لامارتین

The present article examines the techniques of imagery and visualization in the poetry of Alphonse de Lamartine and Siavash Kasraei, evaluating and comparing the different methods employed by these two poets in imagination and imagery as fundamental elements of poetry. The purpose of this study is to identify the similarities and differences in the application of figurative imagery in the works of these poets. The conducted studies and research in this investigation indicate that Lamartine, the preeminent poet of French Romanticism, influenced by the socio-political turmoil of his country, the sorrow arising from his personal life, and the melancholic nature of Romantic thought, placed particular emphasis on nostalgic imagery, morbid and obscure images, Sisyphean imagery, and mythological representations in his poetry. These very themes and socially melancholic motifs frequently and recurrently appear in the poetry of Siavash Kasraei. The research method employed in this study is descriptive-analytical, involving a qualitative content analysis of the poets’ works, conducted through a comparative approach. The motivation behind selecting Lamartine and Kasraei for this study lies in the alignment of their perspectives and attitudes toward society and socio-political themes, such as the pursuit of justice and pacifism, resistance against oppression and discrimination, and their shared nationalistic and patriotic principles. The similarity in the imagery and visual representations used by these two poets is assessed as a result of the congruence in their viewpoints and worldviews.

Illustrating the countenances of renowned literary figures within the context of both native and national literatures is a prevalent literary trend that reflects the reciprocal connections between these literary traditions. In the realm of contemporary Arabic literature, the intersection with global literary expressions has paved the way for the emergence of distinguished poets and literary personalities. These individuals serve as conduits, translating the poetic endeavors of celebrated international poets into the domain of indigenous literature.The Romanticism movement is recognized as one of the foundational arenas for comparative literature on a global scale. Spanning the late 18th century and extending through the 19th century, it permeated all of Europe, capturing the interest of critics and writers alike. This era stimulated an inclination to assess various literatures and literary trends, fostering a spirit of comparison. Additionally, the Romantics displayed a fondness for exploration, venturing into distant lands and delving into historical depths. Consequently, this movement gave rise to a network of influence and reception within its scholarly domain.The trailblazers of the Romanticism movement in the Arab world, particularly in Lebanon, were exposed to French literature and the luminaries of French Romanticism during the period when French-language schools and educational institutions were active in Lebanon during the colonial era. Among these influential figures is Lamartine. Salah Labaki, captivated by Lamartine's persona, directly drew inspiration from him. In a poem titled "Lamartine," Labaki portrayed Lamartine's character and pivotal life events through a Romantic lens, thus expressing his own perspective on the subject. Given the evident influence of Salah Labaki from Lamartine, this research is conducted within the framework of the French school in comparative literature, where the research criterion involves not only resemblance but also the substantiation of the flow of influence and reception.The research necessity identified by the authors of this article pertains to the absence of a comprehensive and systematic examination of Salah Labaki's perspectives on Lamartine's character, as portrayed in the specified poem. The significance of this undertaking is heightened by Labaki's emergence at a pivotal juncture in contemporary Arabic literature, marking the inception of a literary school. The mentioned poem serves as a vivid representation of the influential impact of eminent European Romanticists like Lamartine in shaping the Arab Romanticism movement. The research approach adopted in this study is descriptive-analytical, and from a methodological standpoint, it aligns with the categorization of a comparative literature study, as elucidated in the theoretical foundations section of the research.The foundation for interpreting the studied work in this research centers on the acknowledgment that Salah Labaki has employed the events from Lamartine's life and character as a means to elucidate his own Romantic perspective. This serves the purpose of illustrating the fundamental resemblance between Labaki's worldview and that of Lamartine. Consequently, the current investigation applies the principles of the Romanticism school to analyze and delve into the examined text. Indeed, the aforementioned poem can be viewed as an outcome of Romanticism, a significant literary movement or school. It is crucial to note in this context that the influence exchange between the Romanticism school and Eastern lands operates in a bidirectional manner. For Lamartine, akin to other eminent Romanticists, these lands have perpetually served as wellsprings of inspiration, as the Orient appears to them as imaginative, mystical, and wondrous (Servat, 2003: 44), with diverse depictions of it present in European Romanticist texts.The poem "Lamartine" underscores the significant impact of one of the preeminent Romantic poets globally on contemporary Lebanese poetry, particularly in the works of Salah Labaki. Labaki, drawing inspiration from Lamartine's ideological perspectives, adopts a deeply reflective stance towards natural phenomena and human existence. His poetry deviates from the enumeration of moral virtues and traditional elegiac meanings.In this poem, Labaki's perspective on the enigmatic event of death closely mirrors Lamartine's ideological outlook. Within the Romanticist framework, death is perceived as a gateway to a transcendental and idealistic realm. Consequently, the conventional apprehension of death, a prevalent theme in traditional poetry, gives way in the poet's vision to optimism and a sense of surrender.In this poem, in alignment with the Romanticists' perspective, Salah Labaki attributes a sacred and divine significance to poets. He portrays Lamartine's character as a guide for the people, emphasizing the reformative role of Romantic ideology. Conversely, the realists, who oppose Romanticism, criticize Romanticists for being disconnected from reason and logic, accusing them of indulging in illusion and fantasy.Salah also imparts a spiritual and mythical dimension to the women who played roles in Lamartine's life, depicting them as his spiritual support on the journey of spiritual exploration and mystical ascent toward perfection. Through this approach, he somewhat rationalizes Lamartine's extramarital love affairs with his lover.According to Labaki, Lamartine's isolation and solitude stem from the Romantic belief that ordinary people fail to recognize the worth and dignity of geniuses. The Romanticists assert that only geniuses have the capacity to liberate individuals from blind imitation.Labaki's perspective on nature and natural occurrences in this poem aligns seamlessly with the views of other Romanticists, including Lamartine himself. The poet imbues the phenomena with the hues of his inner emotions and thoughts, establishing a connection with them. Within this worldview, natural phenomena deviate from their traditional representation in classical poetry, serving the purpose of conveying the poet's reflections and contemplations through the voice of the phenomena.

