هویت

"Face" is a central concept in interaction. It is related to the value of "self" or "self-image" of the interaction parties. In Iran, face studies have focused more on Persian general culture and paid less attention to Iranian subcultures. The current research has investigated the dominant face in the southern regions of Kerman from the perspective of sociolinguistics and also from a critical point of view on Spencer-Oatey's rapport management framework. Data have been collected and analyzed using combined methods of ethnography, interviews, and review of oral and written sources. The data analysis shows that the dominant face in South Kerman is a type of face that has not been mentioned in the previous sources. This type of face, which can be called a tribal face, is not related to politeness, but rather related to the tribal identity of people. Tribal identity is also mostly transmitted through language. The tribal face is activated in daily interactions with interpersonal actions, and when threatened, the consequences are quickly drawn from the individual domain to the collective domain of the tribe. At the end, its differences with group and collective face are mentioned and the coordinates and components of this type of face are also introduced according to the data. Some of these components can be listed as the history of the tribe and its social level.

This article examines the identity and self-realization implications in the works of Reza Baraheni, analyzing the role of language as a tool for representing identity and self-awareness. Through the application of linguistic, psychological, philosophical, and sociological frameworks, this study seeks to interpret the diverse dimensions of identity and self-recognition in Baraheni’s literature. As an influential writer in contemporary Persian literature, Baraheni employs language as a dynamic and multifaceted medium to create and reflect complex identities. His characters encounter identity challenges and crises of self-realization, embodying the layered nature of these concepts. Findings reveal that Baraheni uses language as a fundamental means to explore and convey the various dimensions of identity. His unique narrative style and linguistic structures engage readers in an introspective journey through his characters, enabling a profound understanding of identity and self-awareness. This analysis demonstrates Baraheni’s role not only as a creative writer but also as a cultural and social analyst who, through his distinctive use of language, reveals the hidden layers of identity, inviting readers to reassess static and fluid aspects of self-identity. This study, grounded in diverse theoretical perspectives on identity and self-realization, achieves a comprehensive understanding of language’s role in representing these concepts in contemporary Persian literature.

Identity refers to the set of attitudes, characteristics and attitudes that distinguish a person from others. Adapting the discourse governing the novel with the principles proposed in the theories of discourse analysis is a way to understand the social and cultural impact of the ideologies ruling in a society on the formation of identity among its people. In the current research, the issue of identity in the novel "The Survivor" by Anaam Kachachi is investigated based on the theory of "Norman Fairclough" and by the method of critical discourse analysis. The findings of the research indicate that the discourse governing this novel was influenced by Kachachi's religious and family background, and on the other hand, it was formed based on the representation of the political, social and cultural conditions of the author's society in the second half of the 20th century. Through the character of Taj Al-Moluk, Kachachi aims to transform women's protest from a purely gender issue or a union issue into a political-social issue and to criticize the burdensome taboos of women. The author introduces the story of an example of a successful woman from the language of the first person and further points out the impact of the presence of these women in the society on the girls of the new generation of Iraq and their entry into the political scene. Meanwhile, the national identity due to the forced migration of the novel's characters from their homeland, and parallel to that, the gender identity affected by the author's ideology, among other types of identity, are the most prominent in the novel. According to the identity theory of Marcia Taj-al-Moluk, the main character of the story has a successful identity and Vodiyan has an early identity, and Mansour is on the border between late and successful identity.

One of the most important elements of Patrick Modiano's novels is the investigation of identity. A Trace of Malice begins and ends with distance from the identity. This article tends to find why the identity issu in the initial situation, which has led to some investigations in actions happened in the past, is different from the identity issu at the end of the novel. In order to answer this question, we use the narrative programs and the model of actors by Algirad Greimas. So, the text has been divided into three different structures : surface structure, functional structure and semiotics structure. In semiotics structure, we cut up the text into some sequences; each sequence is considered like a sample of whole text. It seems that what we can find in each sequence exists in whole text. At the end, we have presented the actantial model. As a result, we have found that one person appears at the same time in the role of the three main actants in the narrative: subject, sender and receiver. Three roles by one person might be the reason why the object loses its value for principal actant.

 The present article reviews the components of sustainability and war literature in both Iranian and English novels to show the author's cultural and ideological differences in depicting human identity during the war in these works. For this purpose, two novels, The Scorched Earth by Ahmad Mahmoud and "Farewell to Ernest Hemingway", have been selected to explore their main meaning in terms of constructing meaningful characters. The author of this article believes that there are fundamental differences in how to deal with the concept of man, war and existential identity in these works, which ultimately leads to the formation of stories with different plots and different identities in terms of epistemology and type. Attitudes toward the mission of man in constructing his independent identity and his worldview in order to perform human duties have numerous distinct characteristics compared to other human beings. To study the identity structure of these two novels, the existentialist theory of Jean-Paul Sartre has been used.  

