هدی برکات

Language, nationality, and power have a mutual and influential relationship together, as society and its culture influence language and its words. Language also affects society, its culture, and the prevailing idea in it. Language changes according to the male gender or the female nationality. We see in men’s language words and styles that usually indicate power, anger, and violence, while we usually see in women's language words and styles that indicate softness, gentleness, and affection. This article studies the dialectics of the mutual relationship between language, nationality, and power in the novel “Night Mail” using a descriptive and analytical method. The article concluded that the novelist used, in the words of male characters, methods of command, prohibition, appeal, repetition, and the use of words associated with masculine characters to indicate the dominance of men over women, power, violence, anger, arrogance, and selfishness. As for the feminist characters, Muwafaqa used words and methods that indicate regret, compassion, crying, contempt, softness, and kindness, charged with emotions filled with a sense of contempt, weakness, expulsion, and migration through the use of the interrogative style to invite contemplation about the class antagonism between men and women, to remove them from society, and to show compassion through painful words to help women and raise her status and care for equality, then the simile method to indicate the participation and unity of Lebanese women in eliminating injustice and the rule of men over them, and on the other hand, the participation and unity of Lebanese citizens in the pain, misfortunes, self-destruction, humiliation, expulsion and displacement. Also, nouns and adjectives were used by the feminist characters more than verbs due to women’s tendency to describe and be flexible in proportion to their emotions, with the frequent use of the pronoun “y” in messages about women to indicate the ultimate uniqueness of women in society and their lack of status in it, while it was used by the male characters. Verbs, more than nouns and adjectives, indicate movement, strength, doing work, and managing matters.

With the emergence of modern schools, literature became an arena for reflecting world events. At the end of the 19th century, impressionism painters made their era a basis for creating works of art by recording the moments of the landscape, which later, when this style entered literary schools, Susan Fergusson, one of the pioneers of this school, listed seven characteristics for it. The basis of impressionism is the immediate feelings and turning attention from the outside world to the dark world of the mind, which the author reveals how each person is immersed in his own wonderful world. In this essay, an attempt has been made to find out the features of the impressionism school in the novel "Barid Aal-Layl" in order to answer the research question, i.e. placing this work among the works of impressionism and its impressionistic features. To find the answer, by focusing on the features of Ferguson's theory and using the descriptive-analytical method, we have expressed and analyzed the features of this school in terms and finally, the findings indicate that the blessings by explaining specific mental states or intellectual and emotional states Every person is determined and by portraying more features of Ferguson's theory in this novel, it deals with oppression and anxiety in Syria like a canvas. With the emergence of modern schools, literature became an arena for reflecting world events. At the end of the 19th century, impressionism painters made their era a basis for creating works of art by recording the moments of the landscape, which later, when this style entered literary schools, Susan Fergusson, one of the pioneers of this school, listed seven characteristics for it. The basis of impressionism is the immediate feelings and turning attention from the outside world to the dark world of the mind, which the author reveals how each person is immersed in his own wonderful world. In this essay, an attempt has been made to find out the features of the impressionism school in the novel "Barid Aal-Layl" in order to answer the research question, i.e. placing this work among the works of impressionism and its impressionistic features. To find the answer, by focusing on the features of Ferguson's theory and using the descriptive-analytical method, we have expressed and analyzed the features of this school in terms and finally, the findings indicate that the blessings by explaining specific mental states or intellectual and emotional states Every person is determined and by portraying more features of Ferguson's theory in this novel, it deals with oppression and anxiety in Syria like a canvas With the emergence of modern schools, literature became an arena for reflecting world events. At the end of the 19th century, impressionism painters made their era a basis for creating works of art by recording the moments of the landscape, which later, when this style entered literary schools, Susan Fergusson, one of the pioneers of this school, listed seven characteristics for it. The basis of impressionism is the immediate feelings and turning attention from the outside world to the dark world of the mind, which the author reveals how each person is immersed in his own wonderful world. In this essay, an attempt has been made to find out the features of the impressionism school in the novel "Barid Aal-Layl" in order to answer the research question, i.e. placing this work among the works of impressionism and its impressionistic features. To find the answer, by focusing on the features of Ferguson's theory and using the descriptive-analytical method, we have expressed and analyzed the features of this school in terms and finally, the findings indicate that the blessings by explaining specific mental states or intellectual and emotional states Every person is determined and by portraying more features of Ferguson's theory in this novel, it deals with oppression and anxiety in Syria like a canvas. With the emergence of modern schools, literature became an arena for reflecting world events. At the end of the 19th century, impressionism painters made their era a basis for creating works of art by recording the moments of the landscape, which later, when this style entered literary schools, Susan Fergusson, one of the pioneers of this school, listed seven characteristics for it. The basis of impressionism is the immediate feelings and turning attention from the outside world to the dark world of the mind, which the author reveals how each person is immersed in his own wonderful world. In this essay, an attempt has been made to find out the features of the impressionism school in the novel "Barid Aal-Layl" in order to answer the research question, i.e. placing this work among the works of impressionism and its impressionistic features. To find the answer, by focusing on the features of Ferguson's theory and using the descriptive-analytical method, we have expressed and analyzed the features of this school in terms and finally, the findings indicate that the blessings by explaining specific mental states or intellectual and emotional states Every person is determined and by portraying more features of Ferguson's theory in this novel, it deals with oppression and anxiety in Syria like a canvas

