جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « فردیت » در نشریات گروه « ادبیات و زبان ها »

The present study identifies the features of postmodern subject in Samuel Beckett’s Krapp’s Last Tape (1958), Sam Shepard’s Buried Child (1978), and Tom Stoppard’s Travesties. These three plays beautifully showcase the sense of belonging and non-belonging of modernist subjects toward essentialism, and that is how such subjects moves toward postmodernism’s belief on lack of commitment to neither absolute belonging nor non-belonging. Dislocated memories, textual and constructed nature of memories, schizophrenic characters, and their inclusive belonging to discursive oppositional points of binaries are the features around which the study will pursue its discussions. While discussing these features, the study utilizes critical insights proposed by two key figures in literary theory and criticism: Linda Hutcheon when it comes to postmodernism in A Poetics of Postmodernism (1988) and Politics of Postmodernism (1989), and Nick Mansfield when one wishes to discuss the issue of subjectivity in Subjectivity: Theories of the Self from Freud to Haraway (2000). Amir Ali Nojoumian’s A Brief Introduction to Modernism in Literature and A Brief Introduction to Postmodernism in Literature would be utilized to enrich study’s take from modernism and postmodernism too. Absence of even an abstract unified understanding of the past, the uneasy and hectic juxtaposition and superimposition of a series of contradictory narratives out of the past experiences of schizophrenic subjects, and lack of belonging to – or inclusive belonging to – either sides of binaries are the key titles of the study’s findings while it reviews the transitional status of the subjectivity of the plays’ characters.

Psychoanalysis is one of the most important theories which focuses on the inner and hidden meanings of the story. Currently, with the connection of literature and psychology more and more, we can find a way to discover the meaning hidden in the texts. Jung's theory of individuality reviews the realization of the archetype of the self, i.e. the balance between external and internal forces with the desire for evolution in the individual. We are going to reread a story from Masnavi with this perspective. Since Rumi is a mystic who has a symbolist mind and wrote the Masnavi in ​​the form of a mystical work, the work is potential for archetypal criticism. Thus, the present research tries to analyze the content, symbols and archetypes to extract the correct story and by understanding them and matching with the equal symbol for them, based on Jung's theory of individuation, draw this process. The result of the research indicates that in this story, Rumi has proposed transcendence with mystical principles in reaching the process of individuality, and finally, Rumi's goal, which is to achieve perfection and self-knowledge, is in line with Jung's theory. This research has been investigated with a library-documentary method, with an analytical-descriptive approach.

The purpose of this article is to examine the transformation of two generations in accepting or rejecting change. Drawing upon Gilles Deleuze's definitions of "becoming", this study aims to explore the difference between the characters in the novel Things Fall Apart, written by Chinua Achebe,  in their susceptibility to change and the adaptation of generations in the face of fundamental individual and identity changes. Achebe’s novel has researched the entire campaign of conflict and confrontation between two generations in accepting or rejecting change, and why and how the change is possible in a highly traditional and colonized land.  Gilles Deleuze is one of the most important contemporary post-structuralist philosophers whose ideas represent the removal of any structure and centrality. Deleuze considers "becoming" as a revolution that leads man to a new life and new way of thinking. Therefore, according to the nature of the novel and the atmosphere of confrontation and conflict that governs its characters, as well as Deleuze's reading of it, the two approaches of no change or individualism are in conflict with the acceptance of change or deterritorialization. The approach of individuality destroys any kind of hierarchy and does not accept the existence of any supreme principle to explain existence. In contrast, deterritorialization considers existence as an unknown structure that needs to be discovered.

According to some critics, the modernist novels are claimed to just present modern characters and postmodernist novels solely show the postmodern ones. However, the protagonists of Don DeLillo’s The Body Artist (2001) are simultaneously both modern and postmodern. The purpose of this research is to study the protagonists of this novel to go beyond the predestined conventions. As Metamodernism is based on the oscillation between modernism and postmodernism, the study applies Vermeulen and Akker's theories on Metamodernism (2010) to survey juxtapositions between modernism and postmodernism in this novel. Besides, Deleuze and Guattari’s Arborescent and Rhizomatic Subjectivities (1987) are applied to deeply analyze the characters. The findings of this study show that the protagonists of DeLillo’s novel are in the process of losing self and becoming the other. They swing like a pendulum between the characteristics of individuality and multiplicity, being modern and becoming postmodern, being oneself and becoming other, staying arborescent and turning into Rhizome. Therefore, the main characters of The Body Artist, Lauren and Mr. Tuttle, are Metamodern.