With its significant impact, a novel can effectively reflect social issues and problems. Child labor is among these issues that have existed in all human societies since ancient times, and the damages and harms caused by it have attracted the attention of many contemporary writers. "Bacheha-ye Khak" (Children of Dust), written by Mohammadreza Yousufi, is a novel that highlights child labor and portrays the dark lives of children who have been enslaved by cruel and exploitative employers on the streets. It serves as a wake-up call for society to take a clear and serious look at this problem. In this context, literary sociology provides an appropriate approach to addressing the pervasive and growing problem of child labor. This research uses a critical and descriptive-analytical approach to examine the sociological components of child labor in this novel and aims to identify and critique the social difficulties based on Goldmann's theory of social critique (1928-2013). The results of this study indicate that various components discussed in the sociology of child labor, such as the lack of proper guardianship, poverty, harassment, and abuse of children, are reflected in the novel along with cultural crisis and abnormalities, economic sociology relating to child exploitation, and problems in the children's work environment. These sociological components are the most prevalent in the novel "Bacheha-ye Khak," and the author, through the use of realistic and repeated depictions, has made them prominent and tangible for the readers.

India is a multi-cultural, multi-religious and multi-lingual country. Culture in second language education has attracted a lot of interests among researchers. Indian culture has always been an integral part of its education system, so it is essential for teachers and learners to be aware of cultural diversity between English and native languages. By becoming familiar with different aspects of other cultures, teachers are prepared not only to better understand other texts but also to deal with cultural barriers to enhance knowledge and deeper understanding. The purpose of this article is to examine the importance of the integration of the second language culture (English) in Indian culture and how this will lead to the improvement of English language learning in Indian schools. By overcoming cultural barriers, learners accept the traditions and good manners of other cultures and try to incorporate them into their own culture. This article tries to help teachers and learners to not only overcome cultural stereotypes, but also to experience multiculturalism. Challenges and obstacles that may hinder the effective teaching and learning of culture in second language classes in India are mentioned, and finally, suggestions are made for better teaching of English language culture in India.

Writing about women and the world within them has always been considered in the works of writers, especially women, and the basic roles of women and their impact on social life have been mentioned. Also, the main concern of the authors is about the identity of women and their role in the family and consequently society. In women's stories, the protagonists are usually chosen from among the women themselves and their feelings, emotions, and experiences are portrayed. Among female writers, Zoya Pirzad wants to prove to society that there is no difference between being a woman and a man by presenting women's problems in the form of social realism. in other words; Women make up half of the body of human society, and their place and role of influence in the family and society has long been debated. This research has been described in a descriptive-analytical manner with the aim of expressing the theme, effects and pattern of women in the family. The results show that the women of the old creature are in constant conflict with themselves, seeking to discover their identity.

Myth, despite its antiquity, is a living and present phenomenon that observes human behavior and thoughts. Although all poets use myths in their poetry, only some of them, including Shafii Kodkani, have a mythological insight. He is not only familiar with the myths of Iran, Islam, mysticism and the world; Rather, he is also aware of its effectiveness in deepening the poem. In this article, some of the myths of the (2nd millennium mountain deer) have been introduced, as they give identity to humans. Shafi'i with the implicit acceptance of myths that are the cause of the formation of Iranian-Islamic identity. It has more emphasis on Iranian identity, which is a means of self-discovery and standing against Western civilization. The data of this research has been collected using the library method and described using the qualitative method. The purpose of the authors is to represent Shafi'i's way of mythologizing to give identity to humans. The results of the research show that Shafii helps the audience to get rid of identitylessness by using his mythological insight and his great knowledge of myths.

Identity is a psychological necessity for humans and a prerequisite for any social life. Without a framework to define identity, individuals would become indistinguishable from one another, and none could meaningfully connect with others. Trust in one's environment is a vital component of social life, forming the basis of relationships. In its absence, identity conflicts and differences in the behavior of men and women, particularly during the transition from tradition to modernity, emerge. Social trust thus plays a significant role in human interactions, ranging from the micro level (family) to the macro level (society). This article aims to analyze and sociologically explain the factors influencing identity conflict using Anthony Giddens' theory. It examines the characters in the novel End of the Day by Afghan author Mohammad Hossein Mohammadi through a descriptive-analytical method. Giddens argues that to understand identity conflicts, one must first grasp the concept of tradition and its influence on identity structures, followed by an analysis of identity in the modern world. Tradition serves as a pre-established framework for shaping individuals' identities, and each person experiences a phenomenon of rupture in their quest for a new identity in the modern world. For the new generation of Afghan women, despite the limitations of the traditional world, this conflict and rupture have caused identity distress. However, compared to men, these women actively pursue modernity, even as they contend with the conservative restraints imposed by traditional women.

