affix

Some evidence from Persian supports the existence of constituents that show properties of affixoids or what might be referred to as semi-affixes. These constitutes can stand independently but, in combination with certain nouns, show a rather notable distribution and, in that context, behave like a derivational affix. In such contexts, there is a semantic change in the derived form when an affixoid is added to a base. Regarding the frequency of affixoids in Persian, it is observed that their usage is also very frequent in sentences and phrases as independent words. There are several affixoids attested in Persian but only a few will be discussed here as representative examples. It can be argued that affixoids hold an independent status in linguistic literature as a semi-category. In this paper, some affixoids from Persian will be discussed as they might be prefixoids or suffixoids. All examples are from spoken and written Persian.

From past decades, the study of “clitic”, as a dependent and intermediate element that simultaneously represents some shared properties of the two morpheme types - “free word” and “affix”, has been the center of attention for different linguistic approaches as well as the investigation issue for scholars from different linguistic fields. Among them, by focusing on distinctive features as well as discovering and proposing universal parameters for clitics, language typologists have also played a crucial role in identifying, analyzing and explaining their typological behavior and, as a result, have paved very effective steps in developing the studies for this challenging linguistic unit. Considering the determinant position and the undeniable importance of analyzing under-studied linguistic variants in typological surveys, the present study tries to evaluate and analyze the North and South Bashāgardi pronominal clitics based on Aikhenvald’s (2003) typological model and universal parameters, and hence, to achieve a theoretical explanation for their typological nature, characteristics, tendencies and behavior. To this end, the research intended linguistic corpus was collected in a natural environment of language use by fieldwork method and via questionnaires, translating selected structures and sentences, and recording the free speech of eight (five men and three women) native, middle-plus aged, illiterate, and permanent resident informants, and then was transcribed and analyzed. According to the authors’ initial hypothesis, the nature, tendencies, and behavior of the investigated elements in Bashāgardi are compatible with Aikhenvald (2003)’s proposed universals for clitics. In like manner, the research findings overtly show that the clitics’ universal properties and typological behaviors and tendencies, such as freedom in host selection, non-correlation with phonological words, correlation with syntactic words, appearance after all affix types, and having phonological coherence, idiosyncratic phonotactics, segmental structure, syntactic order, syntactic domain and syntactic rules are implemented in Bashāgardi clitics along with possible theoretical explanations for those properties and tendencies. As a result, the typological parameters of the documented research model maximally approve the authors’ hypothesis and hence, the clitichood of all the studied elements.

One of the topics used in historical grammar under the field of word making, is “Prefixes” and “Postfixes”. This naming is due to their positions in words. Some of the grammarians have introduced “Midfixes” as well. In another divisions, some of the grammarians, have categorized Prefixes and postfixes as derivatives and dedicatives. This research is an analysis of usage of post fixes and prefixes in translation of one of the Holy Quran which is found in third century. Prefixes and Postfixes in this old translation, sometimes have grammar usage which in turns constitutes adjectives and verbs. Sometimes they will change the meaning of words. The translator by the help of prefixes and postfixes has became able to use verbs with more strength. Of course prefixes and postfixes in sometimes make no changes to the meaning of words. It needs to say that in this regards, there is a research titled by “Holy Quran and Postfix and Prefix usage” written by Maryam Shabanzadeh & Mahmoud Barati. But there has been no research done to that subject of matter alone and the research is done by means of research in library and analysis based on frequency.

This paper will examine the clitics in Tati. The main objective is to know what classes ‎of ‎clitics are in this type of language; where they are attested. Their similarities to affixes ‎and ‎words are the main motivation make authors study them. The data collection is ‎based on the ‎native speakers' utterences. The clitic types in Tati are plural and ‎definiteness marker for ‎human, Ergative pronouns, enclitics, adjective and indefiniteness ‎markers, focused marker on ‎verbs, enclitic adverb, personal pronoun and case markers. ‎In this language, enclitic complex ‎predicates are the contexts on which the enclitic ‎pronouns can be used.‎‏ ‏The general properties of clitics such as host, role, stress are ‎important. On the contrary of ‎Persian, the endings of the verbs are considered as clitics. ‎The combination of some clitics is ‎possible in this language. The doubling of clitics have ‎not been allowed in Tati as well. ‎

Lemazani dialect is a mid-dialect between the one which is spoken in Hormozgan Province and it belongs to the Lârestâni dialect and it is related to the other one which is spoken in Persian Gulf and it belongs to the Bandari dialect .The dialect of this city and Rural District of Mehran belongs to the Lârestâni dialect, and as it is an intact area, many ancient Persian features is dynamic and active in this dialect. One of the most important aspects of research is not only the Lemazani dialect belongs to the ones in the Southern Persian Gulf (Dari Lârestâni) but also the people of this area as the last speakers of Lârestâni dialect are in the direct communication with Bandari speakers. Therefore, the description of grammatical and morphological features of this dialect leads to better understand the dialects of port cities and Hormozgan Province. This research has long used field research to gather data over 10 years. In order to better assess and improve the accuracy of the research, the researcher has used elderly inhabitants, and a number of speaker who were familiar with this dialect to check possible mistake. Finally, the researcher used his linguistic knowledge to analyze data. The final outcome of this study indicates that the usage of some ancient structure, ergative features, distinguished role of stress on inflection of verbs, lack of future tense, using past participle to make continuous tense and also using affixes of ancient Persian are the characteristics of this dialect.

