جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "فرایند" در نشریات گروه "ادبیات و زبان ها"

Functional linguistics is one of the most significant linguistic approaches of the 20th century, emphasizing the role of language and its structural units while examining structures beyond the sentence, namely, the text. The foundation of Halliday's Grammar relies on two attributes: Systemic and Functional. The semantic system encompasses the broadest functions of language; which Halliday calls metafunction. According to Halliday's Functional Grammar, there are six types of Ideational Metafunction: material, mental, relational, behavioral, existential, and verbal. This study employs a descriptive-analytical method to comparatively analyze these six processes in two of Mowlavi's prose works, Majalis-i Sab'e and Makatib. The aim is to answer the question of whether there is a relationship between the frequency of these process types and the textual and rhetorical structures that are considered prominent features of these works. This analysis seeks to shed light on these works’ stylistics based on ideational metafunction proposed in Halliday's Functional Grammar, thus providing insight into the author's worldview. The obtained results indicate that in Majalis-i Sab'e, the material process is more frequent, while in Makatib, the relational process has a higher frequency. This difference can be attributed to the nature of the discourse in each work. Majalis-i Sab'e consists of sermons and public speeches while Makatib comprises letters written by Mowlavi. Furthermore, among the nine peripheral elements, the spatial element has a high frequency in both works. Considering that the material process is the factor that raises transitivity and the relational process is the factor that lowers the transitivity of the text, low transitivity of Makatib has been compensated to some extent by the high frequency of the peripheral elements. This compensation allows the text to fulfill its intended purpose of teaching ethics and humanity.

This research has been done to investigate the impact of gender on different processes usage in writings of foreign learners of Persian language based on Halliday's systemic functional grammar approach. The method of this research is descriptiveanalytic method. The sample and the corpus of this research was the writing of 248 advanced female and male foreign learners of Persian language of the center for teaching Persian language in Ferdowsi university of Mashhad. Sampling method is done in this order: first, the writing of 248 advanced female and male foreign learners of Persian language was separated based on gender (124 men and 124 women); Then, the process of the verbs in the texts was determined based on the segmentation of Halliday; after that, the distribution of all processes, was determined and shown by charts and compared. The results indicate that the material and relational processes are the most frequent processes and the existential and verbal processes are the least frequent processes in writing of advanced female and male foreign learners of Persian language. The results showed that the women have used the different processes in their writing more than the men. The men have used the material process, 3.26 percent more than the women. The women have used the mental process, 2.83 percent more than the men.

This study aims to analyze the clauses of Barzoki language from the perspective of two metafunctions (interpersonal and experimental) and the intention is to measure the semantic analysis of Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar of this kind of language, which, like many local dialects or languages, has only a spoken and conversational form. For this purpose, according to the Interpersonal meta-functional analysis, the subject, finite elements, and the type of clauses and based on the experiential metafunction, the frequency, and type of processes of Raji Barzaki are examined.  Barzoki Rayeji (Raji) is one of the endangered Iranian languages which is spoken in Barzok (a city that is 50 Km far from Kashan).  This study is descriptive-analytic. The data were obtained from the interview with a female native speaker 83-year-old and 2 male native speakers 82 and 64-year-old From Barzok city. By studying 35 clauses of the oral narrative on the subject of the flood of 60 years ago in Barzok, the results indicate that the material process with 66% (23 verbs) is the most frequent event in the experiential metafunction. The occurrence of other processes is relational process 20% (7 verbs), mental process 8% (3 verbs), behavioral process 3% (1 verb), verbal process 3% (1 verb), and existential process 0%. Interpersonal meta-functional analysis of these clauses show that among the 35 clauses, 34 clauses are declarative and 1 clause is imperative; the subject is absent in 33 clauses and only in two clause subject and speaker are the same. Also in 35 verbs of the clauses, 33 verbs have the past tense (28 verbs with simple past tense and 5 verbs with a past continuous verb) and 2 verbs with the present tense.

