هستی

Despite numerous efforts to correct Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, many issues remain that require further research and revision, and in order to get closer to what was written by Ferdowsi, it is necessary that researchers in various related fields proceed with this work by referring to the recordings of the manuscripts and measuring and comparing the existing corrections. Sometimes the original form is altered or removed by the correctors, and sometimes the differences in different corrections confuse the non-expert as well as expert reader. In the first case, the accurate form should be restored with sufficient evidence and reasons. In the second case, efforts should be made to clarify the meaning of words, stanzas, or verses, so that the correctors in the revisions and subsequent editions can, considering such works, provide a more precise form of the text. This article focuses on the fifteenth verse of the preface of Shahnameh, and by taking advantage of the recordings of manuscripts and reflecting on the meaning of the word "hasti" and the comparative adjective "bar" in the texts of the early Islamic centuries and their background in Middle Persian texts, a new reading and meaning, but more appropriate to the content of the preface, has been presented. . Finally, it is suggested that the said verse be corrected as follows:Az in parde bartar saxon râh nist / ze hasti bar, andiše âgâh nist

One of the significant concepts that Kundera, a Czech-French novelist, criticizes in the novel is the concept of Kitch. Kitch is all that is outward and flashy, based on the form and the image, and refers to non-thought ideas and non-genuine thoughts but prevalent. According to its general character about imagology (dominance of the demonstrative, propagandistic, and suggestive), Kitch rejects any strange, alien, and unknown phenomena. The novel's mission is to resist and defend something that Kitsh denies as an unknown and the abject, according to Julia Kristeva's thought. In the present article, it has been shown through the phenomenology method that the abject closely overlaps with Heidegger's Being, and the novel Immortality revolves around the heterogeneous subject of Agnes and her ontological strangeness in the world based on kitsch. Agnes is an isolated subject and does not belong to the world around her. Her reflections are explained in three axes: criticism of kitsch society, criticism of imagology, looking for the way of Being, and transgression of symbolic matters. As a result, the novel Immortality ironically prevents forgetting and rejecting Being due to the characteristic of representing Being and the abject.

This article seeks to present Mohammed Abu Al-Qasim Hadj Hamed's perspective on the Quranic terminology. To achieve this, the article is organized into the following steps: Conceptual Entry for Research: Here, we provide an introduction to the Holy Quran as understood by Hadj Hamed. We delve into the definition of key terms and explore the background of Mohammed Abu AlQasim Hadj Hamed. Similarities and Differences between Arabic and the Quranic Language: In this section, we examine the disparities and commonalities between Arabic and the language employed in the Quran. We highlight the Quranic language's superiority due to its divine nature and its encompassing connection to the universe. Cognitive Perception of Language and Quranic Linguistic Structure: Here, we elucidate the contrast between the divine and human utilization of language. Additionally, we shed light on the resemblance between the Quran and the universe, particularly regarding the Quranic character. Meaning of Quranic Terms: In this final section, we explore the nuanced meanings of certain Quranic terms. While some terms may initially appear similar or synonymous, their disciplined divine application assigns each term a distinct meaning that sets it apart from others. We specifically examine terms such as sanctification, prohibition, vision and consideration, witnesses, and sight as elucidated by Hadj Hamed.

The stories "Hasti" and "Mashu in meh" with a teenage narrative audience contain different types of language actions, each of which can have a different purpose in its deep structure. Examining each of these stories with the approach of John's speech act theory. A. Searle shows that linguistic sentences, while having an external meaning, can have another meaning in their deep structure. Achieving each of these secondary meanings requires paying attention to the situational context of the story and the speaker's circumstances while delivering the sentences. John A. After examining each of the statements of Austin's theory regarding the secondary meaning of the word, Searle arrives at five different statements. According to his theory, words can have five secondary meanings: 1) declarative action, 2) persuasive action, 3) emotional action, 4) declarative action and 5) obligatory action. The current research on the relationship between John's verbal work. A. It shows the growth quality of children and teenagers. By applying this theory to the linguistic works of two stories, we came to the conclusion that 1) in the story "Being", all the verbal works of John. A. Serel is represented and the declarative action has the highest frequency 2) in the story "Masho Dar Meh", all the declarative, emotional, persuasive, commitment and declarative actions are used and the declarative action is the most used 3) Representation of the application of these verbal tasks has shown how to realize the components of a healthy development in children and adolescents. In the story of existence, there are always events similar to the lived events of the audience of the work, which the author represents in the form of speech and actions of the characters of the story; This representation represents obstacles against the formation of the child's identity and his healthy development. On the other hand, the story of Masho in the fog also portrays a similar and not new event, which expresses the efforts of the characters in the story to achieve the same goal and emphasize the needs of people in the path of personal growth.

