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Some evidence from Persian supports the existence of constituents that show properties of affixoids or what might be referred to as semi-affixes. These constitutes can stand independently but, in combination with certain nouns, show a rather notable distribution and, in that context, behave like a derivational affix. In such contexts, there is a semantic change in the derived form when an affixoid is added to a base. Regarding the frequency of affixoids in Persian, it is observed that their usage is also very frequent in sentences and phrases as independent words. There are several affixoids attested in Persian but only a few will be discussed here as representative examples. It can be argued that affixoids hold an independent status in linguistic literature as a semi-category. In this paper, some affixoids from Persian will be discussed as they might be prefixoids or suffixoids. All examples are from spoken and written Persian.

Clitics in Kondazini DialectAbstractThe article aims to determine and investigate the clitics of Kondazini dialect. Kondazi is a mountainous village in the subdistrict of Abarj in the western north of Marvdasht city. Kondazi dialect is actually a survived dialect of Sassanid Pahlavi/ Middle Persian and belongs to the southwestern branch of New Iranian Languages. There are some similarities between Kondazi dialect and Emamzadeh-esmaeili, Dashtaki, Khollari, Qalati, Ardakani, Davani, Dashti and the dialects of Larestani language, Kohmare regions and some other dialects which have ergative structure. This study was done through a descriptive analytic method based on a corpus of data of various sentences and a pattern of Shghaghi (1995) adopted from Zwicky and Pullum (1983). According to the pattern, first seven tests have been applied to examine and classify the dependent morphemes which have been used in Kondazini dialect. The data was collected by recording the free speech, conversations, interviews and asking sentences in different tenses and structures from 16 males and 4 females of elders, middle aged illiterate and literate of native speakers. The results of this research show that the clitics of Kondazini dialect include: pronominal clitics, enclitic verbs, object marker =o, complement marker =e, conjunction =o, contracted form of adverb =am (also/too), definite marker =o, indefinite marker =i, Ezafe marker =e and emphasis marker =â. The conclusions of this research can shed light on Iranian studies, typology of Iranian languages and ethnology.

The present research has investigated the production of derivational affixes in the Surani Kurdish language, based on the corpus of “Kurdpress”. In morphology, the productivity of a suffix was expressed as the number of new words created by that suffix. In this way, the present research has investigated the frequency of the derivational affixes of the Kurdish language in the final position of the word, based on a corpus approach. In the first step of this research, a list of Kurdish suffixes was identified. Then, by using web crawling programming in Python language, the required data was prepared from the Kurdpress news network. The measuring criterion used for the productivity of each of these suffixes is based on the criterion of the p value. Finally, it was determined that the words “چی، دان، ین، زن، یلانە” were among the most productive suffixes in the Kurdish language with a productivity rate of more than 50%. Among the other things discussed in this study is the difference between the concept of productivity and the importance that an affix assigns to itself. The importance of an affix is known in the number of words that are used in the vocabulary list of the language.

From past decades, the study of “clitic”, as a dependent and intermediate element that simultaneously represents some shared properties of the two morpheme types - “free word” and “affix”, has been the center of attention for different linguistic approaches as well as the investigation issue for scholars from different linguistic fields. Among them, by focusing on distinctive features as well as discovering and proposing universal parameters for clitics, language typologists have also played a crucial role in identifying, analyzing and explaining their typological behavior and, as a result, have paved very effective steps in developing the studies for this challenging linguistic unit. Considering the determinant position and the undeniable importance of analyzing under-studied linguistic variants in typological surveys, the present study tries to evaluate and analyze the North and South Bashāgardi pronominal clitics based on Aikhenvald’s (2003) typological model and universal parameters, and hence, to achieve a theoretical explanation for their typological nature, characteristics, tendencies and behavior. To this end, the research intended linguistic corpus was collected in a natural environment of language use by fieldwork method and via questionnaires, translating selected structures and sentences, and recording the free speech of eight (five men and three women) native, middle-plus aged, illiterate, and permanent resident informants, and then was transcribed and analyzed. According to the authors’ initial hypothesis, the nature, tendencies, and behavior of the investigated elements in Bashāgardi are compatible with Aikhenvald (2003)’s proposed universals for clitics. In like manner, the research findings overtly show that the clitics’ universal properties and typological behaviors and tendencies, such as freedom in host selection, non-correlation with phonological words, correlation with syntactic words, appearance after all affix types, and having phonological coherence, idiosyncratic phonotactics, segmental structure, syntactic order, syntactic domain and syntactic rules are implemented in Bashāgardi clitics along with possible theoretical explanations for those properties and tendencies. As a result, the typological parameters of the documented research model maximally approve the authors’ hypothesis and hence, the clitichood of all the studied elements.

