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Sound substitution is a process whereby a phoneme in a loanword is replaced by its closest phone in the borrowing language. English and Arabic share dental consonants /D/ and /T/ which are absent in Persian. This comparative study aimed at explaining how these consonants are substituted by Persian speakers within the framework of optimality theory (Prince and Smolensky, 1993/2004). The findings of this research indicate that their substitution in English (loan) words depends on their position in the syllable; the dental consonants /D/ and /T/ are replaced by the dento-alveolar consonants [dÏ] and [tÏ] respectively in the syllable onset of (loan)words because they are the closest consonants to dentals. However, /T/ changes to [s] in the coda position since the markedness constraint ‘LAZY’ which favors sounds produced with less energy prohibits the substitution of /T/ by the more effortful stop consonant [tÏ] in this syllable position. With regard to Arabic (loan)words, the substitution of the dental consonants /D/ and /T/ (which are represented by the graphemes  <ذ>  and <ث> respectively in Arabic orthography) depends on how these graphemes are pronounce in Persian. Therefore, this process cannot be explained using an analysis that is solely phonological. So, there is a need for an analysis which incorporates graphemes as well. Technically speaking, a constraint which has access to graphematical information is needed. Some optimality theory phonologists who came up with this need while working on other languages have already proposed orthographic constraints as the third type in addition to faithfulness and markedness constraints. Accordingly, the pronunciation of the graphemes <ذ> and <ث> in words adapted from Arabic by Persian was analysed using orthographic constraints which require these graphemes to be always pronunced [z] and [s] respectively. This comparative study presents arguments in favor of different constraint rankings which cause the occurances of these processes

This study examines the pronunciation errors of English consonant clusters among Iraqi EFL learners through the lens of Optimality Theory (OT).  For this aim, 40 first-year university students of different majors aged 18-25 years were selected from beginner and lower-intermediate levels based on their scores on Oxford Placement Test. Using different instruments, such as reading instruction and read-aloud test, and being informed from the category of major pronunciation problems by Arabic learners presented by Yavaş (2011), an Optimality Theory-based analysis was adopted in the research. Findings indicated that in pronouncing initial clusters of two consonants, *COMPLEX onset as the high-ranked constraint is frequently violated in Iraqi Arabic (IA), because in IA there are many words started with #CCV. Also, *#CCC is never violated in IA. Since constraints are universal, languages differ only in how they rank them. In pronouncing a coda cluster consisting of two consonants, although *CCcoda is never violated in IA, this constraint is not permuted in the pronunciation of the participants. However, to pronounce words with the structure of VCCC(C)#, it seems that the two low-ranked constraints, namely *CCCCcoda and *CCCcoda in English are permuted to high-ranked constraints in the pronunciation of IA learners.

Kurdish, a northwestern Iranian language (Dabir Moghaddam, 2012, p. 598), holds a unique position among Iranian languages. Some scholars (McCarus 2009, p. 587) argue that Kurdish does not belong to a single, uniform group within Iranian languages, while they agree that this language occupies an intermediate position between the western, northern, and southern Iranian dialects. As such, the term “Kurdish” can be seen as a cover term for closely related language varieties in the western group of Iranian languages. Three main dialects of Kurdish are Northern Kurdish (Kurmanji), Central Kurdish (Sorani), and Southern Kurdish (Kalhori) (Blau, 1989, pp. 542-544 and McCarus, 2009, p. 587; Dabir Moghaddam, 2012, p. 601).The present study investigates whether compensatory lengthening exists in the Kurdish language. If compensatory lengthening does occure, the deletion of a mora-bearing consonant in the coda position would result in a stray mora. This stray mora would then reconnect to its preceding vowel in languages where the coda consonant triggers Compensatory Lengthening (CL) and the vowel is the target. In Kurdish, there are tautosyllabic clusters with CL, such as /ʃahɾ/: [ʃɑɾ] ‘city’ and /taʕm/: [tɑm] ‘taste’, as well as heterosyllabic clusters with CL, like /lah.ʤa/:[lɑ.ʤa] ‘accent’ and /maʕ.nɑ/: [mɑ.nɑ] ‘meaning’. The primary focus of this study is to determine whether these two consonants are moraic in Kurdish and to identify the threshold for moraicity in this language. It is also important to note that these words are not native, so they can be seen as a nativization process adapted by native speakers of Kurdish.CL has been extensively studied in many languages, including Persian and Kurdish. In Persian, this process has been examined from various perspectives; Darzi (1993) and Kord Zafaranlu Kambuziya (2000) conducted general investigations; Bijankhan (2000) and Sadeghi (2007; 2019) adopted a perceptual viewpoint, while Shademan (2005) approached it phonetically, and Safaie-Qalati (2013) used a cognitive approach. Among these works, only Mahdavi et al. (2019) investigated this process within the framework of Stratal OT (STOT).In terms of Moraic theory, compensatory lengthening was studied by Alinezhad & Zahedi (2009) in Sorani Kurdish, Badakhshan & Zamani (2015) in Kalhori Kurdish, Sobati (2018) in Ilami Kurdish and Ahmadi Varmazani & Fattahi (2019) in Kermanshahi Farsi.

