azerbaijani turkish

This study investigates the use of apologizing strategies by speakers of Azerbaijani Turkish in Iran. One hundred and twenty (60 male and 60 female) randomly selected speakers of Azerbaijani Turkish from Tabriz participated in a Discourse Completion Test (DCT) and returned 2400 apology speech acts. The DCT included 20 scenarios representing 10 discourse situations. The acts were analyzed based on the categorization suggested by Blum-Kulka and Olshtain (1984), which included Illocutionary Force Indicating Device, Taking on responsibility, Explanation, Offer of repair, Promise of forbearance, Concern for the hearer, and Nonverbal strategies. The findings indicated that the highly preferred apology strategies among the participants are explanation and offer of repair. Moreover, there was a statistically significant association between the independent variables (the participants’ age, gender, and level of education) and the choice of apology strategies. However, such an association was only significant for some discourse situations; e.g., in interaction with relatives that are in an equal status with the participant and in an adult-child interaction where the participant has a superior status.

Typology which is one of the dynamic branches of linguistics tries to compare languages and attain generalizations. This approach aims at comparing languages’ structures and revealing systemic patterns of variations existing among them. Word order studies is one of the most important issues in language typology which includes some variations. The order of noun and relative clause is one of those which correlates with the main word order of languages. This study aims to look into relative clauses in Azerbaijani Turkish and compare them with that of Persian. For an efficient research, data has been collected from natural recurring sentences of spoken and written standard Turkish as well as a novel titled Shaman. Afterwards, the data has been judged by the speakers’ language instinct. Then every relative clause has been examined carefully. This article which is descriptive-analytic is done within the typological framework based on the work of Comrie (1989) to answer the questions of “what strategies have been conducted to construct relative clauses and where the relativizer can sit”. According to the findings of this research Turkish relative clauses benefit from gap strategy and this language lacks a relativizer like “ke” in Persian.

The present research focuses on a lexical comparison as well as an analysis of the lexical variations between Khalaj and Azerbaijani Turkish. The data and research corpus have been extracted from the Iran Linguistic Atlas database for Khalaj language, prevalent in the Khalaji-speaking populations of the Markazi and Qom provinces which is being compiled at the Research Institute of Cultural Heritage and Tourism. Khalaj language is an independent branch of Turkic languages, with differences and similarities among its family members, and is considered as one of the endangered languages prevalent in Iran. The 1280 words under investigation in this research were first classified based on semantic categories and then were described and analyzed based on the research theoretical framework and were eventually compared with their equivalent in Azerbaijani Turkish. The comparison basis for Azerbaijani Turkish was the native language of the author and Turkic dictionaries. Apart from the phonetic differences and despite several lexical similarities between Khalaj and Azerbaijani Turkish, some lexical differences and formal variations were observed. Meanwhile, the language contact among Khalaj language, Persian, and Azerbaijani Turkish spoken in the neighboring villages in the studied region was examined. According to the explained hierarchy in the research theoretical framework, the mentioned language contact was in some cases of “slightly more intense contact” and in other instances of “more intense contact” type.

Translation of poetry has been a subject of scholarly interest for centuries. It poses numerous challenges, including the difficulty of conveying the poet's intended meaning, preserving the poetic form and structure, and retaining the emotional impact of the original work. The primary purpose of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of the translation process, particularly when dealing with poetry. By employing Conrad Potter Aiken's analytical approach to translation, this research seeks to shed light on the cognitive aspects involved in the transference of poetic meaning from one language to another. Through a case study of the translation of "When You Are Old" into Azerbaijani Turkish, the study aims to explore the intricate decisions and creative adaptations that the translator had to make while preserving the essence of the original poem. In the second attempt, the translation of “When you are old” is compared with some translations in Azerbaijani Turkish (Sabir’s translation of Hafiz), Persian (Nasime- Shomal’s translation of Sabir), and English (Fitzgerald’s translation of Khayyam) to present a crosslinguistic analysis of poetic translation to study the qualities of successful poetic translations. The results of the paper showed that translators of poetry, to achieve a successful translation, must be successful in transferring both form and content. The conveyance of meaning in poetry translation can be similar to the conveyance of meaning from any text, and if the translator masters both languages, it can be possible. However, to covey the form, the translator must be a poet. The investigations of Turkish, Persian, and English translations showed that mastering the respective prosody is not enough, and the translator must possess poetic wit and he must be a poet himself. This study also showed that the poetic translation can be successful if it looks like a poem in the target language. Moreover, one of the criteria for examining and investigating the translation is referring to the successful translations of that language.