“Vand” and “Âvand” are two of the main suffixes and dependent morphemes in Persian language which have appeared in the form of “vant” and “âvant” in Avestan. These two suffixes are used in different meaning functions which have transformed through the time. The main purpose of the study is to investigate the derivational form of language. It is considered through historical reasoning and documentations. The original forms of the words which are made from these two suffixes can be found in the names and adjectives of “Pahlavi” and “Avestan”, especially in the regions of Iranian civilization. Although these aren’t enough documentations in order to consider their assessment and functions. The changes which were made in the meaning function and combinational structure of these suffixes are dependent on innate language system and also are affected from historical evolutions. The time of the evolution can be randomly followed from the ancient and Pahlavi languages to the current Persian. The usage of these suffixes was gradually reduced in the middle of Islamic centuries. Their use is basically limited to spoken language and tribes, especially “Lor” ,  “Bakhtiari” and “Lak”.  “Kourd”, “Gil” and “Deylam” families have partly used the suffixes too.

One of the most important aspects of word-formation is considered as productivity which is a continuum concept in morphology (Bauer, 1996, and Baayen, 2009). Booij (2007) says that the frequent process in word formation is derivation. To the best of the researchers’ knowledge, only a partial number of Persian derivational affixes have been investigated in previous studies so far. In this regard, the following corpus-based study is done to discuss more affixes of Persian language and to reach more comprehensive results. The current study tries to answer the following two questions: 1. What are the most and the least frequent affixes in Persian language? 2. Is there any relation between productivity and word meaning prediction? To fulfill the aims of the research, 166 affixes, consisting of 28 prefixes, 72 postfixes and 66 affixoids were collected by a python code which searches through the Monitor corpus. In this study, Baayen measurement (P*) was used to measure the productivity. Results of the study showed that the theory of Bauer (2004) about productivity and predictability of words is true in most cases but with few exceptions.

In language teaching, vocabulary and its development play an important role in learning. One way to increase vocabulary is to build words in the same family. Persian words appear in a new structure due to the combination with "vands". Sometimes these words create new words, and sometimes only the semantic scope increases and decreases, without a new word being introduced. Words are very diverse and have different meanings. One of the dominant semantic relationships between words is the "family relationship". Grammar books pay less attention to which categories of words can form words in a family. Some have mistakenly introduced all words as family members, which of course is not the case. To get to this point, a general understanding of Wends must be provided. This is important because some words are "descriptive" and do not create new words, but only prepare the word to take on a new role in the sentence. These words can in no way form a family of words. Others, known as derivative verbs, fall into the category of homogenous verbs. Due to the importance of this issue in language teaching, in this article, by examining the structure of words, the types of homonymous verbs and their semantic application are expressed.

Clitics are medial linguistic units that have some characteristics of both affixes and words. The present research has been done to investigate clitics in Kalhori Kurdish of Ilam dialect. This investigation was done through a descriptive-analytic method whose data has been collected by referring to numerous resources of Kalhori Kurdish of Ilam and the linguistic intuition of the authors of this research. The patterns used to identify these clitics in this article are those criteria applied by Shaqaqi (1374) adopted from Zwicky and Pullum (1983) to investigate and classify the morphemes of the Persian Language. The results of this research show that the clitics of Kurdish dialect include: enclitic personal pronouns, object marker, linking verbs, marker of indefinite nouns, and the marker of past perfect tense and passive marker. Of these clitics, pronoun clitics (personal pronouns) have an agreement rule. This article shows also that the model of Zwicky and Pullum (1983) can be used as an appropriate scientific tool to identify and study Kurdish language clitics. The new achievement of this research is identifying "ɥ" clitic as the marker of the auxiliary verb in the past perfect tense and the existence of "ja" clitic for the passive verb.

This paper will examine the clitics in Tati. The main objective is to know what classes ‎of ‎clitics are in this type of language; where they are attested. Their similarities to affixes ‎and ‎words are the main motivation make authors study them. The data collection is ‎based on the ‎native speakers' utterences. The clitic types in Tati are plural and ‎definiteness marker for ‎human, Ergative pronouns, enclitics, adjective and indefiniteness ‎markers, focused marker on ‎verbs, enclitic adverb, personal pronoun and case markers. ‎In this language, enclitic complex ‎predicates are the contexts on which the enclitic ‎pronouns can be used.‎‏ ‏The general properties of clitics such as host, role, stress are ‎important. On the contrary of ‎Persian, the endings of the verbs are considered as clitics. ‎The combination of some clitics is ‎possible in this language. The doubling of clitics have ‎not been allowed in Tati as well. ‎

