واژه

Semantics is in the search of discovering and finding the meanings that exist in the speaker. To reach this meaning and concept, various layers are considered, among which words, sentences and linguistic context are of great importance. Molavi has reflected many meanings in Shams's poems. By using the capacities of semantics, these meanings can be extracted and the main methods of Molvi in explaining the meaning can be examined. This research has been written based on library sources and descriptive-analytical method. In order to present a more detailed analysis of Molvi's lyrical poetry, the theory of semantics has been used with an emphasis on Palmer's opinions. The results of the research show that the meaning in Shams's poetry in the field of sentence, the components of "rules of semantic composability; propositional logic; Analytical and composite reality" has been prominent in the poet's sonnets. It was also found that the reality from Molavi's point of view is of a mixed type and this seems obvious considering his approaches in his lyrical poems about the extreme praise of the beloved. From the point of view of the linguistic context, the category of co-occurrence of words has been more prominent than other components in the Ghazalyat of the study

Some evidence from Persian supports the existence of constituents that show properties of affixoids or what might be referred to as semi-affixes. These constitutes can stand independently but, in combination with certain nouns, show a rather notable distribution and, in that context, behave like a derivational affix. In such contexts, there is a semantic change in the derived form when an affixoid is added to a base. Regarding the frequency of affixoids in Persian, it is observed that their usage is also very frequent in sentences and phrases as independent words. There are several affixoids attested in Persian but only a few will be discussed here as representative examples. It can be argued that affixoids hold an independent status in linguistic literature as a semi-category. In this paper, some affixoids from Persian will be discussed as they might be prefixoids or suffixoids. All examples are from spoken and written Persian.

Undoubtedly, one of the most influential and prolific academic writers in recent decades in the field of Persian language and literature is Mohammad Reza Shafiei Kadkani. This author has a special style in writing his books that is somewhat different from contemporary writers. This difference, in addition to the attitude and thinking to the type of word combination and the way they use different types of words, both Persian and non-Persian, and the composition of these elements is also fully related. Parts of these vocabulary is the involved words or loan words. The main purpose of such research is to analyze the elements and components of a significant and effective authorial work and using this data to approach a corner of the dimensions and causes of its impact. This research uses statistical and quantitative research method to study two books: Poetry Music and Persian poetry Periods and its constituent elements, that`s mean, words, and to determine the nationality of words to a large extent. Also, different parts of these two books have been written at different times and places. This issue has significantly affected the findings. That is, different times and places have affected the type and even the number of loan terms used. Arabic loan words (first lank loan words) is divided into 4 categories: literary terms, sources, constraints and letters.

This paper aims to study the order of acquiring sense relations in 7 to 12- year- old Persian-speaking children based on the semantic approach and to compare it with the order of applying those relations through six elementary school grades course books Farsi (2018). The method of the research is descriptive-analytic and for collecting data fieldwork and the documentary resources have been applied; in a way that six multiple-choice tests were prepared and asked from 25 participants in each grade and each gender. Furthermore, for comparing each order with the order of applying them within the course books, all words with any sense relation were extracted and documented. Findings illustrate that children perceive the meaning of a word by perceiving its encyclopedic meaning and the context. They use their background knowledge to comprehend the sense relations among words. Moreover, there are major distinctions between the order of applying sense relations in the course books and the order of acquiring sense relations in children which can cause difficulties in comprehending the meaning of words and their sense relations.

