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Humor in Gogol's fantasies is not only social criticism, but the author tries to instill a kind of fear and sometimes anger and surprise in the reader with special measures. This article tries to deal with Gogol's ways or Styles to achieve this characteristic in two works, Nose and Overcoat, with a descriptive-analytical approach and with reference method, and to show that Gogol used excessiveness and exaggeration in Reality and turning to fantasy has taken it to other dimensions like grotesque. He has turned to the grotesque both in the elements of the story, in the method of its execution, and in the content. In the structure section, it has been achieved with the help of suspense, characterization, and exaggerated and rumored beginnings and endings, and in the performance method, it has chosen fantasy and postmodern approaches rather than humanizing objects and body parts. to give them an exaggerated personality and by creating an illusion in the audience, create a platform to turn to an open ending and as a result create an eerie uncertainty for the reader. It breaks the border between reality and fantasy in the audience's mind, and finally, with uncertainty, fear and anger prevail over humor. In fact, by changing the real and real texture to fantasy and also turning to scary content, in addition to a funny and surprising and unconventional act, the author has thrown a scary background in the heart of a person's awake conscience to complete his set of Grotesque Styles or ways

Postmodern is translated as modernism. Some Iranian writers have created their works according to the political, social and cultural situation of the country and by being in the intellectual current of this school or under the influence of the special post-modern language and structure. Ahmad Mahmoud (1381-1310) including the story Navesan - South school - which is on the historical and political path - the nationalization of the oil industry - this literary and philosophical school. Based on this, in the following article, we will try to examine the background of this school by examining postmodern concepts and components, including (denial of totality and comprehensiveness, denial of the integrated identity of the individual and society, declaration of the end of acceptance and invalidity of ideology, denial of truth stable and objective, etc.) in the story of the neighbors, Ahmed Mahmoud as one of the representatives of the southern school, should be examined and analyzed. As a result, the native and climatic identity and the centrality of social issues actually form the triangle of Tawfiq in the fictional literature of Ahmad Mahmoud. The author of this article has tried to explain the use of postmodern concepts and elements by this writer of climate stories by examining and analyzing the story of neighbors.

Intertextuality is an important term in contemporary literary theories that refers to the relationships between texts; According to this theory, literary texts are not formed in isolation and they cannot be read and interpreted without communicating with each other. After the Islamic revolution and especially in the last two decades, we see the use of intertextual relationships in the works of many contemporary authors.
Intertextuality in postmodern era has an inseparable link with other features of these texts, such as temporal discontinuity, non-linear narration, vicious circle, etc. In this article, by using the descriptive-analytical method and using the theory of intertextuality, the effectiveness of the narrative of the Well of Babylon from the myth of Harut and Marut has been investigated and analyzed. The results of this study show that the characters, actions and events of the story of the Well of Babylon have many similarities with the mythological narrative of Harut and Marut, both in form and content, and the use of mythological elements such as motifs, characters and symbols has turned the Well of Babylon into a mythological narrative. In this story, the fluidity of the narrator's mind in mythological intertexts has created a postmodern narrative of the world that is full of suffering and torment that characters has endured. This article has analyzed the novel of Well of Babel with the aim of representing the role of intertexts in the narrative of the postmodern novel and its relationship with other features of this type of texts.

Postmodern poetry or lyric is one of the contemporary poetic styles in which the poet uses various literary and rhetorical techniques to express his meanings poetically. It abounds in contradictions, and the audience faces multiple meanings and wanders in a world of contrasts. Since contrasts form the basis of the human mental structure, examining them can help to better understand literary works. The study of contrasts and their deconstruction is somehow related to the postmodern style of poetry and sonnet. In other words, contrasts introduce different meanings in the poem. The present descriptive-analytical research seeks to find out what tricks these contrasts play in sonnets and how they lead to semantic and, consequently, the uncertainty of meaning. It is concluded that contradiction, ambiguity and humor are among the consequential functions of contrast. Also, all of these cases alone or when overlapped push Hafez's sonnets close to postmodernism.