This research investigates diachronic changes of Persian vowel system from Old Iranian to Middle Persian, to Dari and to Present Day Persian, describes how they have occurred and analyzes why they have happened in the framework of Optimality Theory (OT). The changes are regular and context free, formed in a chain shift fashion resulting in a more symmetrical vowel system in terms of the qualitative distinctions of simple vowels and also in elimination of the phonemic role of Persian diphthongs and long vowels. These changes are explained through constraints interaction whose final output in each language period (variation) is the optimal vowel of that period and corresponds to the input for its speaker and remains in his lexicon until another vowel change occurs. New changes are represented by constraints reranking and result in input restructuring. Also, the intermediate stages of gradual vowel changes are explained in OT with candidate chains.

Sound substitution is a process whereby a phoneme in a loanword is replaced by its closest phone in the borrowing language. English and Arabic share short vowels /I/ and /U/ which are absent in Persian. This comparative study aimed at explaining how these vowels are substituted in Persian within the framework of optimality theory (Prince & Smolensky, 1993/2004). The findings indicated that the short vowels /I/ and /U/ in English loanwords are replaced by the long vowels [i] and [u], respectively, because they are the closest vowels to /I/ and /U/. However, they change to mid, short vowels [e] and [o], respectively, in Arabic loanwords due to Persian orthography. Therefore, this process could not be explained using an analysis that is solely phonological. Accordingly, the substitution of /I/ and /U/ in Arabic loanwords was analysed using orthographic constraints which have access to graphematical information. This comparative study presented arguments in favor of different constraint rankings which cause the occurrences of these processes.

The purpose of this study is describe and analyze the clitics of past verb phrase based on Optimality Theory in the Se-Qal’a dialect. Se-Qal’a dialect is one of the ancient dialects of Persian language located in Sarayan city of South Khorasan. The method used in this research is descriptive and analytical. For this purpose, 10 male, elderly and illiterate speakers were randomly selected and linguistic data were collected by using speech recordings. Then, the collected data were extracted from recorded sentences and transcribed based on international phonetic alphabet system, and the types of past tense verbs in this dialect were classified, described and their clitics were determined. After that, the constraints used in the linguistic structure were extracted based on the constraints proposed by Anderson (1994) to determine the clitics. Finally, the extracted constraints were analyzed in special tables of Optimality Theory. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that in all types of past verbs, except for the subjunctive past verb, the Leftmost(cli) constraint is unrivaled, although in the compound past tense, the ranking of the constraints is different with simple past. In the past participle, in order to determine the optimal position of the clitic, the NonInitial(cli) constraint has the highest rank and its violation is fatal. Therefore, the competition between the constraints in this dialect shows that the clitics for selecting the host in past participle use all three positions, which shows the flexibility of this dialect in determining clitics in past tense verbs.