Arsbaran )Qaradağ( region of East Azarbaijan province has many poets in whose poems prominent motifs and themes of Persian literature are repeated. In this article, by introducing the literature of this region and taking a general look at the place of poetry in it, the language of poetry of this region has been examined in the divan of six contemporary poets: : Salek Ahari Tabrizi, Morteza Mousavi, Hamed Ahari, Imamvirdi Samani and Ismail Soltani and Hossein Dosti. research method is library study and the writing of a descriptive and analytical article. Salek Ahri and Morteza Mousavi are among the poets of the Pahlavi period, and Hamed Ahri, Imamvirdi Samani and Ismail Soltani and Hossein Dosti are among the poets after the Islamic Revolution. The motifs of classical (lyrical and mystical) and contemporary literature (social criticism, homeland, Islamic revolution and The Sacred defense) can be seen in the poetry of this region, and the linguistic evolution of their poetry is related to the poetic motifs. The results of the linguistic analysis of their poetry show: the language of their poetry is influenced by the elements and special words of the lyrical, mystical, and epic motifs of classical literature, but Arabic words and Macaronic language by Turkish are less frequent. The form of their poetry is ghazal, ode, Rubaʿi and Two-Couplet, only Mousavi has a few poems in the form of new poetry. Influence of the language of classical poets can be seen in the poetry of this region, especially in Samani poetry. In classical mystical and lyrical motifs, there are many words of mysticism and Lyric. Lyrical words are found in the poetry of all of them, and mystical words are prominent in the poetry of Soltani, Salek Ahri, and Hamed Ahari. the motif of Homeland is found in epic language In Hossein Dosti's poem. In general, the language of their poetry is simple, but among the research poets, Ismail Soltani's poetry is difficult and the continuation of the complex poetry is a classic poem.

one of the stylistic attributes of constitutional period poetry is the use of European words (French, English, Russian) which were used by different factors in poets" poetry. and influenced the Persian language. In this article, with the aim of investigating the position, changes and evolutions of these words and their influence on the Persian language, the poems of the poets of the constitutional Current have been analyzed.

 The collection of article information was done in a library manner and it was written with a descriptive and analytical approach. The statistical population of the research includes the poems of ten prominent poets of the constitutional period, and European words have been examined in their poems from the point of view of word stylistics.

 In the course of constitutional poetry, approximately from 1285 to 1300 AD, European words have become a stylistic feature and can be seen in the Diwan of all poets. The Frequency of these words in special words related to the names of persons, places, Epithet and everyday terms(Idiom), words related to the field of politics, military and economic affairs, words related to the field of culture and social life. Poets used words in political, social, and lyrical content for various reasons, such as: creating a new theme, the necessity of using the word in the absence of a Persian equivalent, interest in using the word despite the existence of an equivalent word, artificiality and modernism. Compared to Persian equivalents, these words were used with translation at the same time as Persian equivalents, and in some cases, Persian or Arabic equivalents are more common. The evolution of these words after the constitutional period can be seen in three ways: 1- The words were removed from the Persian language with a change in theme and equivalence, 2- Some were used with a slight change. 3- Most of the words that were in the field of culture and social life of the people remained and are common today.
 

 European words are used in the fields of politics, military, society, culture, and economy for various reasons, modernism, the necessity of application, and beautification, in the poetry of constitutional poets. Their developments after the constitution are of three types: abandonment after the constitution, equalization with Persian words and stabilization in the Persian structure.

Clitics in Kondazini DialectAbstractThe article aims to determine and investigate the clitics of Kondazini dialect. Kondazi is a mountainous village in the subdistrict of Abarj in the western north of Marvdasht city. Kondazi dialect is actually a survived dialect of Sassanid Pahlavi/ Middle Persian and belongs to the southwestern branch of New Iranian Languages. There are some similarities between Kondazi dialect and Emamzadeh-esmaeili, Dashtaki, Khollari, Qalati, Ardakani, Davani, Dashti and the dialects of Larestani language, Kohmare regions and some other dialects which have ergative structure. This study was done through a descriptive analytic method based on a corpus of data of various sentences and a pattern of Shghaghi (1995) adopted from Zwicky and Pullum (1983). According to the pattern, first seven tests have been applied to examine and classify the dependent morphemes which have been used in Kondazini dialect. The data was collected by recording the free speech, conversations, interviews and asking sentences in different tenses and structures from 16 males and 4 females of elders, middle aged illiterate and literate of native speakers. The results of this research show that the clitics of Kondazini dialect include: pronominal clitics, enclitic verbs, object marker =o, complement marker =e, conjunction =o, contracted form of adverb =am (also/too), definite marker =o, indefinite marker =i, Ezafe marker =e and emphasis marker =â. The conclusions of this research can shed light on Iranian studies, typology of Iranian languages and ethnology.