With the study of elementary school children, it was discovered that Parvin's debates were at the forefront of understanding the works; therefore, his personal style analysis was necessary with the help of the coherence of the text and the types of excerpts, in order to determine which component of the observation had led to this. In this way, two types of debates were examined by descriptive-analytical method of each single verse. The result of the research suggests that among the factors of coherence, repetition and integration, the leading referencing and nominal elimination and incremental accountability are the highest frequency. Also, by examining the transcendental processes, it became clear that the further use of material process, questionable sentences, and the subsequent dimming of news sentences made them understandable children's poems

Attributing human traits to non-human is the traditional description of personification. In this article we want to go further than the limits of this definition. We hypothesized that personification is a process which is formed by many factors in a context and without considering these factors, we can’t get into right conclusion that matches up with the real nature of discourse. A short-Persian story called ” Boof-e- Koor”, by Hedayat, a famous Iranian writer, is chosen to be studied on the basis of discursive-semiotics, to show how the process of personification forms. It was estimated that socio-cultural factor and mythical, ecstatic and nostalgic-function affect the formation of the process of personification also discontinuance is a crucial factor that can change the subject to an object and causes another kind of personification happen. At last, the results certified our hypothesis. If attributing human traits, decrease, personification process is lead to the minimal side.

One of the most important issues in cognitive linguistics is Spatial Orientation. Languages use sources such as human body (body-part), landmarks, dynamic concept (typically motion verbs like come, go, etc.) and cardinal direction to conceptualize spatial and geographic directions. Every language uses the whole or some of these sources based on its historical and cultural issues. The present study sought to consider the features and sources of Spatial orientation in Persian language based on of Heine’s (1997) theory. The results of the study indicated that Persian language employs human body and animal body (anthropomorphic and zoomorphic model) as the main source of conceptualization, since the bodily experience in space serves as the basis for the majority of metaphorical expressions. The next source was Landmarks (environment – specific features) such as rivers, mountains and rocky places, sea and trees and other related properties. The third and final sources were motion and cardinal directions respectively

this article is devoted to the study of compound adjectives in Persian with at least three words in their structure, one of which must be a verb in the form of present, imperative, or past. the relevant data was collected from every day conversations of Persian native speakers, radio and TV programs, weblogs, websites, and social networks. then they were studied on the basis of Halliday's Systemic Functional Grammar, and the Experiential Metafunction. the results show that Material Process exists in most of those adjectives, which together with "goal" as the main participant, or some other participants and circumstantial elements form the morphological structure of the adjectives. no Relational and Behavioral processes were used in the formation of those adjectives.

