محمود دولت آبادی

Translation is the process of transferring linguistic data in many literary texts, especially fictional works, due to the existence of various specific cultural elements of the source culture, it acts as a bridge for cultural interactions and their ability to select the correct or more correct equivalent in the target text can be considered as a factor in assessing the success or failure of the translator. Newmark, more than other theorists, was aware of the importance of this issue and, in addition to categorizing concepts, provided solutions for replacing cultural elements. The novel "Safar" by Mahmoud Dowlatabadi, with its internal content and narrative movement within the framework of traditional Iranian culture, encompasses all the cultural elements that Newmark considers, and the translator of this work into Arabic has faced multiple challenges in this regard. This article, using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on Newmark's theory, attempts to analyze and criticize the translator's selection of cultural elements and to evaluate and even perform a stylistic analysis of the translator's performance in using Newmark's solutions. The results show that the most frequent cultural elements were related to material culture and proverbs, and the translator used a combination of more strategies than other methods in translating cultural elements. It can be said that the reason for the translator's frequent use of this method is the large number of some cultural concepts, including material culture and proverbs, and also to eliminate ambiguity and provide explanations in footnotes for better familiarity of Arabic-speaking audiences.

The Regional literature contains descriptions of the characteristics of nature and people in specific areas. All regions of the world have a great deal of literature of this type, including Persian and Urdu literature. Several works in Regional literature have been produced by Ali Abbas Hosseini on the subcontinent of India and Pakistan and Mahmoud Dolatabadi in Iran. The Regional literature contains descriptions of the characteristics of nature and people in specific areas. All regions of the world have a great deal of literature of this type, including Persian and Urdu literature. Several works in Regional literature have been produced by Ali Abbas Hosseini on the subcontinent of India and Pakistan and Mahmoud Dolatabadi in Iran. First, the existing definitions of Regional literature and the history of Regional literature in Persian and Urdu literature will be briefly explained, and then, in an analytical and inferential manner, the elements and characteristics of Regional literature in the stories of Ali Abbas Hosseini and Mahmoud Dolat Abadi will be explored. First, the existing definitions of Regional literature and the history of Regional literature in Persian and Urdu literature will be briefly explained, and then, in an analytical and inferential manner, the elements and characteristics of Regional literature in the stories of Ali Abbas Hosseini and Mahmoud Dolat Abadi will be explored.

Mahmoud Dowlatabadi’s Missing Soluch ranks among the top ten literary works of realism in Iran. Despite the numerous criticisms it has received, literary experts have failed to acknowledge the significance of religion and the utilization of religious aspects within the book. The current study examines Mahmoud Dowlatabadi’s religious views in Missing Soluch, employing a descriptive-analytical and inductive approach. The objective is to highlight the significance of religion as an intrinsic necessity and a fundamental guiding principle in shaping individual and collective behavior and actions. To offer a pragmatic framework and systematic investigation, the author has analyzed the role of religion in this novel using Eric Fromm's theory of authoritarian and humanistic religions. The examples taken from the mentioned text demonstrate that authoritarian religions have had a greater impact on the formation and behavior of the characters in the novel, despite the similarities between the two and the direct influence of society on their religious beliefs. However, there are also discernible traces of humanistic religions in this work, which merit further examination and scrutiny. The research findings suggest that Dowlatabadi’s perspectives and the impact of land reforms in rural areas may have subtly influenced the novel's portrayal of religion and its significance.

Archetypes are one of the most important topics in Jungian psychology, which speaks of the conscious and unconscious of man. The anime archetype, in contrast to the animus, belongs to the feminine aspect of men, in the deepest inner layers and subconscious of man, is very influential in his worldview, balance and mental imbalance. The present article, in a descriptive-analytical manner, examines this archetype in the character of Golmohammad in the novel Klidar by Mahmoud Dowlatabadi. Klider, which is essentially a historical novel, realistically depicts the political atmosphere in Iran after World War II between 1946 and 1948. In the lower layers of the story, what has influenced the process of individuality of Golmohammad's character is reported rather than the positive and negative aspects of the anime; Achieve growth and perfection, achieve love, extraordinary and heroic action, and on the contrary, express lust and projection. The results of this study show, however, that in Gol Mohammad's initial emotional encounter with Maral, the anime within him, the negative aspect of the anima flares up like lust, and for a while, takes over his existence and occasionally It leads to projection and anger, but in moments of cognition and recognition of the unconscious, mediated between the "I" and the "self", leads to growth and excellence and the process of individuality and the connection between the negative and positive aspects of personality. Has been the main of the novel.