Critical discourse analysis is rooted in the critical thoughts of critics such as Foucault, Habermas and Althusser. Critical discourse analysis, considerably utilized in literary studies, examines power, ideology, and metaphor. The critical approach of discourse shows how the language users convey the ideology of powerful groups among the people and recipients of the text by using metaphor. In the critical analysis of discourse, with Vandyke (social field and historical discourse approaches) and Fairclough (which considers discourse as a social act) in particular, different approaches have emerged. From the point of view of Norman Fairclough, the analysis of a discourse is the analysis of each of the three dimensions (social action, discursive practice, text), because his hypothesis is based on the fact that there is a meaningful link between the specific features of the texts, the ways that the texts are connected with each other and are interpreted, and there is a nature of social action and it is examined at three levels of description, interpretation and explanation. Hoda Barakat, the contemporary Lebanese writer, in Barid Al-Lail narrates the life of immigrants, homelesses and refugees who are forced to leave their homes due to social, economic and political forces and live a difficult life in France. This study, based on a descriptive-analytical framework, applies two levels of interpretation and explanation to Barid Al-Lail according to Norman Fairclough's critical discourse approach. The study finds that the use of lexical possibilities at the level of meaning has made the text coherent, and by using them, the author has been able to change the perspective and mental concepts in his thought around convey concepts such as loneliness, being without anyone, fear, war, panic and expectation to the recipient. The author has tried to introduce, in the form of names, the different sections of the society that have been affected by the phenomenon of forced migration and to explain the reasons for migration and leaving the homeland.

The biological dimension focuses on issues related to genetics, body, and physical and natural issues of women. Elaine Showalter considered this axis as one of the four axes or dimensions of examining women's works and stated that by relying on the components and biological characteristics of women, it is possible to distinguish the writings of women and men. In this article, relying on the descriptive-analytical and statistical method, to analyze three important novels by Hoda Barkat (Ahl alHavi, Malkot Hays al-Arze, Brid al-Lil), to examine the evidence, the amount and quality of the application of the components of the dimension of female biology in three axes. It will be discussed in detail to find out what characteristics Hoda Barakat's works have in this regard and to what extent they have been successful in reflecting the biological characteristics of women; because by examining the biological dimension, it is possible to differentiate women from men and determine the specific coordinates of women's language. According to the obtained results, the signs of femininity are reflected both in the content level and in the level of linguistic coordinates in all three novels, but these features are less evident in the novel Brid Al-Lil. The other two novels, due to dealing with women's and romantic issues, are more places where women's language appears. In general, the frankness of the Lebanese author's accent and breaking of taboos in reflecting biological issues is worthy of reflection.