This research aims to investigate the effects of geography in the reconstruction of subjectivity and also shows that there is a mutual relationship between spatiality and subjectivity. The theoretical framework is mainly based on Henri Lefebvre’s theories of space which represent a reconciliation between mental space and real physical space. On this account, the study relies primarily on Inaam Kachachi’s novel-The American Granddaughter- and Lefebvre’s spatial triad. In investigating the geo-effects on subjectivity-formation, the characters’ inner struggle, their spatial reproduction, and the creation of the third mental space will be explored. The colonial role of homeland in the creation of mental geography, and the characters’ various postcolonial responses will be discussed further. The article finally indicates that geographical expectations and norms can act as colonial forces which control the characters’ will and determination and eventually lead them to the production of mental geography.Background of the study: This article focuses on The American Granddaughter and it is designed to study the novel by demonstrating the geographical effects on subjectivity formation. It, also, shows that spatiality can be viewed as a colonial power that manipulates the minds of people and controls everyday life practices. Inaam Kachachi, an Iraqi journalist and author, officially presented herself to the literary society in 2005 with the publication of her first novel, Heart Springs. Her second novel, The American Granddaughter, was a depiction of the American occupations of Iraq through the eyes of a young Iraqi-American woman who returns to her birth country as an interpreter for the US Army and witnesses emotional outbursts, familial conflicts, and the fall of the country of origin.

The present study applies an interdisciplinary approach that integrates perspectives from different fields of knowledge; i.e., spatiality, immigration, and subjectivity. Lefebvre’s space is a social product and is reproduced through human interactions, relations, and intentions. His spatial triad, i.e., private, public, and mental spaces can affect positively and negatively the reproduction of both space and subjectivity. According to Lefebvre, a social space contains a diversity of networks and interactions which can help spatial growth. Not only can people bring a set of concepts and change spatial representations, but also they can neither be separated from spatiality nor interpreted separately. Through this interdisciplinary study, the readers are given a chance to understand the effects of spatial mechanisms on both an immigrant’s mentality and her/his self-reformation. Because of spatial confirmation, an immigrant adjusts her/his subjectivity/self-representation to new forms of challenges and norms in a receiving country. When the new self-images cannot be matched with the homeland’s doctrines, an immigrant starts creating a mental geography. Furthermore, this study indicates how Kachachi merges the spatial images of an immigrant and her/his rooted-images into mental images by which she/he can be attached to her/his homeland and can forget the pain of being known as the Other.

The American Granddaughter offers a site to study the dynamic relations between spatiality and subjectivity. The use of mental space gives a chance to the characters to survive and attach to the remnant of past memories. In addition, the readers can understand the characters’ decisions and suffering better. Kachachi employs a multitude of variations on the characters’ voices as a postcolonial reaction to indicate the social aspects of spatiality and subjectivity; both are social products and have a transient nature

imagery can be considered as one of the main aesthetic elements in poetry; in the poery part of the rhetoric and influnce  is depend to the imagery; The novelty of the image and reflection of the individual attitude in it, cause a double impact and attraction; Because the essence of art is deeply linked with innovation, and these innovations in the macro structure of poetry,likned to innovation in micro structure and imagery one of this micro structures. Iranian modern poery with Inspired by Nima's progressive theories that emphasized personal view and individualism,and with a this has discovered unknown areas of the imagery, and have a general tendency towards innovation in poetic images. Shivan Foumani can be considered one of the honest poets to Nima's theories in imagery innovation; Climatic color is also prevalent in Shivan's poetry with an emphasis on individualism and personal experiences, and he has created new and individual images of nature with this personal attitude. Also, his detail and precision look, that is remember the thin imaginative of Indian style poets, has been another factor in his imagery innovation. Individualism is also seen in the image of the beloved in his poetry, and the aesthetic aspects of the beloved are presented in his poetry differently from traditional poetry and with a personal attitude. The present study intends to explore these aspects of imagery innovation in Shivan's poetry in a descriptive-analytical method. The result of the research also shows Shivan's loyalty to the principle of imagery innovation.

One of the archetypes that exists in many lyrical fictions is the archetype of the Rescue of man by woman. Signs of this archetypal state can be seen both in the narratives in which the protagonist is a male character (hero) and in the narrations in which the heroine is the main character. In this archetype, the heroine assists the male character and saves him from death or helplessness. In this study, this archetype is investigated in the lyrical poetic narrations of "Zal and Rudabeh", "Bijan and Manijeh", "Kheyr and the Shepherd's Daughter", "Legend of the heavenly green-dress for Bahram-e- Gour", "Joseph and Zulaikha" and "Jam And Gol" And its data have been critiqued with an archetypal critique approach and written in a descriptive-analytical method. The results obtained show that In addition to the archetype of the Rescue of man by woman in ancient stories, it also exists in many contemporary lyrical texts and some of the narrations is formed on this archetype. love at first sight, violation of taboo, daimonic, The hero's (heroine's) journey and attainment of individuality are the main components of the archetype of the Rescue of man by women which exist in the narrations affected by this archetypal situation.