At the present study, some Morpho-phonological processes in Azeri Turkish, Zanjani Dialect were studied based on Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolenski, 1993). This was a descriptive-analytical study and was based on interviews with 30 native speakers (between 15 and 75 years old) of Zanjan in three groups of adolescents, middle-aged, and the elderly (each group included 10 interviewees). Their voices were recorded and later were transcribed. All the words were transcribed based on IPA, version 2005. Constraints were identified and ranked. Those constraints which were of two kinds (markedness and faithfulness) competed against one another to select the optimal candidate. Results illustrated that ONSET and HARMONY were high-ranked constraints, whereas IDENT-IO constraint was low-ranked one, the violation of which didn’t render the candidate non-optimal. It can also be concluded that morpho-phonological rules in Turkish Azeri, Zanjani Dialect could be analyzed via the optimality theory.

The present article examines syllable-final consonant clusters in original and borrowed words in standard Pashto. In doing this, the phonotactic constraints on such clusters are analyzed within the framework of Optimality Theory (OT). The focus of previous research on the phonological system of Pashto has been on initial consonant clusters, however it is the belief of the authors of this article that examining the phonotactic constraints on final clusters reveals certain characteristics of the phonology of Pashto that has not been discussed before. Similarity avoidance governs final clusters of originally Pashto words; the cluster can be simplified through the deletion of a final stop in clusters in which the perceptual similarity of the members of the cluster is high. Also, the comparison of phonotactic constraints on consonant clusters of loanwords in Pashto and Persian reveals a difference in the characteristics of cluster-final nasal consonants in the two languages; while Persian tolerates violations of the Sonority Sequencing Principle (SSP), Pashto resolves loan clusters of C+n through vowel epenthesis.

The purpose of this study is to describe and to analyze some phonological processes of weakness based on optimality theory in the Sistani dialect. The method used in this research is descriptive and analytical one. For this purpose, 10 old, illiterate, male, and rural speakers were randomly selected and the linguistic data collected by using free speech recordings, available library resources, and their interviews. Then, the found data extracted from the recorded sentences and the data registered according to the international alphabet phonetic system. After that, phonological processes of weakening in the Sistani dialect were classified. In the next step, the constraints extracted based on optimality phonology. Finally, the limitations extracted from each phonological process were described and analyzed in special tables of optimality theory. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that the phonological processes of weakening in the Sistani dialect can be analyzed based on optimality theory. This study showed that the most faithfulness constraints of weakening processes were violated in this dialect. There were anti-deletion constraint (MAX) and the similarity constraint of the features of place and manner of articulation IDENT (place &amp; manner). Likewise, the presence of consonant clusters and the existence of the CODA in this dialect produces a marked structure. Finally, it can be concluded that there were markedness constraints that played a role in determining the optimal output and are ranked higher than the faithfulness constraints.

This study investigates non-canonical syntax in the Persian language from a non-hierarchical perspective, emphasizing the significant role of information-structural triggers, including topic and focus, in shaping the non-canonical order of left-dislocated possessive constructions. We apply Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky, 1993; 2004) to account for the grammatical and pragmatic properties of these constructions. Additionally, we utilize Syntax First Alignment (Newson, 2004; 2010) to explore the constraints and discourse-pragmatic reasons for left-dislocated possessive constructions, particularly those related to left dislocation in Persian.While left dislocation may resemble preposing, it differs in that a co-referential pronoun occupies the canonical position of the marked constituent (Schiffrin & Hamilton, 2008). Dabir-Moghaddam (2005) explains that left dislocation involves moving an item to the sentence-initial position, with a resumptive pronoun taking its original place.

This paper studies the metathesis in Taleshi Digehsarɑee dialect within Optimality Theory. Metathesis is a phonological process in which the order of the segments is reversed which has been the subject of many studies. This process can be regular or sporadic, according to the range of application. Metathesis is usually not considered a systematic process and is considered as an irregular process among various phonological processes. But in some languages it is a regular and systematic process. It seems that the metathesis can be regular if it serves a specific structural purpose. This structural goal may be of a general and phonological nature. Its analysis in Persian language shows that this process in Middle Persian, after removing the final vowels of words in most cases, acts regularly and by changing the sequence of phonemes, makes them subject to the Sonority Sequence Principle (SSP) or sonority distribution, which observes a kind of phonological well-formedness. But the data analyzed in this article, which is related to the Taleshi digehsarɑee dialect, cannot be discussed in its order. Because while in some cases the output of the metathesis corresponded to the Sonority Sequence Principle (SSP) and attraction principle, in other cases the sequence of phonemes that were subject to the Sonority Sequence Principle (SSP) and attraction principle was reversed.