This study wants to present a new approach to clausal constituent ordering of Persian. Functional Discourse Grammar as the latest Functional Grammar (2008) is selected as the framework, for this sake. Unlike Greenberg’s typological view (1963), FDG has a dynamic approach for constituent ordering. In this way, there is not any fixed position in clause for language elements already determined; instead, element’s position is determined by its original layer, pragmatic and semantic functions and its superordinated elements in the hierarchy of Interpersonal and Representational levels. Furthermore, FDG rules in this respect are proper for the ordering of phrase and word elements too. However, this study aims to focus only on clausal constituent ordering of Persian. FDG considers four Absolute positions (PI,P2,PM,PF) and unlimited number of Relative position for clausal elements. In its top-down fashion, whenever one of these four Absolute positions are occupied by an element, its Relative ones will be available. In this case there will be 14 logically possible word order correspondences to any of Greenberg’s word order patterns. In other word, FDG introduces 84 word order patterns for Greenberg’s six word order SOV, SVO, OVS, OSV, VOS, and VSO. The results of study show that FDG’s proposals for word order can be applied on Persian as a fairly free ordered language. Furthermore, it is possible to justify Persian scrambling (as the pragmatic intention of speaker) in a based-generated way because FDG does not consider movement. For this sake, Persian short-distance leftward scrambling as a frequent phenomenon is investigated on the basis of pragmatic (not syntactic) considerations in the last part of study.

To learn a language, it is important to master the four basic language skills. The basis of these skills is teaching and learning vocabulary; since vocabularies are the most important part of language learning. What is very important in today's world is transferring the meaning, which requires the use of lexical knowledge. One of the reasons for lexical teaching is the conceptual expansion of the vocabulary as well as the globalization and expansion of global communication. In the training courses, attempt is made to design the vocabulary section efficiently and includes the assessment of learners' lexical knowledge. In vocabulary teaching, the choice of vocabulary to be taught, the way they are taught, the evaluation of vocabulary knowledge, and the process of development of vocabulary learning are important. The development of language skills is assessed based on test results. Accurate vocabulary assessment reveals the strengths and weaknesses of language skills training and the level of readiness of language learners for further training. In this article, the importance of vocabulary teaching for language skills is shown through conducting library research and case study based on work experience in teaching Persian to non-Persian learners. Also, the importance of evaluating and measuring the learning rate of language learners, as an indicator of the success or failure of the educational plan, is discussed. It can be concluded that one of the most important areas of education is vocabulary training and vocabulary development, which should be achieved through using all four language skills.

Velimir Khlebnikov is one of the leading Russian poets and one of the founders of the school of Futurism in Russia. In Iran, he is better known as a poet and his linguistic research has not received much attention. Khlebnikov revised the symbolic poetic system. If in the tradition of Symbolism, words were thought of as symbols and appeared in poetry with poetic language and their hidden meaning was valuable, in Khlebnikov's poetic system, words with their phonetic construction had an intrinsic meaning and poetic value, and thus he paid attention to the past of the language and changed the previous common perceptions about the language. The present study is conducted in a descriptive-analytical manner, with the aim of opening up a glimpse into the achievements of Russian Futurists, and seeks to answer the question of what Khlebnikov's linguistic explorations were, as one of the most prominent figures of Russian Futurism, and what outcomes his explorations had for Rusian language. Examining the poet's linguistic theories, it was concluded that his linguistic research had led to the expansion of the vocabulary system in Russian and the creation of a universal language called "zaum / meta-meaning", a language in which sound itself produces meaning. It was also concluded that without Khlebnikov's linguistic research, formalist theories would not have been able to emerge. According to this poet, consonants in words are more important than vowels; Especially the first consonant that guides the meaning of the whole word. According to Khlebnikov, words that begin with a similar consonant carry the same meaning.