It is necessary for the narrator to take advantage of techniques that help him write the novel and find consistency and coherence between form and content. The more consistent this is, the more successful the writer will be. Hoda Barakat utilizes the art of correspondence to outline the exciting and tragic plot in "The Barid Al-Layil". The narration is obscure and lacks clarity, as the reader never sees a known name for the protagonist. Everything is shrouded in darkness and separation, much like the night of vagrants - a story of those who have no time, place, or possessions. What captures the recipient's attention is how all textual elements such as titles, colors, cover, and other thresholds harmonize with the plot and serve its content. The writer's ingenuity is evident in this consistency that we see between form and content in her novel, creating an integrated fabric. This research, using a descriptive-analytical approach, studies the appropriateness between textual elements and the plot to unravel the mysteries of this correspondence novel and guide critics towards a more accurate and thoughtful review process. The textual elements studied in this article include the cover, colors, headline, sub-headings, and introduction. The research findings reveal that through a complex and disjointed plot without a clear resolution, Barakat alludes to complex crises in Arab countries that are not easily resolved. The reader must analyze the unsolved riddles presented by Barakat, fostering interaction between writer and reader while reducing the author's dominance over the text.The title of the novel, the cover, and the colors used on the cover all guide the reader to what will happen in the letters of disappointment. Barakat utilizes the duality of disappointment and hope in both the threshold and the plot to achieve her goals in writing "The Barid Al-Layil". It is as if she wants to confirm that there is no impact of dialogue and interaction in such a society. Those who reside in this society do not desire communication, not even through a message..

Dialogue is a signifying tool to show the content of the story and introduce its heroes to the audience. Hoda Barakat, a contemporary Lebanese writer who wrote the novel Brid al-Lil and won the 2019 Arab Booker Prize, is the narrator of letters that express the feelings of Arab immigrants and by unveiling the most important components of post-colonial studies, including the outstanding legacy in the field of fiction. has created. This essay with a descriptive-analytical method, by extracting the types of internal speech in the novel "Brid Al-Lil", how to relate the types of monologues in connection with the characters of Faroodestan, establishing a relationship between the crisis-stricken characters of the story with different strata of the narrator's society and raising awareness Readers have been written about the ominous idea of colonialism on the sovereign lands of the third world. The text of the research is full of different social, political and cultural messages in the crisis-stricken Arab land, which are presented in the framework of various internal and external discourses in the form of various monologues. The narrative style of this novel and the use of different types of narrators along with diverse viewpoints lead to the unveiling of many problems of the people of the author's land; At the top of all the problems, the continuous conflict of the people of Lebanon, the displacement and inferiority of the people of that land can be seen, and these topics are depicted in the form of a variety of idioms.

AbstractElaine Showalter's theory of "criticism of the position of women" is considered one of the prominent and methodical models of feminist criticism in the field of fiction literature, the main topic of this approach is the criticism of literature from the perspective of the role of women and the criticism of women's works, and from this point of view, it is defined as a woman-centered criticism. Showalter divides women's writing into three stages of affirmation, protest and individual identity, and to explain the characteristics of women's writing in each stage, he proposes four models of analysis: biology, linguistics, psychoanalysis, and culture. This article intends to use the descriptive-analytical method and rely on Elaine Showalter's critical theory and her four models to criticize and analyze a novel by Hoda Barkat called "Brid Al-Lil" (2019) in order to analyze the components of women's writing and examines the recognition of their social functions. The result of the research shows that Hoda Barakat is a leading writer in relation to the use of feminine and norm-breaking traits in this field. Among the four dimensions of women's writing, the dimension of psychoanalysis is more represented in the work due to the conditions of exile, war and social suffering. But still, the work's belonging to the tradition of feminism shows the backward status of Lebanese women.