Vowel reduction has been significantly investigated and classified in previous studies, especially by Crosswhite (2000), Harris (2005) and Anderson (1996). The present study was conducted aiming to describe the vowel reduction of /a/ to /e/ after affixation, which is observed in Mazinani Persian Dialect (Sabzvar-Khorasan Razavi) in the framework of Optimality Theory. Then, its compatibility to the aforementioned classifications was tested to explain the reduction. According to generalization obtained from the Optimality analysis, the vowel change /a/ to /e/ occurs in syllables the stress of which is lost after affixation and coumpounding. However, If there is a glottal consonant such as /h/ or /Ɂ/ adjucent to /a/, the reduction will not take place. In addition, the compatibility analysis showed that Crosswhite's classification can be used to justify the happening reduction. In other words, the described reduction was classified as a sonority-driven change. On the other hand, the analysis based on the [AIU] model showed that the /a/ to /e/ reduction implies the process of headedness-reversal. According to Crosswhite, the category [A] can not be the head of the vowel which is located in the nucleus of an unstressed syllable; of course, an opposite example was observed in the reduction of /α/ to /o/ in Mazinani Dialect. The comparison between the dialect's data and their equivalent in Standard Persian showed that these two varriant of Persian behave opposite to each other.

In this research, the phonological process of consonants' assimilation in Kalhori Kurdish dialect has been analyzed and described in the framework of the optimality theory and various types of consonants' assimilation in this dialect have been analyzed and described. The current research is of a descriptive analytical type and the data related to this research was obtained through interviews with the native speakers of the Kalhari Kurdish dialect and using the linguistic knowledge and intuition of the authors who are native speakers of this dialect. The results indicate that in the Kalhori dialect, the phonological process is the assimilation of consonants in the form of nasal place assimilation, which includes the conversion of coronal nasal to labial, prepalatal, palatal and uvular, and the assimilation of stop coronal voiced with coronal nasal and the assimilation of consonants stop coronal voiceless with fricative coronal voiceless. And according to the order of constraints in the optimality theory can be analyzed assimilation process in this dialect.

Sonority Sequencing Principle and conspiracy in Persian in Optimality Theory Abstract In the framework of Optimality Theory (OT) proposed by Prince and Smolensky (2004) and by citing some evidence of Sonority Sequencing Principle (SSP) in Persian, this study aims to investigate conspiracy in this language. SSP is a universal tendency in the order of components within a syllable, whereby the sonority scale in the sequence of components in onset is ascending but in coda it is descending. In some cases, to achieve this principle, some different phonological processes conspire. In OT, conspiracy indicates the functional unity of several different phonological processes that pursue the same structural goal. In this descriptive-analytic study which is based on both library and field research, 204 CVCC words violating SSP have been studied. The analysis of the data firstly illustrates that derivative rules cannot show the functional unity of different phonological processes, then in the framework of OT and by depicting optimality tableaus, it is shown how some different phonological processes in Persian (such as deletion, insertion and metathesis), although leading to different outcomes, conspire to achieve one common goal i.e. SSP. Moreover, it is confirmed that SSP is not solely limited to syllables containing long vowels, but it applies to many syllables including short vowels as well.

Recitation of the Holy Qur’an has its own phonological features. This paper discusses the two types of partial nasal place assimilation known as ‘Ikhfaa’ and ‘Iqlaab’ in Arabic. Ikhfaa occurs in the environment where the nasal alveolar /n/ precedes fifteen oral obstruents, including /z/, /ẓ/, /s/, /ṣ/, /t/, /ṭ/, /d/, /ḍ/, /q/, /f/, /k/, /ʤ/, /ʃ/, /ð/ and /θ/. ‘Iqlaab’ occurs in the environment in which the nasal alveolar /n/ precedes the bilabial obstruent /b/. Since ‘Iqlaab’ also involves partial nasal place assimilation, it can be considered a type of Ikhfaa. This research aimed at identifying the constraints whose interactions cause different processes of partial nasal place assimilation in the recitation of the Holy Qur’an within the framework of optimality theory (Prince and Smolensky, 1993/2004). The results indicate that ‘AGREE [place]’ is the key markedness constrain accounted for partial nasal place assimilation in ‘Ikhfaa’ and ‘Iqlaab’. In addition, *[-long N]Obs is the markedness constrain responsible for nasals before an obstruent..