Language learning, in addition to the four skills of reading, writing, speaking, and listening, has two essential components: grammar and vocabulary. Given the short duration of language teaching to learners, they must choose the right content. Choosing the right words is one of the essential parts of preparing textbooks. One of the criteria for selecting appropriate words for teaching is choosing from the most widely used words in the language. In this way, the learner learns the most important words of the language faster and can approach their goal of communicating with the target community sooner. In the present study, we tried to assess the degree of adaptation of selected words in Persian textbooks to non-Persian languages to teach practical and basic Persian words. For this purpose, we compare the educational words of the four educational books First step, Mina, Vocabulary in Use, and Persian language at the elementary level with the high-frequency words of the Hamshahri, Frequency Dictionary, A Frequency Dictionary of Persian, and Advanced Learner's Persian Dictionary which are based on corpus study. It was found that the adaptation of the educational words of these books with the frequently used Persian words is between 5 to 26%, which is a small amount in total, and there is a need to modify the word teaching in these books and also review the list of frequently used Persian words.

Colloquialism is one of the manifestations of the language system. Some of mystics' audiences were the common people. Mowlana, as a greatest mystic poet of Iran, has widely used colloquial language elements in Masnavi to convey high moral and mystical concepts. The purpose of this research is extraction and analysis of colloquial language elements in books1-3 of Masnavi.

Leading research is a theoretical study conducted in the style of library research. The population was the first to third books of Masnavi.

Among phonological processes, elimination and mutation had the highest frequency. Nouns including onomatopoeia and nouns related to local accents form the main part of the noun category. In the verb section prefixed verbs, compound verbs and verb phrase which were generally ironical, had the highest frequency. In addition, the main part of the colloquial adjectives is curses, ironical expressions and adjectives belonging to local accents. The clauses especially interjections had also constituted a relatively significant number of the colloquial vocabulary in Masnavi. Adverbs were less common and prepositions, conjunctions, and pronouns have only minor occurrence. There was also a high frequency of proverbs as a symbol of colloquial sentences. In stories based on the charactersthe frequency of colloquialism elements usage is high.

Mowlana has used colloquial language elements at three levels of phonological processes, vocabulary, and sentences. He has brought his language closer to the language of the common people in order to arouse the desire of the audience and guide him towards a better understanding of the complex concepts of Masnavi.

From past decades, the study of “clitic”, as a dependent and intermediate element that simultaneously represents some shared properties of the two morpheme types - “free word” and “affix”, has been the center of attention for different linguistic approaches as well as the investigation issue for scholars from different linguistic fields. Among them, by focusing on distinctive features as well as discovering and proposing universal parameters for clitics, language typologists have also played a crucial role in identifying, analyzing and explaining their typological behavior and, as a result, have paved very effective steps in developing the studies for this challenging linguistic unit. Considering the determinant position and the undeniable importance of analyzing under-studied linguistic variants in typological surveys, the present study tries to evaluate and analyze the North and South Bashāgardi pronominal clitics based on Aikhenvald’s (2003) typological model and universal parameters, and hence, to achieve a theoretical explanation for their typological nature, characteristics, tendencies and behavior. To this end, the research intended linguistic corpus was collected in a natural environment of language use by fieldwork method and via questionnaires, translating selected structures and sentences, and recording the free speech of eight (five men and three women) native, middle-plus aged, illiterate, and permanent resident informants, and then was transcribed and analyzed. According to the authors’ initial hypothesis, the nature, tendencies, and behavior of the investigated elements in Bashāgardi are compatible with Aikhenvald (2003)’s proposed universals for clitics. In like manner, the research findings overtly show that the clitics’ universal properties and typological behaviors and tendencies, such as freedom in host selection, non-correlation with phonological words, correlation with syntactic words, appearance after all affix types, and having phonological coherence, idiosyncratic phonotactics, segmental structure, syntactic order, syntactic domain and syntactic rules are implemented in Bashāgardi clitics along with possible theoretical explanations for those properties and tendencies. As a result, the typological parameters of the documented research model maximally approve the authors’ hypothesis and hence, the clitichood of all the studied elements.

