پیری

The present study attempts to probe into the reflection of aging in Azerbaijani Turkish poetry using Lakoff & Johnson’s Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT). The corpus of the study contains Azerbaijani Turkish poems of Shahriar (1906-1988) as well as seven other poets. A total of 50 Turkish verses on old age were recruited for this study. As an initial step, conceptual metaphors were extracted from the corpus. Then, conceptual mappings involved in each metaphor were provided. Finally, source domains in old age metaphors were obtained. The results of the paper reveal that old age is expressed through nine salient metaphors in Azerbaijani Turkish poetry. Moreover, some metaphors are shared between cultures, especially metaphors related to deterioration which are based on bodily experiences, while other metaphors are more based on the Azerbaijani culture of the poets and highly influenced by customs, traditions, religion, and economy. Also, physical deterioration rather than mental deterioration is an ideal source domain, since it is clearly delineated and people believe that they know it well.

This study examined Sa'di's works through a descriptive-analytical lens, drawing upon contemporary expert perspectives on successful aging. Sa'di, employing a moral approach grounded in religious teachings and personal experiences, endeavored to portray successful elderly individuals. With concision and eloquence, he proposed methods to mitigate the losses associated with aging, enabling older adults to live their remaining years with greater serenity and assume new roles befitting their circumstances in society. The research findings revealed that, according to Sa'di, the key attributes of successful elderly individuals included: Accepting the realities of aging Living wisely and approaching challenges prudently Maintaining a purposeful existence Seeking meaning and transcendence Cultivating a realistic awareness of mortality Preserving hope Engaging in social roles Practicing kindness Cultivating a positive reputation Prioritizing physical and mental well-being This analysis bridged classical Persian literature with contemporary gerontological concepts, offering valuable insights into the timeless nature of successful aging strategies. Keywords: Aging, Successful Aging, Educational Literature, Old Age, Sa'di Introduction Old age represents a significant phase in the human lifespan—a period when individuals, having traversed the majority of their lives, experience a decline in certain abilities and often find themselves marginalized by societal structures. However, maintaining influence and fulfilling social roles during this stage can significantly preserve or even enhance one's quality of life. This study aimed to explore the concept of successful aging as portrayed in Sa'di's works. It sought to answer the question: What characteristics did Sa'di attribute to a successfully aging individual, taking into account the social conditions of his era? To achieve this, Sa'di's literary corpus was thoroughly examined and both his explicit statements and implicit views were meticulously described and analyzed. Materials & Methods This research employed a descriptive-analytical approach to examine the didactic works of Sa'di Shirazi, with a focus on identifying patterns of successful aging. The methodology involved: A comprehensive review of Sa'di's literary works Identification and extraction of relevant passages pertaining to aging Analysis of these passages in light of contemporary theories of successful aging Synthesis of findings to construct a cohesive picture of Sa'di's perspective on aging well By applying this rigorous methodology, the study aimed to bridge classical Persian wisdom with modern gerontological insights, potentially offering timeless strategies for navigating the challenges of advanced age.

Despite the passage of a century since the beginning of the revival and correction of manuscripts, only a small part of the exquisite and valuable treasure of lyrical stories has been printed and made available to literary friends, and perhaps great poets and writers who still remain in the veil of obscurity and obscurity. Ahsan al-Manzomah's Masnavi is an unknown work by an unknown poet with the surname "Piri", which is considered among the romantic and lyrical Masnavis of the 13th century. This poem is a detailed story about Yusuf and Zuleikha, as well as Jacob's love and affection for his son Yusuf the Prophet, which is written in imitation of Yusuf and Zuleikha Jami. The story revolves around the three axes of richness, mysticism and education, and the singer uses richness to make the story attractive, and wherever he finds a suitable place, he gives advice, teaching and expressing mystical teachings, and discredits and It reminds the audience of the boredom and difficulty of the world. The authors' effort is to briefly review its stylistic and content features while introducing this work.

Old age and youth are important concepts in the culture and literature of every nation and many articles have been written about them. In the Shahnameh, the characterization in relation to the young and the old and their personality traits can be clearly seen. The current research, which was carried out with the descriptive-analytical method and using library sources, is based on Ferdowsi's view of positive and negative characters, both young and old in the Shahnameh, and the change or lack of change of this view and the static or dynamic nature of positive and negative characters in the Shahnameh. Shahnameh has paid. According to the results of the research, Ferdowsi's view of the characters in the story, both young and old, is not constant and changes throughout the story. Characters who are more believable and attractive because of their positive and negative aspects.In general, it can be said that Ferdowsi attributes qualities such as patriotism, bravery and greatness more to the young, and on the other hand, attributes such as knowledge and wisdom are more attributed to the old.

Every literary context is made from two main parts; form or ecstatic structure that the context was constructed on, and the content or theme, which is the text’s subject matter and is expressed through language and order of the words. There exist plots in human historical memory, which later paved their ways into the literature, that concentrate on the concepts of “Aging, Loneliness, and Death” in order to decode the mysterious essence of these concepts. Particularly the concept of Death with is filled with the secrets and complex questions, and takes over thee human lives. In this study, we attempt to investigate these concepts and meanings in art of poetry in order to delineate the connection, sequence, and timing of these three concepts in one hand and on the other hand, to delineate the link between thoughts related to these concepts and the poetry composing. Furthermore, as an instance for value of these thoughts and the role of these thoughts in excitement of the readers’ mind in two poems by Şêrko Bêkes. The conclusion revealed that there is an unbroken connection among these three concepts, which causes each of them to remind reader of two other concepts. In other word, each of these concepts inserts a more general central theme.

Youth and old age are among themes adopted everywhere and at all times by poets, who have written poems on them from their own perspective. The renowned Arab poet IbnMutazz and prominent Iranian poet Saadi are two poets who from a particular, though close, standpoint addressed the themes in their poems. Despite living in two different worlds, they presented a similar picture of youth and old age in their poetry. The present paper tries to provide a comparative study of Saadi’s and IbnMutazz’s opinion about youth and old age, using a descriptive-analytical method based on the American approach. The findings suggest both poets describe youth as a period of frivolity, pleasure and luxury, strength and exuberance, while old age is on one hand a period of physical weakness, frailty and loss of physical power and on the other, a period of piety, rejection of pleasures and increased prudence and knowledge, which ultimately ends in death.

Color is considered as a key element in fields such as painting and architecture. In Iranian poetry color is also of high importance. Having wide range of artistic words and also high poetic talent the poet depicts wonderful and imaginative pictures and decorates them with colorful elements of nature. Old age and Youth are examples of concepts which have been the focus of many poets’ attention and Nezami in particular. These concepts have been beautifully depicted in Nezami’s poems through the color element. The poet has beautifully depicted the young and old generation’s appearance characteristics using his poetic talent and colorful elements of nature. On one hand, white, black and red are examples of the colors used to describe young generation directly or indirectly. On the other hand, old age is described with respect to yellow and white colors. Nezami’s description of youth and old age is well elaborated in this research with aims at analyzing these concepts with regard to the element of color.