In this study, authors have tried to analyze The Tale of Baba Sobhan from a bibliographical point of view, using library resources and content analysis method, without referring to hypertext parameters and relying only on the text itself. Examination of this work shows that the author has a fundamentally realistic approach to the subject, theme, plot, characterization and dialogue, the choice of place and time, prose, language, expression and descriptions. Other cognitive elements such as virtual and non-referential language, aggression, and sexual attraction did not give this work a romantic and naturalistic flavor; they were used to strengthen its realism. Authors intend to take a critical look at the feudal system in this story to show how the upper classes use the existing conflicts between the lower classes to achieve their goals, and how the lower classes, if they do not gain class consciousness and unity, will always remain victims of such centers of power and wealth.

Humans vivify their world by expressing emotions. “Expressing Emotion” is regarded as a way to improve the life quality and establish effective human relations. Since Mahmoud Dowlatabadi's works are realistic, they are considered as suitable texts for analyzing human emotions and their emotional interactions among the contemporary fiction literature. This article mainly aimed to find answer for the following questions: “what emotions”, “why”, “how” and with “what consequences” are expressed in the characters? A descriptive-analytical method used to analyze the emotions of characters in Mahmoud Dowlatabadi's stories (Missing Soluch and his ten short stories) in a qualitative-quantitative manner. The results indicate that negative emotions, especially “anger and fear” mostly for reasons as economic problems, climate aggressiveness, cultural poverty, serfdom system, etc. are manifested in different ways as riots and collective fights, verbal and non-verbal violence (physical and mental harm, etc.) and they overcome positive emotions. Positive emotions as “joy and love” are relatively few and often appear in the non-verbal behaviors of the characters- sometimes manifest in some local and national traditions and often “indirectly”. Effects of emotions, sometimes the cause of the emergence or transformation of other emotions, appear in the biological-cultural-social aspects of their personalities in different ways.

The study of lyric novel as a subdivision of lyric literature is considered as a new field of study in story criticism that its history goes back to recent decades when it was Eileen Baldeshweiler, who used the topic of lyric story in her essay (1969) for the first time and for some stories that contain the especial elements of lyric novel. After that, some other eminent scholars such as Ralph freeman and Jonathan culler have expanded the horizons of this study and thus today there are some more exact and scientific criteria for the ones who are interested in studying the domain of lyric novel. Baldeshweiler,s theory actually is specific to lyric short story but the principles and elements that she offered and depicted, can be used to novels too. Her theory includes some original main components such as poetic tone of the story, using repetitive symbols in story and emotional flux however she has taken some elements from the previous scholars, views and developed them into a component of lyric story. The component of objective correlative can be mentioned for an example. The given component has been originally raised by T.S Eliot for the first time in 1946.Based on what was said, the present essay is going to study the novel of solook by Mahmoud dowlat Abadi on based on Baldeshweiler,s theory of lyric story. In the present study, this question was answered: what elements and factors have characterized the solook novel as a modern lyric story?The results show that solook can be considered as one of the best examples of lyric novel in Persian literature because the most important features of lyric story raised in Baldeshweiler,s such as poetic tone, symbolism and emotional flux are found in it with high frequency and considerable quality. Key words: lyric novel. Solook. Mahmoud dowlat Abadi .Eileen Baldeshweiler

"Patricide" is one of the myths that has been focused on in Freud's psychoanalytic knowledge and subsequently by Lacan, particularly referred to as the "Oedipus Complex." Because writers of fiction have also paid special attention to various myths, we see their reflection in literary works. In this study, using qualitative and quantitative analysis methods and relying on Lacanian psychoanalytic principles, we first aim to show the superiority of the signifier over the signified through examples from the stories Dry Oak Wood and My Father's Yard and Dogs. And then, we demonstrate the presence of a stronger symbolic father figure than the physical and natural father in these stories. The findings indicate 1. Teke is a pervert subject because of protecting his father's name, and Pirbaba's children are obsessive subjects because of their desire to destroy and abandon their father. Also, the eldest son of the family is the first pervert subject due to the murder of the father, and the father is the first pervert subject due to the protection of the law or the desire of the father; 2. The children of Pirbaba and the eldest son of the family are believed to be freed when the father is killed, unaware of the fact that when the sign is broken, another sign replaces the father and protects the father's name; 3. The members inside the yard had experienced freedom as "juissance" only when, according to the narrator, they had transgressed the desire of a great other in a "sneaky" way i.e., bypassing the gaze and deviating from another grand desire.