According to Bakhtin's theory, the novel as a literary type, appropriate to the spirit of the age and human society, has dialogical relations in linguistic dimensions. A conversational visual novel is the result of the entanglement of languages emerging from the characters, each of them with a different worldview, social and cultural level, is present in the novel and interacts with each other. The novel "Post-e Shabaneh" in a multi-voiced world, with the depiction of different sounds, has the heteroglossia feature, and the language of each character in each part of the novel interacts with other languages. This heteroglossia can be seen in the language, tone, and form of the novel, and its translation is very important, and this article will analyze this feature. The novel "Post-e Shabaneh" is a Persian translation of the Arabic novel "Barid Al-Layl" by Hoda Barakat. The present article tries to criticize its Persian translations with a descriptive-analytical method in order to find out how translators dealt with the heteroglossia feature of the novel in the translations. There have been three translations of this work by Hamidreza Mohajerani, Mansoureh Ahmadi Jafari, and Soha Banouni and published under the title "Post-e Shabaneh". In the study of more than 60 samples of translations in multiple languages manifested in the tone and language of the character and the double-voiced discourse, it seems that each of the translators has been successful in translating the heteroglossia feature to some extent. Banouni has performed poorly in this field and has often not provided an acceptable translation.

The feminine literature is one of most important topics in contemporary literary criticism. following the Women's movement to achieve equal rights with men, “Feminine writing style” was developed as branch of feminist criticism in the mid-20Th century. According to feminists, men are not able to represent women's experiences in their works, so it is necessary to express these experiences in women's language.Using statistical- descriptive and analytical methods, this research has attempted to study the components of feminine writing in Hoda Barakat’s novel "Hajar al-dahk" in two lexical and syntactic layers. This result was obtained by studies: In lexical domain: intensifiers, hedges, repeated words and color terms, in syntactic domain: simple sentences, short sentences, compound sentences, incomplete sentences, and interrogative sentences used as soliloquies are among the components highlighted in the novel. It is worth mentioning that, although war literature demands its own language, this issue could have no significant impact on the type of language of the author, and she has maintained her own specific feminine language. The lost identity of women in society has played a significant role in shaping their particular language and could be the main cause of feminine writing components formation.

The novel is not only a type of narrative; Rather, on the occasion of benefiting from writing techniques, it has a full capacity for analysis based on contemporary critical theories, because if its structure is mounted in a correct way, it will be fully capable of layering. The underlying parts of its superstructure can be better charted based on structural analysis. In the meantime, Todorov's theory, with the collective wisdom of structuralists, provides a precise engineering system for analyzing the novel. Todorov considers three levels in the geometry of the novel. The first level is the text of the novel, which is provided by the storage of words of the author in the pages of the novel, and the words are coded according to the author's ability, and according to his innovation, they sit side by side in such a way that understanding them is crucial. It requires technical skills. That's why, in examining the text, one should focus on the writing techniques and techniques so that by recognizing the common points, the differences can be identified and the author's artistic performances in the text can be identified. Apart from the text, the second level of the geometry of the novel, from Todorov's point of view, are the series (progresses). This article aims to analyze the novel Harith al-Miyyah by Hoda Barakat in a descriptive-analytical way, based on Todorov's narrative series. The most important result is that this novel was written with a main series, a secondary series, and a semi-series with a narrative interior, and alternation in the narration. Harith al-Miyah also shows a full capacity in adapting Todorov's narrative aspects, because it has news and non-news aspects and various examples in non-news types, including desire, in two mandatory and wishful types, and hypothetical in two conditional types and The forecast is found in it.

Barid al-layl the novel of selected of International Prize for Arabic Fiction, narrative of discomposure and conflicts of neurotic characters during civil war of Lebanon and forced immigrations get many psychosis. Hoda Barakat could show well inter action and intra action and psychological feedback of people of her society in this novel. This manner of creation of characters explain the necessity of doing an analysis with psychological approach. This research did by analyzing content method, we want to use this method and by looking into theory of Schema Therapy of Jeffrey Young disclose causes of creation Early maladaptive schemas into three characters of this novel and we examine their exit strategies from these schemas. The research results indicate that the lack of efficient patterns in the lives of these characters has led to the formation of early maladaptive schemas in them. The despair and helplessness of these characters against unconditional schemas of Subjugation and abuse and dependence leads them to resort to conditional schemas of subjugation and slef-sacrifice. Finally all these characters to face these schemas have turned to Extreme Schema Compensation.

