comparative literature

Imagology, as an approach in comparative literature, delves into the formation and representation of the "Other" within the framework of cultural interactions, offering new insights into the understanding of identities and intercultural differences. The present study undertakes an imagological analysis of the representation of the "Other" in A Girl in Paris by Shusha Guppy. Utilizing Daniel-Henri Pageaux's theories of imagology, this research explores the reactions of the "observer" when faced with the culture and society of Paris and seeks to determine whether Guppy's representations fall into the common traps of stereotypes and prejudices or she transcends these limitations. According to these theories, there are three discernible perspectives in confronting the "Other": mania, phobia, and philia. The findings suggest that Guppy's gaze aligns closely with the philia perspective, where neither the foreign culture is deemed superior nor inferior to that of the observer, but rather a mutual and equal exchange between the observer and the observed is established. Through her long-term lived experience in Paris, Guppy has distanced herself from the conventional clichés found in the travelogues of the Qajar era, engaging in a process of demythologization. Conducted using a descriptive-analytical method, this research focuses on various aspects of social and cultural life such as student life, the educational system, the housing crisis, and the arts, providing a deeper exploration of the "Self" and the "Other." This study concludes that Guppy not only offers a more realistic portrayal of Parisian society but also attains a deeper understanding of her own identity through these cultural encounters.

In recent years, the comparison and matching of literary works of different ethnicities and nations have attracted the attention of researchers as well as readers and critics and, these comparative studies have provided a suitable platform for evaluating the structural and content commonalities and similarities of two or more works from different languages and cultures. The main goal of comparative research is to identify the theme and content of literary works and, then, an approach to criticize them. In this regard, the present study tries to compare the fundamental elements of the story in the two Persian and German works, the 22nd story of of Golestan written by Saadi and the story of poor Heinrich, written by Hartmann von Aue, to find out the similarities and differences between them, in dealing with a single topic, and reveal its cause. Investigation and analyzing the themes of these two works like writing style, perspective, character, and characterization can considerably help in understanding the society and social environment of the writers' era. The results of this study show that despite the common thread, each author has reached different results. This research has been done in a library and document research method with a comparative approach and from the point of view of the American school (similarities and contrasts).

Sohrab Sepehri and Marry Oliver are two poets created valuable poems and had a great impact on the poetry of their country. They have sought human perfection and truth in their works by difference in culture and language and due to their common life experiences, they have created poems with relatively similar content. Of course, this issue can be seen among the works of many poets who have similar thinking and worldview. The present research has studied naturalism in their poems in a comparative manner in four parts: poem form, semantic themes, semiotics, and arrays in descriptive-analytical methods. Except the poem form, attention to nature is visible in three other parts their works. Sepehri considers nature as a living being and invites all people to return to it. On the other hand, Oliver's poems are mostly written in relation to nature and inspired by it. The results obtained among the components show a higher percentage of commonalities in the component of semantic themes in Oliver's poem compared to Sepehri's

Studying poets in Arabic and Persian literature with a comparative view reveals angles that are still unknown to writers and critics, and sheds light on matters of importance to scholars. From this perspective, this research aims to compare the poetry of two famous poets, one of them is Forugh Farrokhzad in Persian literature, and the second is Nazik al-Malaikah in Arabic literature, in their treatment of the phenomenon of night and the study of its repercussions in the human conscience. The two poets evoked the night with a pessimistic view as a source of fear. And they were inspired by it a lot of their meanings and their visual and symbolic images. The research relied on the descriptive-analytical approach and dealt with the following topics: First: extrapolation of the similar visual and symbolic images of the two poets in depicting the night; Second: adopting four approaches to research from four psychological states of the two poets: fear, anxiety, despair, and fatigue; Third: Clarifying the visual image for each of them at each entrance. Fourth: Explanation of the symbolic significance of each picture separately. The results of this study indicate that the two poets were similar in depicting night images in five points; The first: The two poets found the night the best way to express their emotions and their volatile female feelings. The second: The two poets invoked the night to express their negative view of life.

"Comparative literature, being an interdisciplinary field, studies the literary heritage of different nations. In this field, the scope of literature transcends national and local boundaries to observe the differences and commonalities between views and ideas of poets from two nations in comparative way. Consequently, comparative literature holds a prominent place in the world of literature and is expressed through various poetic forms. Sonnet is one the most important types of lyrical poetry and has had a significant role in the evolution and creativity of poetic content in past literary eras. Despite its great diversity, contemporary poets in Persian and Arabic literature have embraced Sonnet, pouring their emotions into and expressing their feelings through . Poets Mahmoud Al-Musawi and Sayyid Hasan Al-Husseini are among the prominent contemporary poets in this field. They have embraced this poetic form and composed Sonnets in its three types: mystical Sonnet, love Sonnet, and religious Sonnet. Therefore, this study aims, through a comparative methodology within framework of comparative literature and the descriptive-analytical approach, to present a comparative study the content of the Sonnets of poets Al-Musawi and Hasan Al-Husseini. research results showed that the poets, in an artistic and poetic manner, addressed themes such as 'divine love, reaching the eternal beloved, describing love with blood and fire, supplication to attain union, and the originality of love' mystical and love Sonnets. However, Hasan Al-Husseini's revolutionary orientation gives his poems distinctive character, setting them apart from his Arabic counterpart, and this distinction reaches its peak in religious Sonnet

