akbar radi

This article aims at finding the relation between the intellectual and saviour in play The Saviour in the Damp Morning written by Akbar Radi. The main question of this article is who is the saviour in this play and what is its connection to the intellectual and the social order of the time. The proper theory for this analysis is Gilbert Durand’s mythanalysis in which the researcher has followed three steps: close-reading of the play, finding intertextual elements and the myth in the play, and figuring out the relation of the myth to the society in which it was written. The findings show that the saviour in this play is an intellectual who considers himself a Christ-like figure that should save the humanity. This person, however, is passive and in facing problems, he finds the solution in committing suicide. Studying the social situation in the time of the play shows that society needed intellectuals to take action and take a step to save their society. The findings showed that the failure in intellectualism was rooted in the lack of connection between the intellectual and his society, which was echoed in the play.

Discourse space is a key element in conveying concepts in a play text. This article will look forward to answer this question how metaphors could be used in discourse about social and historical problems and their usage in play texts as a linguistic form. Hence we will use George Lakoff and Zoltan Kovecses views and then we will show how metaphors which are the building blocks of Language and Culture, are used to help form the discourse space. Lakoff and Kovecses look to discourse space, as a result of interaction between mind, body and type of the culture that interactors live within. Hence in a play text, we will face a complex interaction between writer’s / audience mind in one hand, and experience and physical and mental abstraction in another hand. Also the context where the play text is formed in, and the context where it is comprehend, are key elements. This article will show how by using metaphors and cultural and historical contexts, Akbar Radi has managed to create a complex and deductive discourse space in Ofol text. So in first level, we are facing with linguistic metaphors which act in text structures (dialogues, atmospheres and characterizations), and in higher level, we are facing with conceptual metaphors which act by making connection between play text origination and audience experiences that merge contextual discourse space into audience mind space which will result in a new discourse space.

Sociological criticism in the literature analyzes the structures of a society through literary works. Embracing subjects concerning history and sociology links, types, social classes, ideologies, meaningful frameworks, and reflection theory in examining the artworks, Lucian Goldman, as a theoretician, proposed the genetic structuralism by organizing George Lucas ideas. Based on this method, the present study aimed to sociologically criticize the drama play by Akbar Radi, under the name of Ofool (The Descent).To do so, two major questions were designed to investigate the extent to which aesthetic structure of Ofool as a realistic work has a mutual relationship with the structure of the society in its era (1960s). It also explored the realization of the playwright's ideology, as a member of the intellectuals' social class, and the likely awareness of this social class in his literary work. Using descriptive as well as analytical approach, the study concluded that the overall framework of Ofool justified the why of social movements' failure in the 1960s and the pathology of that era via the representation of different social classes and the gaps among them. The author tried not to impose his ideology on the work and kept his play loyal to the realistic style although he reflected the values and consciousness of the intellectuals' social class in his literary work.

In the series of narratological studies, Marie-Laure Ryan has presented a more comprehensive categorization. She described four categories of narrative space, the spatial extension of the text, the space that serves as container for the text and the spatial form of the text for the study of space in narrative. Applying Ryan’s terminology, the present paper has adopted a descriptive-analytical approach to study Ryan’s categorization of space in Radi’s plays. The study of spatial frames and their relations to setting and story space in the selected corpus of Radi’s works indicates a particular type of continuity between the spatial frame and the off-frame space in such a way that his spatial frame does not separate the stage from its surrounding world; quite the contrary, it frames a part of the narrative universe. The characters, objects, dialogues, voices, and visual signs constantly put the visible spatial frame in interaction or in contrast with invisible narrative world. The frame of the stage that often acts as a fence against its surrounding world breaks down by the end of the play to let the chaos of the narrative world penetrate into the stage frame.