This study aims to consider ghazal/sonnet from conceptual metaphor perspective (Lakoff, 1980). The corpus used in the study contains 24 poems (189 couplets) in Persian, Azerbaijani Turkish and English. The results of the paper show that the most frequent target domain in ghazal is “love”. Moreover, central conceptual metaphors in “love” are: A) in Persian: LOVE IS JOURNEY, LOVE IS WINE, LOVE IS TIE, LOVE IS FIRE, LOVE IS AWAKENING, LOVE IS DEAL. B) in Azerbaijani Turkish: LOVE IS OPPRESSION, LOVE IS WAITING, LOVE IS TURNING/TAWAF, LOVE IS SPRING, LOVE IS WINE, LOVE IS SERMON. C) in English: LOVE IS LIVE, LOVE IS UNSTABLE, LOVE IS PARADOX. This study also confirms that linguistic form has a direct influence on conceptual metaphor occurrence in ghazal. According to the findings of the current paper, the central conceptual metaphor plays a key role in versification. That is, central conceptual metaphor in ghazal seems to be the stimulus to the poet.

Polysemy is one of the most important issues that has been considered in different schools of linguistics and especially in cognitive approach. In this descriptive-documentary study, polysemy in loanwords of Persian and Turkish of Azerbaijani was discussed. The data selected from local journals in Persian and Turkish languages, the Turkish-Persian dictionary of Shahmaresi and the Persian-Azerbaijani dictionary written by Behzadi. Prototypical meanings were based on the results of the interview and the linguistic intuition of the authors. Totally, 20 polysemous common adjectives identified from the corpuses and a radial network drawn from six of them. Among the cognitive mechanisms of polysemy creation, it was proved that conceptual metaphors would play the greatest role among them. Moreover, the connection between the meanings of polysemous adjectives is not accidental, but a systematic relationship existed and described by radial categorization. It was also found that the cognitive mechanisms of polysemy creation in Turkish and Persian common adjectives (loanwords) were the same and they differed only in the number of peripheral meanings which can be a step in confirming the sharing of human cognitive abilities. Also, high number of peripheral meanings in the target language may be due to the bilingualism and dynamic schematics. The results, along with complementary studies, can be applied in the field of language teaching, lexicography, more efficient translation machines and they will be helpful for all the stakeholders in the field.

Polysemy is one of the most important issues considered in different schools of linguistics and meaning studies. In this descriptive-documentary study, polysemy in simple adjectives of Azerbaijani Turkish was discussed within the cognitive approach. The data was selected from local journals in Turkish, the Turkish-Persian dictionary of Shahmaresi and the Persian-Azerbaijani dictionary written by Behzadi. Prototypical meanings were based on the results of a researcher-made questionnaire, interview, and the linguistic intuition of the authors. A total of 70 polysemous simple adjectives were identified from the corpuses and a radial network was drawn for each one. Among the cognitive mechanisms of polysemy creation, it was proved that conceptual metaphors would play the greatest role in polysemy creation of all. And, contrary to the traditional view, the connection between the meanings of polysemous adjectives is not accidental, but a systematic relationship exists and can be described by radial categorization. The results, along with complementary studies, can be applied in the field of language teaching, lexicography, more efficient translation machines, increasing the relevance in information retrieval and will be helpful for all experts in the field.