Compounding in a language ensures its survival as cell proliferation in a living body. Word formation is result of the poets or writers’ need for new language materials in order to express their thoughts and describe their different world in beautiful way. Revolution and resistance poetry is result of different intellectual, political and social atmosphere. Therefore, the poets encounter with new concepts and they cannot find an appropriate linguistic talent and words for expressing some of these concepts and inevitably they make new words and terms. Regeneration of the words follows different patterns. In this article, new compounds are classified into general categories such as compound nouns, compound adjectives, and affix compounds, semi-affix compounds and words rhetorical homophony. This article tries to answer the following questions: What components are effective in successful new compounds formation? What are prominent intellectual contexts in new compounds? What is the place of rhetorical elements in these compounds? In What measures these compounds can be classified? In what poets’ poems these new compounds are common? The authors have found novel examples of new compounds in the revolution and resistance poetry and most of these compounds contain literary, religious, epic, mystical, political and social contents.

This paper attempts to investigate the Persian morphological system in the framework of Lexical Morphology Model (Kiparsky, 1982). The main goal of this research is to study the efficacy of the model in analyzing the Persian data. Having introduced the Lexical Morphology, some data which are counterexamples to the model at first sight, will be discussed. It will be shown that on the basis of different syntactic, semantic and cognitive criteria there is some kind of conformity between the data and the Lexical Morphology Model; although it is asserted that the efficacy of the model to analyze the English data (the language on which the model is designed) is more than its efficacy in Persian. In addition, the author suggests that in order to cope with some inadequacy that Kiparsky’s model encounters to analyze idioms (listed syntactic objects) the model should be revised by a loop connecting the syntax level to lexicon. Therefore, idioms are firstly formed in syntax, after lexicalization they will return to syntax. It seems that this loop makes the model much more efficient.

This article deals with the question of the origin of the meaning of agent in the Persian derived words. For this purpose، first، the three major approaches to this question are introduced and assessed. The analysis of data from Persian exhibits that in spite of the three approaches، the agent meaning cannot be considered to have been taken from the theta role of the external argument of the base. Having this point in mind، two other possible origins are then proposed for this concept in derivational words: the meaning of the affix independent of the argument structure of the base، and the morphological structure of the derivational words examined. Finally، presenting evidence of derivation and compounding in Persian، the meaning of the affix itself is introduced as the origin of the meaning of agent in this group of words.

In linguistics morphology، clitics are considered as a set of special units which cannot be categorized under free or bound morphemes، and therefore، seriously question the traditional view of dividing morphemes into the two groups of free and bound morphemes. Clitics represent some characteristics of words and simultaneously، possess some important properties of the bound morphemes as well. The study of clitics covers a wide domain including morphology and syntax. The present study aims to investigate the morphological structure of clitics in Persian based on a set of universal parameters. In doing so، the typological models of Aikhenvald (2003)، Bickel and Nichols (2007)، and Klavans (1985) were used. The results of the present study show that the proposed model of Aikhenvald was proved to be a scientific instrument for distinguishing Persian clitics from non-clitic units.

Kahaki is a branch of Iranian north-western languages which has kept its ancient characteristics. Due to these characteristics, it is different from Persian language. Some of these characteristics are: grammatical gender, ergative structure, prefix in the infinitive structure.

The suffix /-e/, referred to by some traditional grammarians as the silent /h/, is one of the most creative affixes of Persian. Its major role is to make the past participle out of the past stem. It also attaches to the present stems and produces abstract nouns and instrumentation terms. This affix, however, has a variety of minor functions. It produces adjectives out of nouns, nouns out of adjectives, new nouns and new adjectives out of the previously existing ones, etc. These byproducts, though varied in nature, are not generated necessarily numerously, so that for some of them one may find just few examples.The majority of Persian grammarians dealt only with major functions of the affix and some others, also, with just a small number of the minor functions. Moreover, the analyses are, for the most part, prescriptive and; therefore, mingled with presuppositions and misunderstandings. These shortcomings have obscured the versatility of the affix.This study aims to review and criticize the previous literature on the subject descriptively, and to introduce the ignored functions of the affix into the literature of Persian grammar.

This paper presents a descriptive account of ergativity in the Dashti dialect of Buhsher. To illustrate ergativity in Dashti، the behavior of intransitive subject، transitive subject and direct object are analyzed with respect to their ability to induce agreement on the verb. The similar behavior of transitive and intransitive subjects، as opposed to the direct objects، points to the nominative-accusative alignment in the present tense in Dashti. However، the similar behavior of the intransitive subject and direct object، in contrast to the transitive subject، portrays split ergativity in the past tense clauses in Dashti. It will also be shown that ergativity in Dashti is of the morphological type without deeper consequences for the syntax. The distinct distribution of affixes and clitics، on which much of cross-reference in Dashti is based، will be discussed as well.

Baluchi belongs to the Iranian Language family and employs compounding and derivation as word formation processes. Introducing the affixes of Baluchi opens a new chapter in the grammatical study of this language. The present research provides result, relevant to the grammatical study about this language and the related comparative studies. The oldest written documents on Baluchi date back to approximately 2 centuries ago; and no more comprehensive information is reported. However the contemporary linguistic studies about Baluchi reveals that Baluchi has preserved more linguistic resemblance to ancient language forms compared with other Iranian languages. This fact foregrounds the position of Baluchi among other Iranian languages. No specific research has been performed in this regard and the derivational and inflectional affixes in Baluchi have been introduced sporadically in differentwritten works.