After the Constitutional Revolution, with the emergence of writers such as Sadegh Hedayat the phenomenon emerged in Iranian art and literature. Poetry and storytelling became a domain for expressing feminist ideas and.

The idea of feminism is based on having equal rights and opportunities regardless of gender. Mary Wellston Craft was the first woman who protested for women's rights in the Enlightenment era. After that, Virginia Woolf, along with Simone de Beauvoir and Julia Kristeva, had the most influence on feminist literature. In a woman-centered critique, Virginia Woolf, by writing A room of one’s own in 1919, takes the first step in the field of literature and declares that even feminine identity is portrayed by men. In 1949, Simon de Beauvoir revived the feminist movement by writing “second sex”, stating that in Western societies all writers were men and women were always ignored as the "other sex".
The first movements of defending women's rights in Iran occurred after the Constitutional Revolution. Men who were narrative of women's lives were never able to portray a woman's true self regarding women’s desires, feelings, and emotions. As a result, when women started writing and creating brilliant works about themselves, a new era began. One of the women who started writing of women was Shahrnoush Parsipour.

As Iranian literature is generally made up of men, woman-centered criticism can make an effective contribution to women's equality. The purpose of this study is to examine feminine effects and to find signs of feminism in Touba and the meaning of night novel that proves in a descriptive-analytical way that the novel can be considered a purely feminist work for many reasons. For the writer is a woman herself and the protagonist of her story is a woman, she cleverly portrays Iranian women’s issues, concerns, and oppressions in Iranian patriarchal society from the Qajar era to the outbreak of the Islamic Revolution. For this purpose, Touba and the meaning of the night were analyzed regarding feminist aspects and some extracted parts were provided.

The study shows that Parsipour deals with all the components of feminist novels in this work, such as forced and traditional marriage, heterosexuality, polygamy and male infidelity, demonstration of women's depressing lives, feminine feelings and emotions, patriarchy and ignoring women's rights, fantasies, humiliating and insulting women, wrong traditional beliefs and superstitious beliefs, homelessness, and loneliness over a 100-year. The novel illustrates how women with education, self-awareness, and transitions from tradition to Modernity in Iran's patriarchal society have overcome many problems. The characteristics are contrary to that of traditional Iranian woman who were obedient, devoted, unaware and that obeyed men's desires and orders. Virginia Woolf calls woman a “domestic angel”. She can be a knowledgeable, literate and wise woman who, in addition to fulfilling her home and parenting responsibilities, participate in social and political affairs and decide for her fate and future.
Parsipour, examines the role of women in the historical developments of society from the constitutional period to the 1979 (Islamic Revolution). As a feminist writer, she accurately describes the life and feelings of female characters in her story. She tries to show the oppression of women. Therefore, it can be said that efforts to revive women's rights and show their oppression are a common feature of Parsipour's work and all of Iranian women writers, and can be regarded as expression of women’s situations who have a different  cognition of themselves and their position in society

Parsipour chose "Touba" as the protagonist of the story and as an example of an Iranian woman and tells all the events of the story through her eyes. Generally, in processing a woman's personality, she tries to create a woman whose existence is essential to the continuance of others life.. The whole novel emphasizes the transition from tradition to modernity, which first takes place in society and then leads to the internal and external transformation of the female characters in the story., Parsipour  represents all kinds of insults, humiliations and cruelties by creating characters like Adib (Father of Touba), Haj Mahmood (Touba's first husband), Fereydoun Mirza (Touba’s second husband) and Prince Gil as the Iranian men’s representative to emphasize Iran's patriarchal system and the oppression of Iranian women. In the end, she shows how women with great patience and overcoming many obstacles and hardships released from the old patriarchal cocoon that has been woven for so many years, and realize their feminine identity like a free butterfly and achieve freedom, self-awareness, open-mindedness and self-reliance.

Political novel is one of the kinds of Persian Literature with special factors، which are different from other contemporary story writing styles. These types of stories are more accommodated with criti-cal discourse analysis (CDA) among other methods of novel analyses compared to other types، because of their specificity and unique quality of and their close relations with society and political events. One of the approaches used in surveying these types of stories is the use of the framework of text and met text with the best and the most effective approach، i. e. that of Norman Fairclough who surveys a text in three levels of description، interpretation، and exploration. It has to be mentioned that the novel of “Sag wa zemestane boland” written by Shahrnoshe Parsipoor is one of the political novels written after the Islamic Revolution. The writer tries to survey، interpret، and criticize the main and influential political events of Iran with emphasis on the psychological issues of the characters on the basis of CDA and to present the projected elements. The analysis of text shows that ground of its historical is political events and tyranny atmosphere of fiftieth decade and the most important theme، is generations contrast and power critic that is mirrored in the storical dialogues and behaviors of course by feminine language.

ShahrnushParsipur and Marguerite Duras are two contemporary Iranian and French writers who share some similarities in their works due to the facts such as being a woman، a writer، an intellectual، living in a twenty century world and having experienced different feminist approaches and living in the East. The question is then what are these similarities? The research hypothesis based on the question is then liberal love، magical realism، breaking traditions and uprising against the current status of women، challenging false beliefs and superstitionsand criticizing the present male chauvinist rules and regulations.