Gender identity indicates the narrator's mental image of his "self", which includes femininity or masculinity. The main issue of this research has been the comparison of gender identity, in terms of poetic moods of Persian-speaking male and female poets, in order to extract the identity-gender stance of the narrator. To conduct this interdisciplinary and author-oriented research, a combined research method (descriptive-comparative-analytical-statistical) was used based on Sandra Bam's opinions. The statistical population of the research is authobiographies of 4 male poets (Sohrab, Akhwan, Shahryar, Emad Khorasani) and 4 female poets (Simin, Forough, Tahereh Safarzadeh and Sepideh Kashani). Conducting this research, the following results were obtained: in the field of vocabulary, adjectives such as: defending one's beliefs and aggressiveness as male characteristics and attributes such as: warmth and sensitivity to the needs of others, belief in superstitions, commitment to performing cultural rituals And being submissive appears as a strong female trait. Regarding grammatical construction, traits such as decisiveness in words, self-reliance, analytical power, and rationalism are the dominant characteristics of men, and in the case of women, characteristics such as lack of openness, politeness, simplicity, and interest in participation are reflected more. In all kinds of speech acts, characteristics such as: mental stability, power of expression and strictness in defending beliefs prevail for men, and features such as: hidden speech and sincere and emotional tone prevail for women.

Criticism of post-colonialism is a discourse consisting of ideas of people such as Fanon, Edward Said, etc., which can be placed under the context of fields such as art, literature and political science .In the field of literature, the post-colonial approach studies the literature of the colonial country and the works of immigrant writers of that country. This article examines the fictional works of "Mohammed Hossein Mohammadi", an Afghan writer, using a descriptive-analytical research method. In his works, he depicts the way and dominance of colonialism over culture and the extent of resistance of this culture against domination. The type of activism of this resistance is different between male and female gender. Although women are placed in a sexually inferior position, new identity structures based on the dialectic ruling the society cause them to be read differently than what considers them as objects in the patriarchal world. Studying literature with a post-colonial perspective is listening to the forgotten voices of people who have been under colonialism for years. This literature portrays the process through which the people of the colony have either associated themselves with the existing conditions and somehow experienced a melting phenomenon or have faced this attack.

The topic of this article is to investigate how the identity of children and adolescents is formed in the children's stories of "Mohammed Hossein Mohammadi" based on the views of "Eric Erickson" and "Anthony Giddens", which was investigated with the descriptive-analytical research method. Children, with the experience of poverty, institutionalized shame and hiding their feelings, will never achieve an organized set that can make a unit consisting of their personality and identity, which can be the origin of their crisis in the future.In this research,the stages of growth were studied in three stories and the following results were obtained: The first stage is the lack of basic trust in the child, the result of living in societies with defective infrastructures, behavioral challenges and identity crisis. The second stage is the child's lack of familiarity with himself in the form of his reflection in the game due to the absence of his father and mother's employment and economic problems. The third stage, modeling and striving towards libido to find the professional and sexual identity of teenagers in traditional societies, despite the limitations of the emergence of "multiple selves", is unable.