The study of the nature of beauty in various fields is the subject of "aesthetic" knowledge, which includes philosophy of beauty, beauty psychology, philosophy of art and art criticism. From an aesthetic point of view, it can be said that the main function of beauty is to create emotional harmony between man, nature and society. According to modern literary criticism, the only work in which the function of aesthetics - which proves that literature is an art - predominates - is a literary work. Discovering and adapting these new aesthetic features to Kalidar's novel will lead to understanding and receiving the artistic richness and discovering the literary institution of this work. The abundance of images, the organization of spoken music and repetitive human themes, the literary level of this novel is closer to the artistic standards of this literary theory.

Ecofeminism or "eco-feminism" is a "postmodernist" and "poststructuralist" approach. This approach, which emerged from the intersection of the third wave of feminism and environmental studies with a deconstructive view of "post-structuralism", tries to explain the connection between women and nature with a cultural and social approach and to analyze the reasons for the emergence and emergence of this connection. In social ecofeminism, the main premise is that women, other subordinate classes of society and nature, have been oppressed and exploited by the power structures in the domination system, and the worldview of the ruling ruler is dominated by women and subordinate types. "social" behaves the same as "natural" subordinates; that's mean; Environmental resources. Klidar Mahmoud Dolatabadi's novel is a social and climatic novel in which the author has addressed the issues of women and their ecological identity in the shadow of the patriarchal ruling discourse, as well as the issues related to the ecosystem and climate of the Khorasan region. This research, with a descriptive-analytical approach, seeks to express the symbolic and real connection of women with nature and the relationship of men with women and nature in the shadow of this connection, in Klider's novel with a social approach. The findings of the research show that the system of patriarchal domination has a homogenous and utilitarian approach towards women and the elements of nature and everything that is considered "other" in their discourse. The woman and the earth are under simultaneous domination in the sense that they provide the causes of men's power.

Mahmoud Dolatabadi is a writer with a realistic writing style who has an objective view on life and social and political approaches in numerous novels. Daulatabadi’s novel "Tarig Besmel shodan “is a story about the Iran-Iraq eight-year war. There are more than 52 characters in the novel "Tarig Besmel shodan". In this novel, the story of a hill called Sefr is told from the point of view of two narrators from two warring countries. Despite the special place of societies in the works of this author and due to the lack of fundamental research about the novel "Tarig Besmel shodan ", which was allowed to be published after ten years, it is necessary to address this novel in the field of sociological criticism. In the current research, the novel " Tarig Besmel shodan " has been investigated from the point of view of sociological criticism. The research method is descriptive-analytical. The purpose of this research is to discover the social aspects of the novel Tarig Besmel shodan. The research was formed on the basis of this main question, which are the prominent elements of society in Tariq Besmel shodan's novel? The preliminary results indicate that the salient components of socialization in the novel "Tarig Besmel shodan " are: the confrontation of characters from different social classes, social historical contexts, and the confrontation of social and cultural issues in the novel "Tarig Besmel shodan".

Climate Literature is a type of literature that is an outcome of climatic and geographical conditions. Climate Literature, in Iran, contains a number of branches including the Climate Literature of the South (The School of Khouzestan), the Climate Literature of the North (The School of Gilan), Isfahan's Climate Literature (The School of Isfahan), Khorasan's Climate Literature (The School of Khorasan) and Rural Literature. It is essential to remind that these schools usually find their meanings through Fiction. An important part of Climate Literature is Rural Literature. The cultural and social developments of the 40s (Land Reform, arguments on Westernism, and the need to return to the simple and traditional way of rural life) made the authors take a new look at rural problems and led to a new approach which was entitled as Rural Literature. Rural Literature started seriously with the monographs of Jalal Aleahmad and Gholamhossein Saedi, but Gholamhossein Saedi was the actual leader of Rural Literature in Iran. Most of his stories have a rural theme. Azadaran-e-Bayal, Toop and Tars-o-Larz gain their themes from his journeys and research throughout different parts of Iran. Another one of such active authors is Mahmoud Dolatabadi. Although paying attention to rural issues especially the ones of the rural parts of Azerbaijan is seen in the works of Samad Behrangi and Amin Faqiri, the extensive and focal aspect of this type of literature has revealed its echos in numerous works of Mahmoud Dolatabadi.