Adjectives are considered predicates of sentences and take features normally associated with verbs when used predicatively. Functional linguists divide predicate-functioning verbs into stative and non-stative predicates. The aim of this paper is to show through syntactic and semantic evidence that stativity/non-stativity is not limited to verbs; rather; they can be extended to adjectives as well. The questions which the present research aims to answer are: to what extent can the theory of Role and Reference Grammar (RRG) be used as a framework to explain the syntactic and semantic features of stative and non-stative adjectives of Persian, and is the division of predicates into statives and non-statives specific to verbs, as Vendler believes, or can it be extended to other predicates including adjectives? Attempts have been made in this article to describe stative and non-stative adjectives through the analysis of the spoken and written data of Persian. Besides, various syntactic and semantic tests have been used for distinguishing stative adjectives from non-stative ones.
The theoretical framework within which the present research has been conducted is RRG, which is a functional theory developed by Van Valin in the 1980s in response to the question about the interface between form and meaning, or the interface of syntax, semantics and pragmatics in different languages. RRG claims that semantic and pragmatic considerations determine the linguistic forms. This theory posits three main representations: a representation of the syntactic structure of sentences, a semantic representation, and a representation of the information structure of the utterance. There is also a set of rules linking the syntactic and semantic representations to each other, and discourse-pragmatics plays a role in this linking. What makes RRG distinct from other formal approaches is that it tries to describe and analyze linguistic structures via reference to meaning and communicative role. The syntactic structure and the semantic structure are combined and the latter is regarded as the basic component. In the semantic structure, verbs are divided based on their type of action (Aktionsart) into states, achievements, accomplishments and activities.
Some adjectives such as big, tall, fat and red show permanent states, whereas some others such as careful, disciplined, shy and arrogant show temporary characteristics which are not under the control of their arguments, and which are interpreted in the contexts and circumstances where they appear. The researchers have used different syntactic and semantic tests including progressive use, imperative use, function in different tenses with different adverbials and so on, to distinguish stative adjectives from non-stative ones. The syntactic and semantic evidence shows that stative adjectives have a different behavior from non-stative ones, as the latter can be used in imperative function, progressive aspect, different tenses, to mention just a few, whereas the former type of adjectives cannot be used in this way. The analysis of the two types of adjectives also showed that there exists some overlap between them; that is, some adjectives have both stative and non-stative interpretations, depending on the contexts where they appear. For example, adjectives such as bozorg (big) and sangin (heavy) can denote both the physical properties of people and things, and the personality features of people. This is why we can divide adjectives into inherent and non-inherent ones, although some are used both inherently and non-inherently.
The syntactic and semantic tests used in this research revealed that semantic considerations do play a part in determining the linguistic forms, thereby confirming the RRG's main claim regarding the interface or association among different components of language including syntax, semantics and pragmatics. This study also showed that the stativity/non-stativity dichotomy is by no means limited to the verb category; rather, it can be extended to adjective predicates as well. Whether other types of predicates such as nouns and adverbs can also be classified as stative or non-stative can be good topics for future research. This study also showed that some adjectives could be interpreted as either stative or non-stative, depending on the linguistic and situational contexts where they appear. This finding confirms the RRG's claim as to the effective role of contextual or pragmatic features in determining the linguistic forms.

The aim of the present research is to verify similarities and differences between Role and Reference Grammar (RRG) and Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFG), as two functional theories of grammar, in the classification of states of affairs in Persian. The obtained results showed that although RRG has a temporal base and SFG has a semantic base, these two classifications could have correspondence with each other. Since the distinction between situation and event in the classification of verbs is the similarity between these two models. However, no attention to verbal behavior of verbs in classification, English-based analysis, and a process containing many actions are the deficiencies of SFG model. Whereas, RRG's classification is mainly based on verbal behavior of verbs. Moreover, through its typological view, the distinction between different verbs is more precise. As a result, the findings of the research proved that RRG is an effective approach in the classification of verbs in Persian.

Teaching the “verb” is very important in learning the grammatical and semantic structure of any language. In Halliday’s functional grammar, verb is considered as “process” under the transitivity system. From the viewpoint of this system, verb has the ability to represent the experience in language; therefore, it is considered in the format of experiential metafunction. Process, event, being and not-being, feeling, and action are issues which appear in form of verb phrases. By considering the types and frequency of processes in educational texts, one can identify their approaches to the transfer of experiential concepts of the language and the diversification or non-diversification of processes and the educational outputs of these processes. The main purpose of this article was to explore the frequency of process types and investigate the embedding of those processes into educational approaches in three intermediate books titled “Let’s learn Persian”, “Modern instruction of Persian language”, and “Persian language”. Hence, the processes which appeared in the texts of these books and their types were specified in an analytical-statistical method. The results showed that in the three considered books, relational process has more frequency than the other processes. Since a wide range of sentences are made by relational process in the language, its significant frequency in elementary language teaching materials is educationally justified. However, the books considered in this paper related to the intermediate level. Furthermore, behavioral and material processes which represent most of the human’s life experiences are of average frequency in these books and for the learning and retention of these processes, the writers have resorted more to semantic variables such as partial or complete repetition, synonymy, collocation, and antonymy.