Postmodernism is a combination of modernism and mythology and is a return to pre-modernism. Moniro Ravanipour is one of the writers who turned to the style of postmodernism and used the elements of this school in some of his works. The purpose of this research is to know the characteristics of this school in the works of this author.

In this research, based on post-modern characteristics and descriptive-analytical method, the works of Moniro Ravanipour were investigated.

In these works, with the use of elements such as: the involvement of the narrator in the story, criticism of the story in the story itself, changing the direction of the story, using fantasy characters, changing the roles of characters, uncertainty, symbolism and intertextuality, the postmodern style emerged as metafiction. By creating postmodern works, the author tried to convey his point of view to the audience in an indirect way.

Postmodernism has become a platform for the expression of the author's opinions in the form of novels and stories and has provided the possibility to create different voices in the story.

One of the most important issues in human life today and consequently one of the most important features of postmodernism is uncertainty. The influence of this principle in the field of literature and the influence of the novel on it has made modern and postmodern novels more attractive for the reader and the reader more involved in reading the novel. The novel "Dilmzad" by Mohammad Roodgar is one of the selected novels of the Holy Defense in which various factors have been used to create doubt and uncertainty and the construction of its main theme is uncertainty. In the present article, different manifestations of uncertainty in the novel "Dilmzad" have been studied by descriptive-analytical method and through this, the author's preparations to create uncertainty and place the reader on the border of belief and disbelief have been analyzed. Findings of the research indicate that in this novel, uncertainty is expressed in the linguistic levels, narrative, characterization, perspective and time and place of the story, and among these, in the linguistic level of the novel has a special prominence. The author has also added to the skepticism and uncertainty of the story by narrating reality and mixing fantasy and reality with disregard for the cause-and-effect relationship in the story.

Geocriticism with a focus on the subject of place is one of the fundamental concepts in literature, the study of place in literary works became more important, especially in the postmodern era because not only literature plays an important role in the representation of space, but also the presence of geography has expanded in approaches such as thematic and postcolonial criticism. In geocriticism, the relation between imagination and reality is considered, it is the author's experience which means this linked to the category of place, so the author's view of a particular place is considered. In other words, It is not the description of the real places that matters, but it's the author's imagination that makes up the geography of the work. This approach is also related to thematic criticism. The theme of time and space shifts has been particularly popular in the literature for ages, with characters searching for their lost identities, so they begin the journey to know themselves by shifting in space as well as time. Reza.Ghasemi, who is one of the contemporary Iranian writers living in France, deals with this issue in the novel The Nocturnal Harmony of Wood Orchestra. In the present article, with the descriptive-analytical processing, the story is analyzed  relying on the opinions of Bertran Westphal, in the scope of geographical criticism. In this novel, a vivid and dynamic image of the city of Paris and Tehran is displayed for the active audience; because the place and time shift in this story is not linear and the author does this with his own logic and without confusion; but it is necessary for the reader to sort out this confusing tangle in order to reach the world represented by the narrator.

AbstractThe recitation of ancient poems in contemporary Persian novels has a different function according to the style of the story and the school of the author; As in postmodern Persian novels, ancient Persian poems have been used to create incoherence, timeliness and change in historical characters. According to this point, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the function and role of the reflection of ancient poems in the novel "The Man of Always Anxiety" by Mohammad Ayoubi by documentary method. The results of the research show that Ayoubi, using this technique in the novel, has created polyphony and by using certain poems from Shahnameh, he has portrayed a helpless and hopeless character of Ferdowsi. Also, the martyrdom of characters such as Bijan to the poetry of Manouchehri and Ferdowsi to the poetry of Hafez and Saadi, has led to a kind of aphorism in the story and the narrative aspect of the novel has been highlighted. Ayoubi has also highlighted issues less important than her life in literary history by selecting marginal poems about Ferdowsi's life.