The title as a contextual factor plays an important role in attracting the audience and reading the text. This component is doubly important and valuable in adolescent fiction. The title of the work must be chosen artistically in order to display the quality of the text. The importance of choosing a title for children's and adolescents' fiction is doubly important according to their needs and age conditions. Given the growth and development of cyberspace and computer games that are available to children and adolescents today, child writers must be creative in choosing the title, theme and theme of the story in order to compete with the virtual world. Encourage children to read and read stories. One of the creative tricks in attracting the audience is choosing the right title for the work. A title that encourages the child to read the story. The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the descriptive function of the titles of the novels of Hasti, call me Ziba and the romances of Younes in the belly of a fish based on Gerard Genet's extra-textual and intra-textual theory. The titles of these novels have been studied and analyzed based on Gerard Genet. Theory and descriptive functions (thematic, ironic, metaphorical, etc.).

Research method and research history

The research method is qualitative analysis of the content of the works and the method of collecting information is in the form of library documents. No independent research has been done on the Analysis of the titles of adolescent novels based on the descriptive functions of Gerard Genet; but there have been studies on the subject of fiction and novels that point to some of the most important issues. Absolutely Maadikhah and Namvar (2013) in his master's thesis entitled "The context of the title and the title as the threshold of the text in cinema with emphasis on the works of Abbas Kiarostami" based on Gerard Genet's views on the vision of the text, "Title And "title" of the film are introduced as types of context that play an important role in how the audience reads the text of the work. Namvar Motlagh (2009) in the article on the title of Iranian works of art and literature, a semiotic study of the title of art from the fourth to the twelfth century, with a semiotic approach, the titles of literary and architectural works of Iranian culture from the fourth century AH. He studied until the end of the Safavi period and then points to the economic role of modern titles. Salehi, Sara et al. (1398) in the article "Study of the titles of war stories in the field of children and adolescents, addressed the category of titles in terms of structure and content. The results of this study showed that the structure of titles in the 60's is simpler than combined; as we distance ourselves from the war, the titles become more artistic, and the themes of the titles pay more attention to the time of the war than to the front or nostalgia for the war.

Hasti and call me Ziba novels by Farhad Hassanzadeh and Younes's love novels in the belly of a fish by Jamshid Khanian have been selected for review. The titles of these novels have been studied and analyzed based on Gerard Genet theory. First, a summary of the novels is presented, and then the titles of the novels are analyzed based on Genet's theory and descriptive approach. According to Genet, the title of the novel has a function of identity. The title of the story includes the life of a teenage girl named Hasti. The character of the universe is present and plays a role in all scenes. From the point of view of Genet, the title of Younes's romance novel in the belly of a fish is an extra-textual title. This refers to mythical elements and characters. The subject of the novel also has a mystical and spiritual aspect. Younes' love for Sarah is a guiding and transcendental love. In terms of Gerard's descriptive functions, the title of the novel Call Me Ziba is a thematic title. "Thematic titles that represent the theme and are presented in different ways" (Zhou, 1394: 4). The title of the novel indicates the situation of people who have been neglected due to mental illness and now frustrated and helpless; they seek a way out of this situation.