Personification is a tool that a writer uses to change the objective position of words into the subjective form. Using personification, writers show their creativity. Attributing human traits to non-human is the traditional description of personification. In this article we go beyond the limits of this definition. We hypothesized that personification is a process which is formed by many factors in a context and without considering these factors, we cannot draw right conclusions that match up with the real nature of discourse. A short-Persian story called “the mouse”, by Choobak, a famous Iranian writer, was chosen to be studied on the basis of discursive-semiotics, to show how the process of personification forms. It was assumed that discontinuance and tensive-function affect the formation of the process of personification. At last, the results confirmed our hypothesis. Furthermore, the results revealed that the process has a minimal and a maximal side. If attributing human traits is absent, personification process leads to the minimal side and if there is a tendency to attribute human traits increases, the process leads to the maximal side. This paper paves the way for giving dynamic descriptions for all literal items.

The main aim of this research is describing the functional structure of the medical compilation-texts and translation-texts in order to find a relationship between written and translation texts. The main question of the research considers of the difference between the processes distribution of the medical written and translation texts. Therefore, 2000 clauses of 4 medical written book and 2000 clauses of 4 medical translation books are selected and compared. Research data are analyzed according to the experiential metafunction of functional grammar and its six processes (material, relational, mental, existential, verbal, behavioural). After selecting the 4000 clauses accidentally, their processes are identified and recorded. Analyses show that in some of the time intervals there is a close relationship between the processes of compilation and translation texts; however there are evidences of the influence of the distribution of translation texts` processes on the compilation ones or vice versa.

Studying literary texts from linguistic aspects, such as ideational function is one of the new research approaches which improves better and deeper understanding of hidden layers of texts. This research aims to study and analyze the ideational function of two collection of poems from contemporary poets, Pooneh Nikooy and Majid Sa’d Abadi deals with Holly Defense. The first collection is “Green Pomegranate, Red Olive” from Pooneh Nikooy and the second is “a Soldier with Snowy Bullet” from Majid Sa’d Abadi. The method is correlative-analytical and describe the variety of process, Participants and Peripheral elements which both poets pay attention to. Research findings show that Nikooy has used 683 process and Sa’d Abadi 537 ones in their poems, most of them are physical. Peripheral elements such as time and space, casualty, amount and its logic are exists in poems of both poets and the most deals with space, time and the way process happen.

Attention to the issue of transitivity of verbs has an important role in content domain and comprehension of educational books, particularly language teaching. It means that reading comprehension of educational books and literacy clauses having high transitivity at the basic levels and gradually at the next levels clauses having lower transitivity should be included. The goal of present research is to describe and analyze the book entitled “Persian reading and writing of literacy movement at the basic level” based on Balcom’s hypothesis(1993) about applying constructions having high transitivity in child speech and also Halliday and Matthiessen’ view(2004) about transitivity through investigation of processes based on ideational metafunction. Accordingly, having determined the frequency of their occurrence in the book of basic literacy book was transient. The results of research indicate that the transitivity degree of clauses in the aforementioned book is about 47% low, and most of the clauses have mental and relational processes and material processes will be placed in next stage; while literacy text must have high transitivity at the basic level.

Verbs syntactic and semantic behavior in Persian language have been studied by grammarians and linguists. In this article, dividing verbs into two groups of simple and phrasal, the transitivity continuum in Persian phrasal verbs is studied. Therefore, after collecting a number of verbs used in everyday speech, containing of verbal constituents ‘kardan’ ‘to do’, ‘zadan’ ‘to beat’ and ‘goftan’ ‘to say’, and classifying them based on Halliday's transitivity system, the transitivity continuum, considering the verbs transitivity structure, is analyzed through 20 sentences. Thus, further transitivity changes in transitive or even intransitive phrasal verbs indicate that the transitivity structure of these verbs form a continuum. Also, the phrasal verbs are along a semantic continuum, that is, some verbal constituents in given verbs are closer to lexicalization and some to grammaticalization. Representation of processes continuum is a further subject in this project as well.