In recent years, a constraint-based framework adapted from Optimality Theory to describe and [1]analyses Speech language disordes. This article describes the syntactic structure of student “A” who is a persian male deaf student, based on violation nucleus constraints in the syntactic phrases. In this paper, we first briefly discuss about of Optimality Theory and then, some of sentences that has been obtained from this student by Speech Language pathologist analyses and describes. We find that, we could described and analysed syntactic disorders by Optimality Theory. Analasys and explaining the student’s sentences give us depper understanding of his syntactic structure. By this presuposition, we must supress markedness constraints by working on the faithfulness constrains. The faithfulness constraints education, the mentioned syntactic structure will closer and closer to a natural person. It is suggested that in order to fulfill this important point, in the subject of education, the nuclei of each phrase should be taught to the student first, and in the next step, complement should be gradually added to the nuclei.

This article examines the process of consonant epenthesis in Azerbaijani Turkish language (Tabrizi dialect) based on optimality theory (standard approach). To do this research 90 Turkish words and 50 borrowed words were collected from the speakers of this language. The purpose of the present study is to determine under what phonological conditions consonant, epenthesis takes place and what the active markedness constraints in explaining the mentioned process are. Data analysis shows that in this language, when adding a suffix consisting a (vowel) phoneme with [+high] vowel is inserted to stem or the preceding suffix, the consonant /n/ and when adding a (vowel) phoneme or several (a consonant + a vowel) phonemes is inserted with [-high] vowel to the stem or preceding suffix /j/ consonant. Analysis of data indicates that in the mentioned phonological conditions, when hiatus vowel occurrence, ONSET markedness dominates DEP reliability constraint, and the constraints introduced with a fixed rating can easily explain the consonant epenthesis process.

Since clitics interconnect different modules of the grammar and are hosted by various hosts from different categories, they have attracted the attention of many linguists. Besides, their interaction with their hosts and positioning in the second position seems interesting. Central Kurdish (CK) like some other Iranian languages such as Persian, Vafsi, among others have two sets of Person Agreement Markers (PAM), a Direct set and an Oblique set, sometimes also called Set1 and Set2, respectively. In Mukri Kurdish like other Iranian languages clitics can be found. Mukri clitics are very mobile and can appear in different domains. The previous scholarship on the clitic system of Kurdish have been done by different scholars. A review of the literature on CK reveals that the role of clitic PAMs has been surveyed along four major aspects: (i) the listing of clitic functions; (ii) the grammaticalization of clitic PAMs; (iii) the correlation between clitic PAMs and the nominal case system; (iv) the role of clitic PAMs in the alignment system. The present paper investigates the distribution of Mukri pronominal enclitics using Optimality Theory constraints in the VP. The constraints which play role in clitic placement are NonInitial (cli,VP), Integrity (VP) and LeftMost (cli, L,VP). The VPs under discussion can contain a preverbal, negative maker prefixes (ne-, na-), subjunctive and imperative prefix (bi-) or only a verb. The research method of this study is descriptive – analytic and fieldwork. Competition of the constraints which play role in placing Mukri pronominal clitics in the VP showed that the constraints NonInitial (cli,VP), Integrity (VP) in hierarchy of constraints dominate LeftMost (cli, L,VP) but none of constraints NonInitial (cli,VP), Integrity(VP) dominate each other. The analysis revealed that Mukri Kurdish pronominal clitics are placed in the second position in their VP.

