کوندرا

One of the significant concepts that Kundera, a Czech-French novelist, criticizes in the novel is the concept of Kitch. Kitch is all that is outward and flashy, based on the form and the image, and refers to non-thought ideas and non-genuine thoughts but prevalent. According to its general character about imagology (dominance of the demonstrative, propagandistic, and suggestive), Kitch rejects any strange, alien, and unknown phenomena. The novel's mission is to resist and defend something that Kitsh denies as an unknown and the abject, according to Julia Kristeva's thought. In the present article, it has been shown through the phenomenology method that the abject closely overlaps with Heidegger's Being, and the novel Immortality revolves around the heterogeneous subject of Agnes and her ontological strangeness in the world based on kitsch. Agnes is an isolated subject and does not belong to the world around her. Her reflections are explained in three axes: criticism of kitsch society, criticism of imagology, looking for the way of Being, and transgression of symbolic matters. As a result, the novel Immortality ironically prevents forgetting and rejecting Being due to the characteristic of representing Being and the abject.

“Migration” is not a modern concept or phenomenon; however, due to the modern  situation and self-consciousness of humans, the outlook toward it has changed in the twentieth century and especially in its second half.  Otherwise, migration and migrators have existed from the very beginning of creation ( great people such as Prophet Abraham and Prophet Mohammed and his disciples, or the large number of refugees during wartime are some examples). However, what here makes Kundera and Golshiri's view of the concept of migration different is the way they illustrate the alienation of the migrators  (Golshiri 's view in Mirrors with Doors) and their return to their countries (Kundera's view in Ignorance ), grasping the distinction between themselves and their compatriots and even their kin. Golshiri depicts Iranian immigrants living abroad and Kundera takes immigrants to Prague; notwithstanding these differences, both authors have written about migration, immigrants, and the transformations which occur in this process , finally leading to two different conclusions.

The main objective of this study is to understand how novel can be read against psychological reality. As a case study, this paper addresses the Novel of the Stranger by Camus. Embedded in Kundera’s reading on the linkage between psychology on novel and psychology, the main question here is that how this novel can be read as what acts against psychology. Psychological novels are framed in a psychological cause i.e. making linkages among those unrelated or discrete events. A plot coherence is not possible without acknowledging such causal relationship. Rather, the novel of the Stranger addresses “ out- of -law”and “ off-topics” issues . Meursault is a stranger as he does not follow up the rhythmic tone of plot. In existentialism era, novel made a fundamental change in its “form” and “content”. As an existentialist philosopher, Camus puts an emphasis on the existing situation/placement rather than analyzing the characters in the novel. Unlike psychology which tries to make a clarity and distinction, Camus tries to talk about ambiguities and irrational reality. A dynamic and flexible rather than monolithic and fixed identity is obvious in his work. Novel in his reading is a domain for unpredictable events. Psychology, rather, attempts to disclose meanings and rational motivations in randomly occurred events. Besides the political function, one consequence of avoiding reducing the concept of novel to psychology in literary criticism is to refer the text into out of context elements like author’s biography.

Milan Kundera puts an emphasis on efects of Existentialism Philosophy on Novel in the 20th century. The main issue in this paper is to present Existential reading of Metaphor in Kundera' Novel. One main objective in this comparative literary study, focusing on this problem, is to find the relationship between the concept of Metaphor in Kundera and Sartre' bad faith. This study can show similar functions of them in identity- formation; sometimes, this functions are self-deception: the ways of converting individual to thing or subject to object. This affair resulted in disowning choice and responsibility by denial of freedom. A positive function of Metaphors is revelation of subject' creative direction, but negative function of them is objectification. In Kundera' point of view, Kitsch converts Beauty to trap. person is assailable in confrontation with Beauty. Different Worlds become alike by Metaphors and it leads to metamorphosis of subject. Nietzsche reveals Metaphor identification and ontology. Nietzsche shows that Metaphors are not only a Rhetorical Device. Findings of this study showed How Metaphors frame our identity. 

This article investigates concept of plot in thoughts of Aristotle and Kundera. Kundera's critiques to Aristotle show ontological-epistemological contrasts between them. In this regard, this article tries to answer this question: Why does Kundera -contrary to Aristotle- considers the plot as enemy of Novel?In Kundera'narrative world there wasn't Aristotelian concepts as unity,necessity,generality. On the contrary, Kundera discusses about world of multiplicity, unintelligible elements and coincidences; a world that Novels represent it.In this regard, Kundera is close to post-structuralism school. The Novel is a thinking way that it is in contrast with Aristotelian essentialism and causality. Contrary to philosophy, the Novel is narrator of irrational events. Kundera expressed her objection to plot, because It is outcome of rational perception about the world as causal texture. Kundera considers the elements that Aristotle cross them out :elements as minor event, off-topic and accidentalism. Kundera considers the plot as storyline hegemony and denial of polyphony in Fiction. This essay elaborates Kundera's post-structuralism perspective(Nietzsche perspectivism) resulted in narration change. For Kundera, Nietzsche as post-structuralism ancestor has always been the essential philosopher.