Sa’di’s Gulistan has always been considered as one of the most important sublime masterpieces of Persian literature. Regarding to stylistic researches on Gulistan, one of the peculiarities of Sa’di’s artistic techniques is to select the verbs in such a way to reflect the influence of didactic qualities. In Halliday’s systemic functional grammar, the verb category is also considered as a process of transitivity system (grammatical ability for representation of experience in language), ideational and experiential meta-functions. The study of the types and frequencies of the processes leads to the achievement of the author’s mental status and style. In the stylistic study of texts, transitivity system makes it possible to select the processes systematically and to represent the author’s intentions. The goal of this article is to study the main components of masterpieces like Gulistan and to describe its features. To attain this goal, having explained the processes and its types, seven parts of Gulistan (the first seven Babs) and their frequencies are studied at the first step. The study reveals that Sa’di has paid attention to the selection of the processes and the capability of the simultaneous artistic repetitions besides meaning and rhythm. Since most Sadi’s examples are of behavioral nature, it is concluded that the main concentration of Gulistan is on humans, social relationship and the didactic principles.

This study aims at investigating the structure of the written discourse of mentally retarded students at prevocational level, according to MLU, different types of processes, and themes. The theoretical framework of the study is the experiential and textual meta-functions introduced in Systematic Functional Grammar. The informants are 120 mentally retarded students in Tehran, who have been chosen through a stratified random sampling. A test including 4 picture stories was administered, and as a result 120 writing samples including 1110 clauses were collected. The number of clauses increases as the grades increase. MLU in first, second and third grades of prevocational level, is reported to be 4.33, 4.79 and 4.66. The distribution of different processes and different themes are as follows: material (56%), behavioral (13%), relational (10%), verbal and mental (9%), and existential (less than 1%). Subject theme (43%), Null Subject theme(30%), textual theme(23%), circumstantial theme(2%) , and other types less than 2%. The frequency of material, relational and verbal decreases as the grade increases while for mental and behavioral, increase in frequency is observed. In the second grade, the highest MLU and textual theme frequency is reported. Complex theme is observed in about 30 percent of clauses.

Pain is a phenomenon experienced more or less by all people during their lives. Since sufferers usually use language as the most important human communication tool to inform others about their pains، sentences describing pain and studying them linguistically may reveal some points. In this paper، after a short introduction to the subject and reviewing the literature، we take one of the systematic methods for analyzing the language of pain presented by M. K. Halliday as the basis of our analysis. In this approach، pain is expressedthrough a process، a noun phrase or an adjective phrase. Then، the data comprised of conversations between a doctor and 80 patients in Mashhad will be analyzed according to Halliday’s method. The analysis shows that some of the introduced processes have not been used by the Persian speaking patients to describe their pains; moreover، an additional form for pain description is observed in the data، namely pain description using an adverb phrase.

The purpose of this study is to find a practical solution for improving writing skill among Iranian high school learners of EFL. The main question was whether pragmatics had any priority over traditional methods in improving writing or not. Forty high school students were selected on the basis of their performance in PET (2009). In addition the following instruments were also used in this quasi-experimental research: California Standard Test (2008), Writing Discourse Completion Task, and Discourse Self-Assessment Task. The special treatment of the experimental group on the role of pragmatics lasted for about ten weeks, while the control group received only the traditional instruction on writing. The results show that there is a meaningful relationship between the pragmatic competency and the improvement of the EFL learner's writing skill. Paired t-test was utilized for analyzing the data. The study concludes that the teachers can use insights from pragmatics to teach writing skill appropriately and by improving writing skill through pragmatics, EFL learners will be able to communicate in a more appropriate way.