In Haras, written by Nasim Marashi, the place has an important role in making subjective conditions. This paper, by applying the semiotics analysis to the novel’s text, tries to show how place and placiality participate in forming the textual subject identity. By using a descriptive-analytical approach which is based on tensive-shushi discourse analysis, it seems that place and placiality are converted to space, which make tension in the sensory-perceptual conditions of the subject. This means that the subject of woman s is disconnected from her mythical and symbolic place (Khorramshahr), and is not, however, stabilized in her new place (Ahvaz). This leads to pre-tension, post-tension, place disconnection and identity disconnection. Thus, the subject cannot make a here-now relation with the new place, and make an attendance- absent relation instead. As the results, the subject of the act creates a transcendental place converting from place to space, naming Dar al-Tala'a, where wandering subjects consider it as a place to create new values. The research results show that place transcendence is a fictional stategy that help the subject of the act to overcome the identity disconnection, which is made by disconnecting any relation from the actual place.
In Haras, which is a written novel by Nasim Marashi, a number of subjective conditions have been illustrated in which the notion nof place has been given a dominant role with respect to their formation. The novel story concentrates on the life of a woman named Nawal and her family, who forced to move from Khorramshahr city to Ahvaz city due to war, but she cannot separate herself from the Khorramshahr life memories. The objective relationship between the female subject and the objective place of Khorramshahr, which has lost its placiality nature, is disconnected. Thus, she cannot establish a relationship with Ahvaz, her new objective place. These conditions cause the subject to experience a crisis in her personal life. Thus, in this novel, the place has become an important element in the formation and destruction of the textual subject identity.
Considering the Semiotics perspective, space and place are formed by the presence of the subject. In some cases, the space dominates the subject in such a way that the subject loses its control over the place. In some other cases, the subject dominates the space and applies its actions to the place. Due to the mutual influence between man and place, the place can have a discourse application. The place transforms raw nature into culture and is the product of cultural activity in space. In addition, the place can classify and give meaning to the empty space. The place formation, as a symbolic system which is in a two-way interaction with the formation of cultural subcodes, makes the place relations meaningful. In this paper, it will be shown that how the female subject in the novel "Prune (Haras)" establishes a discourse relationship with the place and can create a transcendental place despite the identity disconnection.
In this novel, the element of place has been given a conceptual function and the content of the text is written based on it. The place becomes especially important in this novel, because leaving the hometown is its main core and the human is encountered with movement and place change during travel. Human and place influence each other, which means the place is a factor in giving identity to human and the human also gives identity to the place. Every experience happens in a place and the place gives meaning to the related characters and actions. When external issues, such as natural disasters or war, cause a temporary or permanent place change, the sense of place becomes more apparent. Among the investigated places, Dar Al-Tala, which is the main place of the story, is transcend to such an extent that at the end of the story, the place object becomes the owner of the human subject and Nawal is introduced as "property of the palm trees". This is in exact contradiction with the normal situation in which palm trees belong to humans, and the humans own palms and objects.
In the provided research, a semiotic-based analysis has been applied to the notion of place and its discourse function in the novel based on the theoretical concepts. Transforming the place into the space leads to tension in the sensory-perceptual conditions of the subject, in such a way that the female subject is disconnected from her previous mythical and symbolic place (Khorramshahr) and is not however stabilized in the new place (Ahvaz). This leads to pre-tension, post-tension, place disconnection, and identity disconnection. Consequently, the subject could not establish a here-now relationship with the new place. Her relationship with the new place is an attendance- absent one. As a result, the subject of the act creates a transcendental place naming Dar al-Tala'a. Transcendental space provides such kind of presence in which imaginations and subjectivities lead subject towards what she desires. Nawal's presence in Dar al-Tala'a and her attachment and attention to the palm trees make them sprout and this place turns from a physical place into a transcendental place.

This research examines the role and methods of linguistic elements in the display of self-identity and self-demarcation with others in the poetry of Samih Al-Qassim in the book "Demi ala Kafi". "Demi ala Kefi" is a collection of Samih's steadfast poems in which he has tried to defend his homeland and countrymen through poetry; A homeland whose land is the ancestral heritage of a nation and has been occupied by foreigners due to the weakness or betrayal of the leaders of the time. In this work, the poet sees poetry as a weapon that should be used to defend the oppressed and fight against the oppressor. The upcoming research tries to analyze and examine the way of demarcation between self and other in this work by examining the literary and linguistic methods used in the poem. And to answer the question of how literary and linguistic elements have played a role in demarcating insider and outsider? And it comes to the conclusion that methods such as repetition and rotation of the pronoun have played an essential role in introducing the Palestinian identity and creating a boundary between oneself and the other.

In the current research, the issue of trauma in the novel Ulysses of Baghdad written by Éric-Emmanuel Schmitt and the Nocturnal harmony of the wood orchestra written by Reza Ghasemi have been investigated. In both novels, we see the migration of the main character of the story. The main character of the novel Ulysses from Baghdad (Saad) decides to migrate in order to escape from the civil war, and in the novel of the Nocturnal harmony, which depicts a surreal narrative of migration (Yadullah), we are looking for the reason for migration and the damages caused by it. Trauma or psychosis following a psychological injury that usually occurs to a person in childhood can have irreparable consequences that are very difficult and even impossible to treat. Migration, especially if it is unwanted, can cause a traumatic injury that sometimes causes multiple tears, feelings of depression, emptiness, loneliness and disorder. A person who experiences migration faces a new world in which many principles and boundaries will change. This comparative comparison shows that either voluntary or forced migration can have traumatic consequences and transform a person's identity. Also, a narrative of migration, whether real or surreal, leads to confusion in the writing and structure of the story, which themselves indicate a traumatic narrative.