The study and analysis of the titles of adolescent novels based on Gerard Genet. perimeter theory and different functions of the title (descriptive, identity, absorption, etc.) showed that the artistic choice of the title has a great effect on encouraging the audience to read the text and story. Among the works reviewed, Younes's romance novel in Fish Belly, based on Genet's theory, has an extra-textual title and a thematic function. An extra-textual title is a title that also refers to the world outside the text and leaves the understanding of part of the message of the story to the background of the audience's mind. The words of Younes and the belly of the fish are reminiscent of the story of Younes for the audience. While the story of the novel is a narrative of spiritual and transcendental love, the symbolism of Younes' character, his symbolic death and his departure from the belly of the fish, which symbolizes the dark and material world, have revealed the extra-textual aspects of the work. The title of this novel, unlike the other two novels, has other functions such as absorption and metaphorical function. The title of the novel is a title of identity. Identity card shows the work and identity of the fictional character.

Bidel Dehlavi's poetry is complex, difficult, and mysterious whose deep philosophical and mystical thoughts, as well as his special look at the world, are the factors of the semantic complexity of his poetry. In Biddle's poetry, some words are very frequent; one of these words is the concept of "being," which has a special place in his poetry and universe. In this paper, the concept of "being" is analyzed using structural conceptual metaphors. Biddle's poetry is full of complex and distasteful concepts that can be described and analyzed using the function of conceptual metaphor for objectifying to abstract domains. The analysis of the "being" in this article is based on the structural metaphor. Since in other types of metaphor, the metaphors of orientation and ontology, the main metaphor of metaphorism is based on the similarity between experiences of physical objects and our bodies; in fact, the empirical foundations of sensation and conceptualization are largely clear; while in structural metaphors, we based on cultural and social experiences and perceptions we are conceiving. Therefore, according to Lakoff and Johnson, structural metaphors are the most complex of conceptual metaphors.

Chambers is a child and adolescent literature theorisians that has proposed a implied reader theory in text to examine the relationship between author and reader. the author when writing a text, imagines a reader in his mind and narrates his text according to it. the writer uses the four elements of style, point of view, siding, and gaps to communicate with the reader and draw the reader into the text. In the present study, using a descriptive-analytical approach, tried to in addition to identifying the adolescent characteristics, examine the implied reader in the novels "Hasti" and "Call me Ziba" in order to answer the following questions: Who is the implied reader at these works (child, teenager or adult)? And what is its features latent reader? Which of the methods has helped in the creation of implied reader? According to the research results, the audience of Hassanzadeh's works is a teenager and the implied reader has the characteristics of a teenager. He has used four ways to create a implied reader.

Philosophical studies show that against existence for oneself, there is another being called existence for “the other”, i.e. as we think about ourselves, we find in our being another existence that depends on our existence. This paper seeks to answer the following question: what is the meaning of “the other” regarding the existentialism in Sartre’s play No Exit and Modarresi’s novel Yakolia va Tanhaei Ou? Considering the above question, the authors’ hypothesis is that the concept of “the other” in the two mentioned works means existence for the other, i.e. existence dependent on the other, which is the determining and guiding factor of individual behavior in the society. To test the research hypothesis, data was collected from a corpus of philosophical and literary works using the library method and was analyzed by the descriptive-analytical method. It followed that the authors’ hypothesis was confirmed and the meaning of “the other” was accordingly explained in existentialism.

Hedayat and Kafka Man is the only being who thinks about his being. This principle is the basis of a kind of philosophical worldview known as existentialism or existentialism. In this view, man has limited existential possibilities to get rid of internal contradictions and contradictions and escape from meaningful existence. Therefore, in the face of existence, man experiences the feeling of non-suspension, suspension, and suffering, and existential apprehensions. In explaining this feeling, some existential thinkers such as Kafka, by choosing the language of narration and the symbolic structure of fiction to the dry and specialized issues of existentialism, gave an artistic character, and some contemporary Iranian writers chose this method and attitude. Since the views in this field emphasize the influence of Hedayat from Kafka, the purpose of this article is to compare and contrast one of the manifestations of this philosophical worldview in the most prominent literary works of these two authors. To this end, the components of existential "apprehension" in the four stories of Kafka and Hedayat were examined and it was determined that semantics, identity loss, loneliness, suspense, doubt, fear, and eternal condemnation, mental and objective actions of the characters of each story. They have formed two writers. In addition to the influence of guidance and the commonality of the two authors in the principle of "apprehension", the stories of guidance are mostly related to the apprehensions of epistemology and psychology. But Kafkachrchr('39')s novels show deep religious apprehension.