The contemporary novel characterizes diversity in race, identities, ideologies, and languages to reflect societies. This diversity motivates human beings to live in the imaginary world of the novel and fight vigorously and stand against domination the same as in the objective world. Bakhtin, in his Dialogism theory, points out that a novel is a particular literary genre and has heteroglossia features based on social diversities. Different sounds in the novel interfere and establish a dialogue. Therefore, create a heteroglossia and polyphony world. Carnival, which is the focus of this article, is a kind of dialogue and heteroglossia in which inferior and minority voices are allowed to speak. In this atmosphere of ridiculous carnival, the inferior voice is exalted. In the carnival atmosphere, the body is given a Grotesque character, and social crises and definite laws are violated by ridicule and humor. Through a descriptive-analytic approach, the present article examines the concepts of Carnaval in the discourse of the Barid Al-Layl, by Hoda Barakat, winner of the International Prize for Arabic Fiction. This article studies the heteroglossia of the novel by examining the elements of carnival. The results indicated that through the formal language of letters, different characters, and heteroglossia, this novel forms a double-voiced discourse and illustrates the characteristics of each of these languages. This novel is a carnival in opposition to dominion and power and aims to aware human societies. It addresses the worries and anxieties of human beings, especially Arabs, and talks about their pain during destructive wars and forced migration. It intends to realize the dreams of freedom and equality.

The author's ability to present ordinary issues in a new and unexpected way is called "unfamiliarity". The author's purpose in using this technique is to create a breach in the human being caught in repetition, stereotypes and habits in order to change his accustomed perception and feeling of various things. "Brid al-Layl" is the title of a novel by Hoda Barakat, a Lebanese writer living in France, which immediately attracted the readers' attention, as it won the "Arab Booker" award in 2018. This novel tells the story of those who, mainly due to forced migration, have experienced a crisis of relationship, especially between mothers and children, lover and lover, as well as a crisis of communication with other cultures. To illustrate this critical relationship, the author uses Ashkelovsky's de-familiarization technique. The present study, with its library studies and descriptiveanalytical approach, seeks to show the familiarity and defamiliarization in the character, plot, narrative and narration of the novel, which is presented as independent episodes in the form of correspondence. In this novel, the narrator of each episode is its central character. The results show that the author's goal of defamiliarization, creating doubt and penetration in macro-narratives such as mother and child and lover and lover to each other, as well as a relationship based on "kindness" to be able to break the taboo Emotional images depict the stalemate in the postmodern world.

Narrative is the main element in a work of fiction. It takes various forms according its type and approach. One of the important forms of narration in the postmodern novel is the use of episodes in which the novelist, instead of narrating the incident in a macro form, narrates the subject in the form of sub-narratives. It avoids dividing the narrative into traditional elements such as introduction, middle and conclusion. In the postmodern method, the author creates a technical and attractive narrative by focusing on the use of different characters, interactions among narrative levels and conceptual and semantic correlations.In fact, an important function of the novel in recent times has been the use of a new method of narration that is different from traditional and past methods. In this period, the narrative has walked away from its famous and conventional form and is based on contradictions, confusion and disruption of logical rules and natural order among the elements of the story. Therefore, in the postmodern period of the novel, it is not enough to know about a genre or a method to study the narrative; rather, different types and methods of narration should be examined separately. This is because today's fiction, unlike the works of the past that followed certain forms and shapes, is not designed in specific formats and structures; there are general features for narration in the postmodern novel. This form of narrative, which leads to the creation of polyphony, is an important goal of the modern novel, and episodic narrative is a tool to achieve it. An author can create different sounds and narratives by using these two techniques simultaneously.The latest trend in the literature, known as "postmodernism," influenced the Arabic novel. Hoda Barakat is a writer who was influenced by this method in her works, especially in the novel "Barid Al-Layl". She was born in Beirut in 1952 and taught journalism there. Now, she lives in Paris. So far, six novels, two plays, a collection of stories and a self-portrait have been published by this author, and her latest work, entitled "Barid Al-Layl", has attracted the attention of literary circles and won the most important award for Arabic novel. Hoda Barakat's novel "Barid Al-Layl" is the latest work by this prominent Lebanese novelist, which, considering its structure, style and other characteristics, is a unique work that won the Booker Prize for Literature. Using a lettering style, the novel is composed of independent and separate episodes and scenes, but they are related in terms of meaning and concept.Following the various deconstructions and aberrations that have occurred in the postmodern narrative, Barakat turned to new methods, including episodic narrative. In this narrative method, the author avoids using a familiar and traditional macro-structure, and the narrative is divided into sections and subsections. Instead of telling a long and connected story, the novelist uses several micro-incidents or presents the same incident in the form of sub-narratives. An important tool for this technique is the letter-writing style, which was why Hoda Barakat adopted the style of episodic narration in the novel "Barid Al-Layl".Research