Jill Deleuze is one of the greatest contemporary philosophers, including thinkers in the field of minority literature studies has had significant. "Minority" is the breaking of the shackles that bind us to certain ways of thinking in order to eliminate and achieve conventional realms through demilitarization. Becoming or becoming means the transitions through which a concept is transformed.The minority becomes a resistance to the ideology of the majority and represents an escape from the norms of the majority. All forms are to go to the literature of the minority and to become a minority. Becoming plays a central role in Deleuze's view. He uses the rhizome to explain his philosophy of becoming. In this research, in a descriptive-analytical method, while providing a definition of minority literature, an attempt is made to analyze and recognize this theory in the novel Verman Jai Khali Salouch. Thrill comes from its influence.By reading two novels, according to the approach of minority literature, we found that the features of this thinking are among the most important It is characterized by deterritorialization to achieve becoming, and the application of this approach is possible in both novels.

The present study has examined and analyzed the novel of “Baba Sobhan’s legend” in the framework of Lesley Jeffries' theory and based on the components of critical stylistics. In this regard, an attempt was made to answer the following questions: 1. How are the writer's ideologies represented in the way that the linguistic elements of the novel are chosen and arranged, which are interpreted as style? 2. What kinds of discourse elements have made it possible to discover the ideologies hidden in the style of the novel? So, the main purpose of this article is to reveal the hidden ideologies in the writer's utterances. For this purpose, the vocabularies and sentence structures of the novel, which provide the way for gaining the discourse style and the cognition of style, have been studied and analyzed. In this paper, through a descriptive-analytical approach, the authors have extracted and categorized Lesley Jeffries’ views which are mentioned in the book "Critical Stylistics". Then they have analyzed the novel considering the components of this book. Findings indicate that the strategies of "negating" and "prioritizing" are the most frequent, and "naming", "equating" and "assuming and implying" have the lowest frequency in this discourse. The analysis of these findings shows that the writer in his discourse, considering the conditions of society and serfdom system in Iran, has depicted the villagers’ socio-economic situation and the realities of their lives through a critical approach. He has also criticized the authorities in Iran in the years before the land reform.

Description plays a fundamental role as a basic element in creating space, expressing details, illustrating and making the story real. Since description has the capacity to create dynamic images and show character, place, time, as well as advance the story to create a space beyond the story and increase the dramatic aspect of a fictional work. In this way, the dramatic capacity of a work can be examined and evaluated. Therefore, in this research, the novel " The Seluch's vacancy " by Dowlatabadi, which is a realistic novel full of detailed descriptions, has been examined in order to match the descriptions of this story with the shots that are used in the cinema, its dramatics aspects turn out that it can be used in a movie adaptation. The method of research is library and documents, which has been done by descriptive-analytical method. The results of this research make it clear that the element of realistic description in this novel can be well transformed into cinematic shots and the Editing, which is a completely cinematic method, can be seen in the shots created by the description in the text of the story, and this fictional work has a dramatical capacity and provides the possibility of its cinematic adaptation.

The present article is a philosophical reading of death-awareness in the Kelidar by Mahmoud Dowlatabadi, based on the thought system of Heidegger, the 20th century philosopher, in the book of  Being and time. In this essay, we first talked about the philosophical reading of a literary work, then by explaining Heidegger's ontology, we have been talking about the death-awareness in his view and the relationship between man and Being and his or her existence oriented towards death. Then, by expressing death-awareness in Kelidar, we have obtained a reading of this novel based on Heidegger's philosophy. Heidegger considers man and the world to be necessary for each other and believes that Dasein is not alone in the world and the presence of others makes the character of Dasein meaningful. A person who is under the domination of others is without authenticity. But death-awareness gives authenticity to Dasein. Heidegger considers authentic living to be meaningful and considers the thought of death as a force to break away from everyday life and the meaningful life. Choosing freely, not being subject to others, not having daily fun and giving meaning to life are the consequences that Heidegger deals with; and we can look at Kelidar from these angles. Dowlatabadi has paid attention to the issue of death and examined it. In Kelidar, death is one of the main themes. Dowlatabadi considers death and life to be cognate and considers death to be the cause of gaining the world, making life purposeful and achieving perfection. He considers the awareness of death to be unique to the nobleman, and the heroes of Kelidar welcome death. Dowlatabadi considers the nature of death to be anxiety-inducing, and characters of Kelidar turn to life and love to escape from the anxiety of death.