Death has always been an important matter in human history. Everyone takes a stance on it based on his/her epistemological and ontological orientation and reaches psychological state, emotions and lifestyle as a result of essential beliefs in it. Some do not believe in the life after death; some feel afraid of it; and others, like Socrates, see the soul of the real philosopher as longing fordeath. Some have considered the grief over death to be unwise, because no one will ever experience death in life. According to some, the grief over death is pointless because we live a short life and would return to nonexistence before we realize it. Obviously, such an idea is based on the assumption that there is no world after death. In addition to these perceptions of death, differences could also be seen in the views of religious people. In Ashʿari theology, the man, despite piety, restlessly feels afraid of the “final moment”. In contrast, the intuitionists, and here Attar, basically have an approach to death which is the result of revelation; not just knowing and believing, and this is derived from their intuitive epistemology and ontology. Attar's view of existence and death is based on intuitive experience. These experiences emanate from man's encounter with the hidden layer of the universe. Attar maintains that intuitive perception is attained only through the language of dreams or the language of deep reflection. How existence has been depicted in Attar’s intuitive experiences and the impact this view has on the perception of death are the main problems of this article. To answer the question, Attar's Masnavies that both explain his mystical teachings and represent his states were analyzed. The results showed that Attar's attitude towards death emanates from his intuition-based epistemological and ontological view. Intuition is one of the means of acquiring recognition which is achieved via facing the depth or hidden layer of the universe.  His works show that without intuition there would be no way to reach the truth of existence and death. Ontologically, in contrast to the tangible and material world, which appears to be dreams and fantasies, there are many other worlds whose components, like tangible components of this world, move towards God passionately and with great love; the spiritual world and the world after death is buried below the surface of this world. According to Attar, existents in the universe apparently do their destined physical affairs but inwardly they yearn for moving towards the origin of the universe. Humans are generally caught in a mirage. The one who reaches the treasure at depth of the sea of the world will see God as a shining sun in this world. In the form of the allegory of Ayaz and the Sultan, the loving face of the Sultan is depicted, which is revealed only in intuition and by "leaving the number". God, the world and man are united. With such an attitude to existence, with death, the part reaches the whole and becomes the whole that was once separated from Him by form. Death can be experienced through quasi-death experiences like annihilation, the self-manifestation of God, and the experience of the state of resurrection in this world; such experiences is feasible for almost everyone. Some intuitive images of the mystic's encounter with death and eternal life are: appearance of the sun from nowhere, increase of light with death, feeling the sun inside, eating the sun, landing of the sun, and fading the dew in the sea. Mystics seem to live in two worlds simultaneously. Individuals will be able to have such experiences based on their efforts to transcend the external senses. Such an attitude will be effective in reducing the boredom of mundane life and giving meaning to existence and death. Death is not a tragic event at the end of life as mystics keep experiencing it in various forms in this world. Such an attitude is supported in Qur’an, the stories of the prophets, and the stories and experiences of the mystics. The man’s destiny is not separate from existence. Before self-purification, man, depending on the level of the universe, becomes enchanted by the light reflected from the sun, i.e. God, while he himself is a part of the light and like all existents is moving towards the source of light. In this view, with death, man goes to the whole as a part of it. Since God is light and has breathed from his soul into man, then return is the return of light to light. Such an attitude towards existence and death removes the boredom and gives life and death a different meaning. The exquisiteness of death experience is possible only through the intuitive understanding of the universe. In light of the intuitive experience of existence, death takes on a different color, and not only is its dreadfulness removed, but also it becomes a desirable thing and a prelude to a blissful union; which is what the mystics yearn for in their life.

Novels are the sphere of influence and power of perspectives and discourses that most of which are applied by the author in the context of the novels. For that reason, what emerges from the concept of adolescence in young adults’ novels is not the adolescent reality itself, but only the construction of culture and society of any period; meanwhile what is necessary is the subjects of this novels, adolescent subjects that can be considered as exemplars of adolescence construction from the culture and society of any particular time period.In this study we analyze the construction of subject in relation with power, dominant discourse and resistance in confront of that. For this reason, based on social semiotics, signs in social context (Speech acts, communicational and body) and textual context (linguistics, authenticity and intertextuality) analyzed. Result have shown that, power in this novel is interactional that leads to resistor woman of subject in transition from teenager juvenile to adulthood.