Postmodernism is a combination of different theories and the product of many ideas, so there is disagreement about its features and components . Components such as: collage, minimalism, fluid flow of the mind, uncertainty, open ending are examples of very modern indicators in fictional texts. Features that can be seen in many stories today. Of course, some components of postmodernism have in common with modernism, so a group of experts describe these two currents along. In the works of authors, there is usually a tendency for both approaches together. The question is which components of the flow in the story are great. This is the case with Belqis Soleimani. In this study, we wanted to find and examine the components of postmodernism, to answer the main question whether Soleimani is a modern pat writer? And if so, what components and with what quality and method has been used in his works? . “ The result of the research indicates that the ending of the game of minimalism, collage and fluid flow of the mind is one of the most significant postmodern components in the stories of Belqis Soleimani, which is accompanied by uncertainty. Bourgeoisie, repetition, humor, transcendence and transcendence have brought the beginning and the end in the province with the addiction to urban life and the inevitable use of technology in the works of Belqis Soleimani to the postmodern current.

Ontology is one of the important metaphysical topics that by giving importance to the role of existence in the system of existence, provides the basis for ontological analyzes about man and the facts of the universe in literary texts. Considering that human beings by nature seek to discover the truths of the world, and on the other hand, the main feature of postmodern literature is a strong reliance on disintegration, contradictions and questionable narratives; Therefore, ontological studies can be considered as one of the basic discussions of postmodern literature. In postmodern fiction, by combining the boundaries of different worlds, the certainty of these worlds is negated, thus highlighting the ontological content of the text, and throughout the story, philosophical questions about the existence, nature of the world, and the structure of reality are raised in the audience's mind. Combining features such as: author's death and uncertainty, is the dominant approach of Bahadoran Fors's secret history novel. Therefore, in the present study, we decided to explain the components of postmodern ontology index in this novel to find Master Shamisa using From what arrangements does he express different and multiple inferences and perceptions of this text and to what extent has he been able to explain his words based on the unification of topics for the audience, in order to enter the existential fields by disrupting the existential areas of the text? Success in the text itself.

This study starts in the ancient time and continues to the postmodern era. In a general classification, we have concerned the classic, modern and post modern narration of the world. This classification does not mean that with the emergence of the modern thought and art, the classic thought and art have vanished. Nor does it mean that with the emergence of the postmodern thought and art, the modern and classic thought and art have disappeared. This is unreasonable and definitely in contrast with the postmodern outcomes and ideas. In this research, the main purpose is to clarify the change of narration throughout the history from the ancient time to the postmodern era. We tried to study the narration changes along with the linguistic and artistic examples and to show how the linguistic and artistic narrations have undergone changes through the time.

The present collection is an overview of the intellectual basis, fundamental orientations and different aspects of Islamic mysticism (based on religion) and postmodern mysticism (based on secularism). Mysticism, as an Islamic term, deals with an internal and heartfelt force and capacity for cognition, through which a mystic can reach the horizons of ascendancy in his relationship with God. Getting to such a capacity and obtaining this type of completion depends on quitting the worldly interests and ego-centricism. Taking steps in such a direction, a mystic can find his real and godly entity combined with absolute and pure reality of existence. Nevertheless, mysticism as a term in new esoterique schools of thought and modern spiritualism in developed communities, particularly from the viewpoint of postmodernism, is merely a mental and imaginary process. In such a mystical approach, human heart is not considered to be a place for wisdom any more. In addition, in the instructions of this type of approach to mysticism, purification of inner nature from any attachment and getting to spiritual completion are not significant. Instead, this process is considered to be a strategy for preventing the deterioration of intellectual, spiritual and physical forces of human beings in a hasty path that today's men follow in their movement towards the pinnacles of materialistic advancements. Through using the instruments of mysticism, the developed man intends to temporarily alter the taste of life in order to avoid being trapped in the monotony of the materialistic enjoyments and to obtain the highest rate of pleasure from the natural life. Therefore, the postmodern mysticism is used as a spiritual strategy to serve the materialistic objectives.