Fiction literature has wide branches, among which is folk or folk fiction. The novels "Toyor Eylul" written by Emily Nasrollah and "Kelidar" by Mahmoud Dolatabadi are considered as folk and rural novels, which are analyzed in this essay from the perspective of Arabic and Persian literature. In this research, the signs that can be used to consider a novel as folk and rural have been given and the goal is to check which signs have a high frequency in these two novels and what do these two novels have in common in these signs? The selected school of an author can be understood from the themes used in his works. The comparative doctrine in this article is the French doctrine. Therefore, in order to get familiar with the vision and approach of the two mentioned authors, their works have been briefly examined and the components of folk literature and its comparison in the two mentioned novels have been examined and described in several separate sections. This research is a descriptive and analytical method, considering the doctrine and the themes used in the two mentioned works, the type of character creation and characterization and the way the characters are expressed in the two stories, the method of using the description of the village and the environment has investigated and compared.

Story is one of the ways of permanence of any social, political and cultural phenomenon. One of the ways of permanence of any literary work is to blend with myth or symbol. Mircea Eliadeh believes that a myth can never be considered a simple, imaginary and illusory reflection of a natural event. What is important in all myths is to tell about the beginning of the creation of the world and explore its eternity. Chadwick also considers the symbol as a movement that arises from the range of material life that evokes a variety of feelings in humans; It means moving from one sense to another in a single range. The novel of Dovlatabadi's development is connected with many symbols, myths and history, without a doubt, the explanation and knowledge of these myths and symbols will be very effective in understanding the meaning of the novel. This research seeks to know the symbols, myths and their role and function in this work in order to answer the question of what role myths and symbols play in this novel. What has been obtained in this research indicates that myths and symbols affect vital categories such as peace, life and immortality, according to their position.

Ecocriticism studies the relation between literature and the physical environment and analyzes ecological concerns in socio-political contexts. In order to represent the effects of the discourse of power on the ecological identity of the characters in Dowlatabadi’s Kelidar, this article employs the descriptive-analytical method to study the characters’ ecological concerns in relation to nature. Subjectification of each of Kelidar’s characters manifests through their reactions when they are in authoritative positions of the discourse of power. In Kalmiši’s surrender to sedentism, his ecologic fear, and his displacement of desert identity; in Belqays’s mental breakdown and loss of identity; in Gol-Mohammad’s blasphemy, ecologic fear, unadaptability to the harsh climate where he was banished, and guardslaughter; in Beg-Mohammad’s migration and ecologic fear; in Khan-Mohammad’s ruminations and dialogues with the elements of nature and reflections on his existence. Through character analysis in relation to the environment and the discourse of power, we concluded that the authoritative discourse of power leads to the characters’ fabrication of a persona, and their objectification, distancing them from their ecologic identity and inner truth built in relation to the nature and seizing their freedom and rationality. In other words, the change in their ecology changes their nature and creates a powerful anti-discourse.

The present study, which focuses on interdisciplinary research, seeks to examine Erich Fromm's humanistic psychoanalysis, in particular his personality theory, and the similarities between narrative structure and social structures. And by examining the story and the psyche to understand the relationship between the semantic networks of narrative texts and culture and society. Analyzes the process of formation of social characters in this work in order to provide a practical model based on the great novel Klider, which is a clear and realistic view of the social and cultural structures of the present time. Explains how they are influenced by social structure and the influence of cultural structures and forces of society, and the concepts of this influence in terms of descriptive-analytical, inductive and based on the American school of comparative literature in the form of a productive assembly. This study shows that the characters in the story are strongly influenced by social events. The process of personality formation is directly related to social developments in society. Thus, in addition to proving the ability of Forum theory to analyze realist works, and in particular the relationship of personality with society and the relationship of narrative structure with real and external world structures. The relationship of literature with other branches of humanities including psychology and sociology is prominent. This provides a good platform for interdisciplinary studies for researchers in the comparative literature.