The twentieth century has witnessed a very close relationship between philosophy and literary creations and scope of human imagination and writing. The search for the truth is the search for the reasons of the events and identification of the tangible and intangible world. This kind of search refers to the asking questions about the life and awareness and these factors related the philosophy to the literature, imaginary and artistic achievements. The human describes its situation with its particular field of creation and every human being has its own interpretations and inferential concerning with various life status. This study investigates the philosophical elements of existentialistic constructs of Le Clézio, the contemporary French writer and it justifies the reactions and behaviors of his fictional and real characteristic. This study also seeks to find out the answer to the biological and social crises in mid of twentieth century and in the field of realistic writing.
The method of this study is qualitative and the design of the study is historical research and content analysis. Historical research analyzes the documents and artifacts to gain insight into the past events and the content analysis focuses on the analyzing and interpreting the recorded material to learn about human behavior.
Sartre’ existentialism attempted to define the human behavior and its reactions by resorting to the awareness of subject and the discovery of human nature. Sartre have transformed the language into the sign in his philosophy and he explicated the events about the human. As the Husserl’s orientation in the phenomenology is ideal, Le Clézio’s approach also shaped its phenomenology by showing the intentional subjects and the subjects interrupted their association with the past due to the understanding of their world. The characters such as Ethel, Mondo, Alexi engendered their own situation. The nature of existence in the world stems from the quality of his specialized life or from his existence. The” other” is an original design in Le Clézio’s approach. The “other” is an entity which reveals itself. Having shown the writer and work commitment, Le Clézio could base his philosophy on the social notion of autobiographic and imaginary characteristic. The attitude towards the existence, in Le Clézio’s perspective, refers to the return to oneself or self- scrutiny in the words of Socrates
Le Clézio’s stories primarily focused on the objectives of phenomenology and existentialism and these stories try to associate the objective and tangible reality with the imaginations and they try to fertilize and make sense their actions with their freedom. In other words, the existentialism of Le Clézio is the humanism of Sartre and it has been in the filed biological philosophy .The selection and the design of characters have enriched the per-se and they define the surrounding world with the changing of themselves.

Abstract Common points in world’s genostical viewpoint lead to similar purports. genostical looking of Gheisar Aminpour may impressed of Molavi and Hafez from the past and Sepehri for the present. in this paper I try to investigate poet genostical thoughts by chose of samples from recent two collections. Aminpour has learned to us good and pure looking and reform our understanding from ugliness and beauties. he pushes aside habit dust till we able to understand beauties. his looking to the existence is genostic. from his eye all of creations are beautiful and he saw himself as a part of the whole that have harmony with them. That is, he hears unity music in the nature by heart and hum it to us genostically. He wishes all part of nature-without their contradictions and contrasts- are in each other sides not in opposite. Then eliminate the good and bad war. In this paper I try to investigate poems of Gheisar Aminpour for analyze his genostical looking to the existence

Studying Sohrab Sepehri's poems thematically has placed him among phenomenology poets. He opens the initial doors by the means of turning his unique and passionate viewpoint about natural phenomena toward his own existence perception as well as conveying a meaning to those phenomena; and he removes the distinction between subject and object in the path of union with environment. However the content discussed in this article is not only corresponding Sepehri's poems with principles of phenomenology. Because this topic has been favored and followed by some investigators before. The author moreover to studying widely Sepehri's poems from the prospective of phenomenology, tries to study epistemology and finally mysticism. In every stage that poet comes to an understanding of phenomena, his soul feels a wider inner emptiness. Sepehri feels the necessity of seeking for his self in himself by believing in the existence of phenomena and he becomes united with himself in the center of nature as a narcissus in order to distribute an emptiness, beyond which a high existence is hidden and detecting that existence propels him to filling that emptiness.  As much as the poet feels more emptiness, one step more is taken; therefore more forces are injected to his wings in the path of flying toward pure existence. This leads the self of the poet to nothingness and makes him properly empty that retrieves the mere soul in his inside and finalizes his Cogito –self-awareness-.