This paper attempts to investigate the Persian morphological system in the framework of Lexical Morphology Model (Kiparsky, 1982). The main goal of this research is to study the efficacy of the model in analyzing the Persian data. Having introduced the Lexical Morphology, some data which are counterexamples to the model at first sight, will be discussed. It will be shown that on the basis of different syntactic, semantic and cognitive criteria there is some kind of conformity between the data and the Lexical Morphology Model; although it is asserted that the efficacy of the model to analyze the English data (the language on which the model is designed) is more than its efficacy in Persian. In addition, the author suggests that in order to cope with some inadequacy that Kiparsky’s model encounters to analyze idioms (listed syntactic objects) the model should be revised by a loop connecting the syntax level to lexicon. Therefore, idioms are firstly formed in syntax, after lexicalization they will return to syntax. It seems that this loop makes the model much more efficient.

This article deals with the question of the origin of the meaning of agent in the Persian derived words. For this purpose، first، the three major approaches to this question are introduced and assessed. The analysis of data from Persian exhibits that in spite of the three approaches، the agent meaning cannot be considered to have been taken from the theta role of the external argument of the base. Having this point in mind، two other possible origins are then proposed for this concept in derivational words: the meaning of the affix independent of the argument structure of the base، and the morphological structure of the derivational words examined. Finally، presenting evidence of derivation and compounding in Persian، the meaning of the affix itself is introduced as the origin of the meaning of agent in this group of words.

In linguistics morphology، clitics are considered as a set of special units which cannot be categorized under free or bound morphemes، and therefore، seriously question the traditional view of dividing morphemes into the two groups of free and bound morphemes. Clitics represent some characteristics of words and simultaneously، possess some important properties of the bound morphemes as well. The study of clitics covers a wide domain including morphology and syntax. The present study aims to investigate the morphological structure of clitics in Persian based on a set of universal parameters. In doing so، the typological models of Aikhenvald (2003)، Bickel and Nichols (2007)، and Klavans (1985) were used. The results of the present study show that the proposed model of Aikhenvald was proved to be a scientific instrument for distinguishing Persian clitics from non-clitic units.

This paper presents a descriptive account of ergativity in the Dashti dialect of Buhsher. To illustrate ergativity in Dashti، the behavior of intransitive subject، transitive subject and direct object are analyzed with respect to their ability to induce agreement on the verb. The similar behavior of transitive and intransitive subjects، as opposed to the direct objects، points to the nominative-accusative alignment in the present tense in Dashti. However، the similar behavior of the intransitive subject and direct object، in contrast to the transitive subject، portrays split ergativity in the past tense clauses in Dashti. It will also be shown that ergativity in Dashti is of the morphological type without deeper consequences for the syntax. The distinct distribution of affixes and clitics، on which much of cross-reference in Dashti is based، will be discussed as well.

Hbsyh, any In this article we examined the adjective maker suffixes in Faramarz Nameh, that is a very old epic texts. Therefore we see, that these adjective makers have divided into two single meaning and multiple meaning groups. In multiple meaning suffixes, we have explained any concept that any suffix has been refer to it.  Some of the suffixes after combine with a noun or adverb or infinitive will make any adjective by some changes in vocabulary grammar. Sometimes also, the suffixes will be combined by adjective and without any change in grammar group, changes it into compound adjective. Persian language suffixes are numerous and expanded. In this little time of this article, we have only examined the adjective maker suffixes by limited witnesses from Faramarz Nameh distiches. It also has been examined the abundances frequency of them.

Negative and vague pronouns could be distinguished in Russian and Persian languages according to their sentence making features, definition and grammatical usage. It has always been an obstacle for Russian learners and translators to deal with these pronouns even after their graduation from higher education and they are usually confused and unsure about their usage or translation.The article tries to point this issue and clarify the ambiguity with explaining the definition and usage differences of negative and vague pronouns in both Persian and Russian languages by investigating the structural distinction in terms of language characteristics and grammatical role.Further, the research, while inspecting the Persian language resources, found out that Persian linguists sometimes had a weak performance in understanding and explaining the negative and vague pronouns for instance, they did not put negative and vague pronouns in an independent category either, which in turn causes a problem for those who are learning Russian as a second language.Comparing the plentifulness of sentence making adjuncts of vague pronouns, which limits the definition and usage, in Russian language with a few similar elements in Persian language, and some differences in the grammatical structures of negative sentences in both languages, the article derives the reasons of significant difficulties in realization and usage of these pronouns in Russian language. The main aim is to decrease the complication of teaching, using and translating such pronouns by indicating the similarities and differences.