مریم

Conflict is one of the issues that occurs in social relations and is revealed when the goal of an individual or a group is not in line with the goal of another individual or group. This element has been very effective in continuing the story of Khosrow and Shirin. This descriptive-analytical study investigates the conflict and its types in the story of Khosrow and Shirin. Although the conflict between Khosrow and Shirin lasted long, it has led to positive results. However, other conflicts in the story have ended with negative results. The types of story conflicts include 1) Goal conflict: The conflict between Khosrow and Farhad, Bahram and Khosrow, and Shiruye and Khosrow is of this type; and 2) Emotional conflict: The conflict between Shirin and Maryam, and Shirin and Shakar. The strategies taken by the characters in the story to resolve the conflict are: 1) Surrendering strategy: Khosrow's strategy against Shirouye and Farhad's strategy against Khosrow is of this type; 2) Shirin and Maryam have used the avoidance strategy; 3) Win-loss strategy (competition): Khosrow's strategy in disagreement with Farhad and Sheroe's approach to Khosrow is like this; 4) Win-win strategy: This is the strategy of Khosrow and Shirin; and 5) Compromising approach: Khosrow's method in reaching Shirin is like this.

Khaghani Odes are the most difficult ones in the Persian language and literature, although significant research has been done on the explanation of couplets, vocabulary, etc., the reader of Khaghani poems sometimes faces difficulty in understanding some ambiguous points in comparison with other poems of Persian poetry. Among the difficult couplets, we can refer to the verse in Tarsa'ieh Ode ‘to the Trinity of the asterism and the Moon, stars and to the Anthology of the Church and to the sextet of the Third’. According to astronomers and commentators, the Trinity is lucky and Quaternity is mischievous; how can the poet swear his promised person to the mischievous heaven for the intercession and releasing from prison? Considering the fact that many interpretations have already been written about this couplet, its meaning is still ambiguous. This research seeks to answer the question that: what was Khaghani's purpose of mentioning the Quaternityand the Trinity? According to the research findings, the two terms ‘Quaternity and Trinity’ were used in their common meanings, namely the astronomical terms, and Khaghani's theological point of view has not been paid attention at all. In the present study, a new interpretation of the term ‘Quaternity’, which is closer to the poet’s opinion is presented by using Christian theological sources and Jung's theory.  The findings of the research indicate that Mary has a special position in a group of Christianity and is being worshiped as the fourth element (Quaternity); hence the poet understands this point and swears to Mary to intercede him in the presence of Shah Sharwan. This study attempts to investigate the above-mentioned couplet through a descriptive-analytical method.

Allusion is one of the rhetorical figures which enjoys great importance and is numerously used in literature. The use of allusion shows that the writer enjoys richness in knowledge and culture. Through the researches that have been done on allusion, finding the most primitive and oldest sources for allusions is common and paves the way for the subsequent researches. The subject of this research is finding the two most primitive and well-known sources of allusion in Persian literature,” Khom isa(Christ)” and “reshte Maryam(Marian)”. In this piece of writing, after giving a short description of allusion and a discussion on the research history, and with respect to the common resources and our present knowledge, the originality and significance of the subject matter was proved. Then, by giving applicable examples of these two kinds of allusion taken from Persian poetical works, the resource that have been referenced were presented and the forms that have been presented in an interpretation of a verse in “masnavi” based on the resources ,were explained. Subsequently, Apocryphal Gospels (Anajil Aboo kafrifaei) were introduced which are the newly founds among the Gospels. And finally, three old sources which centuries existed before the discussed resources are presented along with their narratives.

One of the high- frequency koranic gentive cases in Persian poetry is the koranic tales. After Yousef's tale, the tale of Eisa, that comes in the Holy Bibles and the Holy Koran with nearly common narrative, have a great reaction in persian poetry and most of poet have profit from its allusions. Worthy of mention that the common phases of hazrat Eisa more related to his relative, Hazrat Yahya, in the Holy Koran and the Holy Bibles and poetry is discussed in this article.