By recognizing the type and method of narration in the postmodern novel by Hoda Barakat, this study has examined the components of episodic narration as a tool for this technique. This article is written in a descriptive-analytical manner, and examines the style in the novel using new theories about the postmodern novel.

Hoda Barakat's novel "Barid Al-Layl" makes use of the episodic technique and divided the novel into smaller sections. The author has avoided the grand narrative and avoids heroism and the presentation of extraordinary characters. In order to give his work a novel-like form and to show its difference from the short story, he sticks to semantic attachments and the overlap of narrative levels. In fact, in his episodes, the author has used fragmentary narratives that are connected by certain factors. Hoda Barakat has used five to seven sub-narratives in the novel "Barid Al-Layl". The novel is narrated in episodes and sections, each of which has its own independence. The author has avoided the traditional sequences in the plot. With sub-narratives, he has tried to give objectivity to the depth of the displaced tragedy and to approach reality. This is because showing several characters and several events appropriate to this case enhances the credibility of the events. In spite of such multiplicity and sub-narratives in the theme of homelessness and displacement, Barakat has established unity among the sub-narratives and, through the interference of the narrative levels, has created a temporal connection in spite of a narrative break. Using the episode "At the airport" and the final section "Death of the postman", he has highlighted this connection.

Identity is among the new expressions that gained importance which has a key role in the national integrity. This issue refers to a set of social, spiritual and material achievements with which the individuals and communities live. Considering the fact that the world is facing the growth that raises a variety of issues in front of human society, redefining identity that has been compatible with improvements is the basic need of the contemporary culture. Hence, the novel has not been away from this growing trend and played a key role in studies and observing daily events and its parameters. Magic realism is considered a new narration technique which carries social, political and cultural plan whose basis is identity and returning to itself. Since identity is the central focus of the novel, The Tiller of Waters, by Huda Barakat, one of the most prominent writers of magic realism of contemporary Lebanon. This resrch, through descriptive-analytical approach, tries to deal with the word identity and its structural role in the narrative stracture, identifying the features of identity, crisis and its recall and the relationship between them, and the crucial proportions around the hero of story. The research concludes that the Identity crisis in The Tiller of Waters, is the result of different factos, including surrender and disappear of the hero of the story against the passage of time, lack of feeling against place, prrish and his hysterical fear during the war. The main character of the story who, due to internal pressures caused by the civil war in Lebanon, Seek a new meaning for its identity, has collapsed, using the collective unconscious of humanity, knits past with present and searched his lost originality in the history of Lebanon.

After two world wars in twentieth century and establishment of the Zionist regime in the Middle East, the region could witness entanglement time and again that prepared the ground for war literature with brilliant works in Arabic. Although the works that are connected to war literature and war story have common aspects but the works that deal about the Lebanese civil war, could be able to give a new method to the war literature. In the meantime, female authors have also narrated the apparent and secret aspects of the civil war in their short and long stories where “Hajr al Zohk” is one of its kinds written by Hoda Barakat. In this story, Barakat by putting the hero on the course of events describes a space where smaller events involve a frightful disaster and form a lot of knots in the war texture which involved Lebanese citizens and swallowed them. The current research attempts describe the most important specialties of literary style of the story written by Barakat. The research method is descriptive – analytical and is based on the newest published sources on the Lebanon civil war and the most important result of the research is different usage of the story elements and applying methods such as stream of consciousness, single speech, and inter-contextual in describing the technique by Barakat who could be able to criticize the disaster of Lebanon civil war by developing a critical- descriptive style.