Rumi, Sufi poet, because of acquaintance with musical instruments transmits the mysticism and Sufism concepts through the outland instruments like harp and lyre. Concepts such as: Divine origin of music, the priority of mortality on survival and contrast question. Impact of Christian teachings, Old Testament books and studies on Mythology is caused that Lamartine uses lyre for transferring divine concepts. But the contrast of Old and Omar (Religion and Spirituality) in the first book of Masnavi converts to the poet and ambitious king in poetic meditations of Lamartine. Also lyre metaphor in these masterpieces is different because of Cultural and temporal differences. For Lamartine lyre is the symbol of the heart but Rumi considers it as human body. In this paper, the lyre function is studied by using the theories analogies without contact and Rapprochemen within the domain of comparative literature.

Shahnameh is one of the greatest epic works in Iran and the world. This wonderful work has influenced greatly the other nations’ poets and authors, particularly, French literary figures and intellectuals. This analytic – descriptive paper first talks about translating of Shahnameh, then studies its effect on the works of Hugo, Lamartine and Coppée. Among the numerous Persian literature’s masterpieces, Shahnameh more than other works, has been the focus of attention and interest of the French. This interest was so great that it made the French orientalists translate this work. Louis Langlès, the French orientalist, was the first literary figure who translated some parts of Shahnameh into French. After Langlès, Jacques de Wallenbourg, another orientalist from Austria, translated Shahnameh. But his death in 1806 left the translation unfinished. Jules Mohl was the only translator who could translate the whole Shahnameh into French, after forty years of effort. The translation of Shahnameh brought about a great change in the works of French poets and authors, especially in Romantic and Parnass school poets. Hugo composed Legend of Centuries, also he entered a large number of Shahnameh’s couplets in his Orientals. Lamartine created Life of Great Men and Coppée composed «The Two Tombs», one of the most famous poems of his Complete works. Carrying out this research and the researchs like this, help us to contemplate our past generations works with a new viewpoint, to recognize the important exploitable elements of our literature, and also to see the great writers of our country in the mirror of the other nations.

Nima in his early adolescence and inception of poesy was subjected to the influence of France's Literary School of Romanticism and his ‘Afsaneh’ is vanguard of romanticism in the Persian language.The contrapuntal music of the poem ‘Afsaneh’, its mysterious and unfamiliar identity, romantic love, Bedouin approbation, artistic ambiguity, naturalism and reflection of human sentiments in it, romantic love and showing boredom and exhaustion of it, new form and content, quarter to past memories and distressful sentiments, bearing an organic structure, integration of long schema and texture like eminent European romanticism poesies are the important elements of this poetry. ‘Afsaneh’ can be considered as one of the superlative kinds of the romantic poesy in the contemporary Persian literature. Concerning the form and content, this work is of great parallelism with Literary Romantic School of France. The present paper aims to investigate reminiscences of the romantic academy of Hugo, Mosse and Lamartyn in Nima’s ‘Afsaneh’; it has been written by using the library methodology. Having extracted the total parallelism of ‘Afsaneh’ against the works of these three leaders of the romantic school, and with the utilization of form and content analysis system, the writer has graded, described and expressed the themes.