Archetypal literary Criticism is one of the most important and widely used contemporary literary criticism methods, which examines the nature of archetypes and their role in literature. The views and opinions of contemporary psychologists and psychoanalysts open a new window on the reader and reveal the connection of literary works with other sciences. This insight reveals the hidden angles of a literary or mystical work. From Jung's point of view, the process of individuality is a kind of maturity and mental development of human beings; Achieving it requires the integrated interaction of all psychological dimensions of one's personality; A clear example of these archetypes of individuality in the spiritual Masnavi, which is one of the best examples of mystical works, , Is manifested. These concepts are presented in a body of allegories and symbols, which engages the conscious and unconscious mind of the reader, so Masnavi is a suitable platform for archetypal criticism. Jung and Rumi seek to map out the path to human perfection; The category that has been emphasized in this research. With the activation of archetypes, the sending of the call for unity and oneness into the conscious realm of the psyche begins and the process of individualization begins. In the story of the bankrupt prisoner from the second book of Masnavi, the components of the process of individuality are deciphered and it is shown how a harmony has been created between the conscious and the unconscious through the problems and shadows inside and the flexibility of the persona; Finally, by analyzing Rumi's codes with Jungian archetypes, the process of individuality and self-knowledge in the poor prisoner is shown. This article has been done analytically-descriptively using library studies.

Existentialism is one of the central concepts of Nietzsche's thought, which is clearly reflected in contemporary poetry, especially in Shamloo’s. Prominent examples of it, including the primacy of existence over nature, commitment and responsibility, individuality, the exaggeration of life as well as the world, death and demise, freedom, apprehension and anxiety, loneliness and solitude in Shamloo's poetry are fully represented by the artist. The present research which is done by descriptive – analytical method, studies the relationship between literature and other branches of the humanities based on the comments of American School of Comparative Literature. It seeks to answer the question: how existentialism thoughts were developed in Shamloo’s mind and language and what was his thought and philosophy of existence focused on? The main purpose of the present article is explaining and drawing existentialism in Shamloo’s poetry according to Nietzsche's views. Findings of the research show that Shamloo has had a deep connection with existentialism topics and thoughts, and existential concepts and concerns have been reflected in his poems in a contemplative and very high frequency. These concepts intersect with Nietzsche's existentialism views.

This paper depicts the lived experience of the black characters in Sam Selvon’s The Lonely Londoners with regard to the concepts of self, mind, and body. Reading Selvon in the light of Fanonian concept of epidermalization and Freudian notion of melancholia, the current research argues that the black immigrants suffer from a traumatic state of mind, which results in self-contempt, psychic disintegration, and physical disorientation. This article especially focuses on the black characters’ fascination with the white world and its cultural values to argue that the otherness assigned to the black people by the whites throughout history is strongly felt in the novel in a way that none of the black characters is able to truly manifest his/her black spirit. In its conversation with the current body of research on the topic, this paper foregrounds the black characters’ sense of lost in the metropolitan life of London to eventually argue that Selvon’s characterization moves in opposition to his empowering narrative techniques and linguistic strategies.

Saghinameh (and Moghani-name) is one of the most independent forms of official literature dating back to the 8th century of Higra, and independent poetry after this period, often written in the form of Masnavi and Motaghareb, in which the poet with images vinos expresses exaggerations such as frustration, wind, writing, and pleasure, passing through the life of life, and protesting the popular tradition of society. In this research, firstly, the roots and causes of the birth of the storyteller as a literary form, from among the types and suppressions are considered, then the used signs and their message through the comparison with Likewise, the narrators will be criticized (vinos poem, qasida, Ghazal, poems of Khayyam). In the following, we will analyze the artistic expression of this kind of literature and the social necessity and psychology of its compilation, and ultimately the content of the essay will be reviewed. The result of the work indicates that the basic storytelling is one of the anti-epics and poetry types created by the wise poet and philosopher's mind, and the cupbearer (harpist) and wine (music) and the time and I, the poet, are the most important signs that, through the expression of a minimalist, opposed, articulation with a one-way dialogue tool, challenge the existing attitude to the nature and nature of man and the universe.