The purpose of this research is to answer this question: what are the similar and different typological features of Azerbaijani Turkish, Korean, Hungarian and Persian languages? In our analysis, we have used Chomsky`s Generative-Transformational Grammar and Government and Binding theory. We have studied the movement of the subject and object nominal phrases and the concept of the empty position. The results of the research show that the similarities between the relative structures of these languages are the existence of movement for the transformation of the deep-structure into the relative clause, also the formation of a chain between the head noun and the empty position in the clause. And the differences in the relative structures of these languages are; the relative clauses of Azerbaijani Turkish, Korean, and Hungarian are pre-nominal while in Persian it is post-nominal. Also, the movement of the head noun in the Azerbaijani Turkish, Korean, and Hungarian is to the right and the end of the sentence, but in Persian is to the left and the beginning of the sentence. Another significant difference is the transformation of the verb of the subordinate sentence to the participle in the Ural-Altaic languages while Persian relative clause is a finite one

This research is on the phonological and morphological shifts of Azerbaijani Turkish loanwords. Speakers of most languages in order to utilize the loan words shift and adapt them according to their native morphological and phonological system. In this research, first, the loanwords from Arabic and Persian collected, and then their phonological shifts as vowel harmony, mutation, insertion, deletion, lenition, and assimilation as well as morphological shifts such as derivation and compounding studied. The method of this research is descriptive and analytic and data are collected from Turkish dictionaries. The framework of phonological shifts is generative phonology. In this research, 704 loanwords from Arabic and Persian studied. Among phonological shifts the most frequent shift was vowel harmony and the least one is assimilation. In morphological shifts, derivation and compounding are studied. In this type of shift, the most frequent one is derivation and the least one is compounding.

The aim of present study is to investigate the roleof metaphor in the polysemy of visual verb /görmǝk/ (seeing) in Azerbaijani Turkish within the framework of cognitive semantics. This study is a descriptive - documentary and has been tried to present the various meanings based on cognitive semantics approach. To achieve this goal, the linguistic corpus used in this study is comprised of Azerbaijani Turkish language databases, including dictionaries, books, magazines, newspapers, and author's linguistic intuition. The findings indicate that for visual verb /görmǝk/ (seeing) 24 senses was extracted after the classification and abstracting away of contextual variations. They also show that the polysemy is a systematic phenomenon and factors such as metaphor and metonymy are crucially involved in the formation and description of polysemy. In this way, semantic extensive network of verb is formed and on the other hand, it is claimed that metaphor has stronger role than metonymy in the formation of polysemy and usage of verb in the different context.

Endangerment of language resources and treasures is accepted worldwide as an undeniable fact. About 90 percent of the approximately 7000 languages and dialects are predicted to lose all of their speakers up to the end of the century. Indigenous languages of ethnic minorities in an unequal battle with the dominant languages are in danger and threat. Iran is a multiethnic country and Azerbaijani Turkish with a large number of speakers is one of the most important languages in the country. However، comprehensive sociological studies which scrutinize the situation and status of this language are scarce. The researches about other languages and dialects of Iran، including Baluchi، Mazandarani، Bakhtiari، and Gilaki show that most of them are at risk of decline. Despite having a large speaker population، Azerbaijani Turkish is as well expected to face a similar situation، and Persian as the dominant and most prestigious language of the country، is expected to negatively affect the current position of the ethnic languages even more than before. To test such a hypothesis، 180 questionnaires were distributed among 180 male and female respondents who were randomly selected from different regions of the three cities of Tabriz، Ahar and Marand to answer 44 questions to evaluate the influence of factors of out-migration (migration to Persian speaking areas) and intermarriage on the endangerment of Azerbaijani Turkish. Statistical analysis of the questionnaire data suggests that these factors have had very negative impact on this language and have largely interrupted intergenerational transmission of language in immigrant families، which is the most important factor for survival and endurance of a language.

In this article the structure of root compounds in Azerbaijani Turkish language is studied. To this end، first، the general characteristics of compounds and their distinguishing features with syntactic groups are described briefly. Based on this research، as in other languages، compounding is a productive and rule-governed process. Too، nominal compounds are used more frequently، compared to other compounds. In this research، Azerbaijani Turkish compound words are classified on the basis of their formal structures; that is، according to their structural parts of the compound word or the way they are combined; and classifying word based on their semantic structures is avoided. In this research، the structure and the features of the compounding were investigated and different types of root compounds were categorized in 20 different models. Based on this study، Azerbaijani Turkish language does not have onset head compound noun (head + modifier).