The scientific study of local languages ​​and dialects can provide many theoretical and scientific results and help in better understanding of language knowledge and its enrichment. Taleshi as one of the coastal languages ​​of Caspian Sea belongs to the languages ​​of the north western group of Iranian languages. This dialect is related to other dialects of the Caspian coast and also connected with the central dialects of Iran. Some linguists have divided Taleshi into three groups: Northern Talshi common in the Republic of Azarbaijan, Central Taleshi common in more southern regions such as Asalem and Paresar as a section of Razvanshahr, and Southern Taleshi common in Shanderman, Masal, Shaft, Foman and Somaesara, which is closer to Tati and there is mutual understanding between them. (Stillo, 2015: 413).The present study explains the lenition of the consonant /b/ in the Taleshi dialect of Digehsaree within the framework of optimality theory. This process happens at the end of the syllable, in consonant clusters, and between vowels. Sometimes, it occurs at the beginning of the syllable which have been discussed for its historical reasons.The current research, which was conducted in a descriptive-analytical method and based on the theory of optimality, seeks to find answers to such questions as: What is the mechanism of the lenition in Taleshi Digehsaraee dialect regarding the consonant /b/ in different environments? In which environment lenition does not occur? What are the active restrictions concerning this process and what are their order?

The studies conducted on phonological processes in different dialects and languages within the theoretical framework of optimality are discussed. The methods in aforementioned studies are descriptive-analytical, and the results indicate that there are various processes of assimilation, dissimilation, insertion, deletion, compensatory lengthening, lenition and strengthening in these dialects and languages. The analysis of data on the constraints and the different arrangements of constraints in each language and dialect has been very useful and effective in conducting this research. The present research rejects Hart's theory that the lenition does not occur in the initial or inter-vowel position. In Taleshi Digesaree dialect, lenition also happens in the position between two vowels.

The approach of this study is the phonological system of the Taleshi-Digehsaree dialect, a formal approach, aimed at the normal speech of native speakers. The method used in the phonetics and phone extraction section is generally based on examples of the normal speech by the speakers of this dialect. To conduct this research, twenty illiterate native speakers of Digehsara village with an age range of 40 to 70 (ten women and ten men) were interviewed for one hour and the data were recorded. Also, the author is a speaker of this dialect and the research method is descriptive-analytical. The theoretical framework in this research is the theory of optimality, which is one of the dominant theories in the present decade and is considered very popular and influential in linguistics. The main goal of this theory is to compare options according to a hierarchy of constraints.

The factor that provokes lenition in Taleshi Dialect of Digehsaraee should be the restriction of not having a consonant with the characteristic *[-cont – delrel+voice+labial] after the center of the syllable. There are cases that with the lenition of the first consonant in syllable-final consonant clusters but there is still a sequencing problem. For example, the word Qabz is pronounced as Qafz, which still has a sequencing problem. There is another evidence that the lenition in syllable-terminal clusters is not a restriction of sonority sequence. Definitely, in the clusters at the end of the syllable of the word / zabt /, the sequence of articulation is well observed and we see a descending sequence of articulation at the end of the syllable. Applying lenition to observe the sonority sequence will be a mistake and this is against the principle of linguistic economy. Therefore, the lenition must have another stimulus. So, it can be concluded that in Taleshi Dialect, the sound after the core should not have the characteristic *[-cont – delrel+voice+labial]. According to the above limitation, the tendency of the language is that the obstruent sound /b/, which has the characteristic of [-continuous-delayed release + vowel + labial], should not come after the nucleus and if it occurs, this violation should be compensated as much as possible. Therefore, Taleshi Dialect uses lenition. The transformation of obstruent into fricative consonants, called friction, occurs in the context between two vowels or after a vowel, so that it is considered a kind of lenition. (Kenstowicz, 1994) This is somewhat equivalent to constraint * [-cont - delrel+voice+labial] due to the absence of the obstruent consonant /b/, and it has the characteristic of *[-cont – delrel+voice+labial] after the nucleus.In Taleshi Dialect of Digehsaraee, the constraint *[-cont-delrel+voice+labial] is applied to non-cluster consonants in addition to consonant clusters at the end of the syllable. For example, the inflectional form of the word water /ᾱb/ is pronounced as /ᾱv/.This constraint is also applied in the position between two vowels. For instance, the word bean /Lubјᾱ/ is pronounced as /Luvјᾱ/. The word /dubᾱre/ is pronounced again as /dǝvᾱra/. It can be seen that the consonant /b/ between the two vowels has also been transformed into the fricative consonant /v/ using the lenition to satisfy the *[-cont – delrel+voice+labial] constraint. Therefore, this can be considered as a dominant constraint in Taleshi dialect. This constraint is also applied in the v-c# position, i.e. between a vowel and a consonant at the end of the syllable. For example, the word tiger /babr/ is pronounced as/ bavr/ or the word patience /sabr/ as /savr/. This constraint is also applied in the v:-# position, i.e. after the long vowel at the end of the syllable. The word šib is pronounced as šiv or the word sib is pronounced as sif. The consonant /b/ after long vowels also satisfies the constraint *[-cont– delrel+voice+labial].Some of the words in the Taleshi dialect, such as [var] barf, [vᾱ] wind, [vang] bang, have historical roots before being affected by the lenition. In other words, the original (old) form of these words in the languages Avestan and Middle Farsi are in their modern form and are still preserved in some dialects, including the Taleshi dialect. But in a certain context, the /b/ consonant is not affected by the *[-cont – delrel+voice+labial] constraint and remains the same as the /b/ consonant. This happens if we have a syllable (rv:) before the phoneme /b/, the lenition is not applied in this environment. The stimulus of this factor should be seen as the constraint * [+liquids-lateral+ long v+ cons(v)]. So, the sequence of constraints governing the Taleshi Digehsaraee dialect can be written as follows.[+liquids-lateral+ long v+cons(v)], LIN, MAX, DEP,>> SON-SEQ, *[-cont– delrel+voice+labial], IDENT(f), >>Complex Coda