Every life is the realization of a “whole,” that is the realization of the “self.” This realization is called individuality in Jungian psychology. Relying on Nietzsche’s book Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Jung analyzes concepts such as “the subconscious mind” and the archetypes of “shadow,” “positive anima,” “negative anima,” “chthonic mother,” and “wise old man,” and through this analysis, he explains the concept of individuation or attaining the status of “Superman.” Individuation is the process by which the ego, as the center of self-awareness, is transferred to the “self,” which is the innermost part of the subconscious. In this process, takes place in The Blind Owl, the various aspects of personality reach cognition and compatibility with each other, and self-awareness eventually becomes synchronized with the unconscious. The Blind Owl reflects the human search for individuation in the form of two real and symbolic journeys. This essay attempts to explore the idea of Nietzsche’s “Superman.” Studying the symbolic representations of the images of The Blind Owl, it also examines the role of trinity and its manifestation in the novel and its connection with individuality in Jung’s theory. The most important conclusion of the article is that the reader understands how Hedayat uses various symbols such as the ethereal girl, the prostitute, cypress, lotus, and numbers to refer to the origins of the two ancient civilizations of India and Iran. It also shows that the narrator of The Blind Owl is Nietzsche’s “Superman” who is trapped in the realm of existence and repeats a life in different places and times. The individual who appears in The Blind Owl, in symbolic and numerous forms—the narrator, the coffin-bearer, the uncle, the ethereal girl, the prostitute, the prostitute’s mother, the nanny etc.—are the shadows of the narrator (eternal-man) who lives in different faces and different times and tries to reconcile with different aspects of his existence. In addition, The Blind Owl’s narrator intends to overcome the inferior shadows of his existence to achieve the individuality referred to in Jung’s theory. Showing the narrator’s failure in trying to achieve individuality is the ultimate goal of The Blind Owl.

Contemporary feminism challenges the traditional theories in areas that do not take women's interests, concerns, and identities seriously and deny their effectiveness, intellectual independence, and independent personality compared to men. In protest of the traditional patriarchal movement, modern feminism attacked and criticized the structural possibilities of society and the growing trend of bourgeois patriarchy, and formed the women's liberation movement with the priority of changing and eliminating discrimination in their social relations. These thoughts gradually penetrated the works of male and female writers and formed the basis of many literary works. Shahrnosh Parsipoor, a contemporary female writer, is one of the people whose stories used this concern for equality, the social status of women, in her stories. The story of the Blue Wisdom, as a clear manifesto, represents the author's feminist mentality and tendencies. The signs such as the dominant feminine view, de-traditionalization and modernism, reliance on individuality, rationalism, responsibility and authority are some of the most obvious feminist propositions are visible in the story of “Blue Wisdom”. In the following article, Shahrnosh Parsipoor's feminist tendencies and concerns are discussed in this story.

The main goals of stylistics are discovering individual aspects, stylistic similarities, and individualities in different works. But can these goals be reached by cognitive stylistic? This research demonstrates by logical argument and poetry examples that cognitive stylistic cannot be used to discover literary distinguished and stylization aspects. In the stylistic domain, this perspective can be used to discover general, periodic, or discourse styles. For this purpose, we showed that discovering individuality and stylistic distinctions are the basis of stylistic studies. Then we define cognitive stylistic as a branch of stylistic. In the next part of the article, it is determined that literary works are accepted generally when they place in general culture cycle which is the birthplace of repetitive cultural metaphors. After that, as a practical proof for the research claim, we analyzed some works of post-Nima mainstream leaders and classical Persian poetry. Results showed that cognitive systems manifested in these poets' works are similar. Finally, we concluded that cognitive stylistic cannot be considered as a reliable research perspective to discover cognitive individuality.

Archetypal criticism is one of the approaches of contemporary literary criticism that explores and explains the influence of myths and archetypes as well as their role in literature. Individualization is one of the most prominent archetypes of Jung's archetypal theory. In the story of Khorshid-Va-Mahpareh, Khorshid, as the hero of the story, encounters a lot of hardships and sequels to reach his beloved, including magical Arghaván, crafty Aín-balay, cannibal Negros, rival Marzbán, stormy sea, etc. In addition to the archetypal phenomena in the collection such as magic, witches, supernatural actions, and archetypal symbols, archetypes such as journey, individuality, dream, mother, hero, and so on have been used to investigate and analyze individualization from the perspective of Jung's archetypal theory. Accordingly, Khorshid, the protagonist of the story, reached out to his beloved after going through a heroic journey, overcoming shadows and negative anima, and achieved self-individuality through the help of the Old Wise Man and the essence of love, and then had a rebirthed.

Carl Gustav Jung, the Swiss psychologist, is the founder of “analytical psychology.” He, unlike Freud, does not limit personality development to childhood, but believes that it occurs throughout man’s life span although the goals in the second phase of life differ from the ones in its first phase. From the goals in the second phase of life, obtaining individuality can be mentioned. In the present paper, using Jung’s analytical psychology, we perform an interdisciplinary reading of Chehel Salegy written by Nahid Tabatabaei in order to demonstrate that the protagonist achieves spiritual development and perfection and individuation in the course of the novel. She embarks on a journey to achieve individuation during which she moves from unconsciousness to consciousness and self-knowledge. Under the guidance of the Wise Old Man, she solves all her inner conflicts, while accepting all her hidden “shadows,” and being united with her animus, she finally ends the journey successfully. In this way, she achieves the complete knowledge of her own self, while also passing midlife crisis.