Based on Foucault's discourse analysis approach, this study examines participants' discourse perceptions of historical-political words and tries to find the answer to the question of how different historical-discourse formulations and their changing nature is expressed in words as a referent of discourse truth (constructed discourse) and reproduced and  recalled by words. In other words, how is the "word" itself a discourse that can be analyzed? This research was conducted in two stages and two questionnaires with 110 and 135 participants. The method of this research is qualitative-quantitative and based on description and analysis. The second questionnaire in 5 groups of questions evaluates the connection of the word with historical periods and discourses, the difference between the discourse of the word in each period, and the individual discourse of the participants. The data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively in the form of statistics and graphs. Quantitative analysis of data from 21 items by SPSS software confirmed a significant relationship between "words" and "historical periods and discourses". The results showed that some words, such as historical-political words, are to some extent formed in discourse and are tied to specific historical discourses. And reciprocally,  independently and disregarding any background and verbal context, they can represent and induce that discourse and reconstruct the components related to that discourse in the mind of the addressee. Thus, although the words have their own lexical meaning in the language, according to different contexts, conditions of occurrence, different minds, and finally different discourses, they show different perceptions, influences, and relative meanings and carry different discourses, and the concept  they have in the mind is a historical  one that has been formed in history. This study concludes that words reflect the reorientation of the discourse formulations and articulations of history and they alone can be studied in discourse analysis and ethnology.

Ritual poetry is one of the most common types of poetry in the period of Sacred Defense. Committed poets of this period have described the religious events and praise of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) in various forms. By examining the stylistic features of these poems in three levels of language (musical, lexical), literary and intellectual, it can be seen that which of the epic, emotional, and mystical readings did the poets of the period choose in describing religious events?This study was conducted using library tools and content analysis. First, the prominent ritual poets of Sacred Defense were identified. Then, the stylistic characteristics of their poetry was extracted. Finally, these characteristics were analyzed.Examining the linguistic features of the ritual poems of this period, it can be said that many of these poems were composed in special meters. Poets have also used the repetition of harsh, abrasive and obstructive phonemes to increase the strength of the tone. The use of ancient and war-related words has also added to the epic connotation of the word. In the field of literature, poets have also made use of figures of speech, such as compound simile, metaphorical addition and recognition, which has caused the dynamism of poetry and eloquence. In the intellectual field, we also see a proud and epic look at the concept of Ashura and waiting. Thus, it can be seen that many ritual poems in the period of sacred defense have an epic tone and style. This issue shows the influence of Sacred Defense on the thoughts and words of the poets of this period.This research leads to more attention to religious poems in contemporary poetry, and emphasizes the two-way relationship between the conditions of society and the literary atmosphere of the country.

The present article identified the morphological characteristics of the Arabic noun as a feature preventing various interpretations of literary texts. Arabic nouns enjoy intrinsic features such as masculinity and femininity, solidness or derivativeness, morphological weight, duality, plurality, precise pronouns, relativity, demonstratives, etc., which determine and give rise to special associations in the mind of the audience. Although the precision of Arabic morphology in scientific and philosophical prose is a privilege with the help of which scholars can clearly express their intentions, it seems to be a defect in literary texts that reduces the multifariousness and artistic delicacy of the works. The absence of some of these features in the morphology of Persian nouns contributes to the ambiguity and literariness of the poem. In Hafez’s Diwān, there are seven bilingual lyrics (Molamma’āt) that allow such a comparison. The presence of some Persian and Arabic stanzas in a ghazal lyric of Hafez clearly shows the difference between the morphological possibilities in Persian and Arabic. In general, the absence or existence of such features in Persian words brings with it a wider audience and expands the range of different interpretations of a poetic work.

The choice of words and the representation of their structure and function are of great significance in linguistics. Based on the two principles of selection and collocation, each word finds unique linguistic-semantic features and conceptual-cognitive actions; and readers can understand both the text and the writer via their knowledge of the words. This study analyzes linguistic-semantic features and conceptual-cognitive actions of the words employed in Qeysar Aminpour’s poetry and views them as a personal representation of the poet based on Daniel Nettle’s table of five personality patterns. The results of the study show that Qeysar’s personality is multifaceted. In his Breathing the Morning, he is an extrovert due to such features as passion, excitement, and sociability. In Sudden Mirrors, he becomes prudent because of his perfectionism, mental organization, goal-orientedness, and social interactions. In Flowers Are All Sunflowers, he turns into an open-minded figure following his imagination, creativity, belief in the supernatural, and mystical and artistic tendencies. And in The Grammar of Love, traits like aversion to social pains, kindness and lovingness, and attraction to morality makes him introvert and compliant.