The stimulus of the lenition should be considered as the constraint *[-cont – delrel+voice+labial]. The tendency of this constraint is that the phone after the nucleus does not have the characteristic * [-cont – delrel+voice+labial]. According to this constraint, there is a tendency in Taleshi Digehsaraee dialect in which the obstruent consonant /b/ does not come after the nucleus, and if it does, this violation is compensated as much as possible. The constraint *[-cont – delrel+voice+labial] applies to non-cluster consonants in addition to consonant clusters. But in a certain context, the consonant /b/ is not affected by the constraint *[-cont – delrel+voice+labial] and remains the same consonant /b/. This happens if we have a syllable (rv:) before the consonant /b/, which the lenition is not applied in this context. The stimulus of this factor should be known as the constraint* [+liquids-lateral+ long v+ cons(v)], which means that whenever we have a long vowel after /r/, the lenition is not applied. The reason for this is related to the phonological system of the Taleshi dialect, which does not allow such a sequence within a syllable in the Taleshi dialect.

Teaching the phonetic system of the target language is important in terms of the position and method of phonetic production in the sense that the phonetic characteristics of the mother tongue are included in learning a second / foreign language. The effect of mother tongue on second / foreign language learning is called language transfer. There are two types of language transfer: positive transfer and negative transfer. Positive transfer is related to the facilitative effects of language teaching / learning. In other words, in this type of transfer, the first language enhances the teaching / learning process of the second / foreign language. By contrast, the negative transfer which refers to the destructive effects of the first language on language teaching / learning. In this research, 621 minutes of Japanese language learners' speech production at the first level of a short-term education institute and study opportunities of Al-Hikma (a sub-branch of Al-Mustafa International University) were recorded and examined. An attempt has been made to examine the phonetic errors of Japanese students of Persian language from the point of view of contrastive linguistics, a strong version and in the framework of optimization theory, and to obtain the source of their phonetic errors. The method of this research is analytical-descriptive and field research. The data related to Japanese and Persian phonetic system were collected through a library research and with reference to reliable phonological sources. For each phonetic error, a table of data is provided and then one of the vocabularies is placed in the optimization table and the cause of its phonetic error is analyzed and investigated. The results indicate that the phonetic system of the Japanese language is effective in the learning of language learners and has a negative transfer. Finally, some guidelines for teaching and correcting learners’ mistakes are provided.