Many renowned Persian poets have consistently captured the attention of literary scholars and researchers worldwide. Among these poets, Shams al-Din Muhammad Hafez Shirazi stands out. From the realm of Arabic literature, Ibrahim Amin al-Shawarbi and Ali Abbas Zoleikha, both poets and writers, have shown special reverence for Hafez. Each of these two writers has interpreted significant aspects of Hafez’s poetry and expressed them in Arabic. In this research, we delve into their interpretations of Ghazal 402 (based on Ghani Qazvini’s edition), and compare their perspectives. The findings reveal that while Amin al-Shawarbi’s interpretations, often written in prose, are more eloquent due to his long residence in Shiraz, Ali Abbas Zoleikha’s reception of the emotional elements, expressed both in poetry and in prose, is more captivating and influential than Amin al-Shawarbi’s interpretations.

Imagery or surology is one of the branches of comparative literature and studies the manifestations of imagery in literary works, including the image of the self and the other. The image is about a geographical environment, a historical event, a culture, customs, traditions, and different groups that have a symbolic language and linguistic characteristics. In the study of image, concepts and components such as stereotypes, bias, image, and representation are introduced. One of the theories in light of which we can study the image of the self and the other is the theory of Henri Pajou, the French visual artist, who believes that the image has three directions: the superior direction or positive distortion, the inferior direction or negative distortion, and the horizontal direction or neutrality. He is a great writer and poet who lived in Shizer region shortly before the crusades, and his book Al-Etibar presents a detailed and amazing image of different social and political classes and strata, including the image of the author himself and his family. , different tribes of Arabs, Fatimids, Ayyubids, Christian invaders and other groups. This research aims to investigate the duality of the self and the other in the Book of Al-Etibar through a descriptive-analytical method and based on the theory of surology, and to answer the basic question of what are the types of images of the self and the other and their examples in this book?Keywords: Comparative literature, surology, self and other, Osama bin Munqidh, Al-Etibar.IntroductionSurology is one of the most important subjects of literary research in the field of comparative literature. This science examines the image of oneself and others in literary works. The present study aims to examine the image of me and another in the book of Al-Etibar. This book is full of various religious, political, social and cultural knowledge. Osama's memoirs (1095-1188) were included in this book, a valuable message for future generations; And I played a long way in narrating many beautiful pictures and special sights of different countries, traditions, customs and living utensils, and shed light on the history of these countries. The book Al-Etibar contains a lot of political, geographical, historical, social, cultural and religious information, and therefore it is suitable for studying the image and manifestations of the self and the other in it. In this book, Ibn Munqidh presents a clear image of the different classes and groups by carefully looking at different angles of the social and political life of the people of his time. The importance of this research lies in the fact that it attempts to study the types of images in the book Al-Etibar and through it to identify Osama’s point of view and his portrayal of the groups and classes he talked about, because this book is considered one of the most important sources related to the issues and events associated with the Crusades and the power of Christians in Jerusalem and their injustice towards the different groups, as it also talked about their social, political and cultural behavior.Materials & methodsThis research was conducted using the descriptive analytical approach and by collecting the necessary information about the subject and analyzing it in light of Henri Pajou’s theory of the image.ResultsAfter studying the duality of self and other in the book Al-Etibar, we can come up with the following Osama described what he saw and heard in his travels and memories, without any favoritism towards any person or group. What distinguishes his presented images is frankness and expression of details; as he describes the events that took place in the Crusades in detail and talks about the different races and nationalities participating in these wars.The self models in the book Al-Etibar are the Muslim Arabs and the other models are the Christian Crusaders. When talking about each group, Osama tries to be neutral and present their news, events and customs as they are, and acts with integrity and honesty.Osama has adopted a fair position towards the crusader enemy and has had a realistic view far from contempt or bigotry in depicting their customs and character and morals. This approach made his travelogue have a lot of historical value and through it one can learn about the facts of this period of Muslim history and their resistance against the advance of the Crusaders.

Before receiving the independent nature in the academic and scientific context, Children’s and Young Adult Literature was a Defeated discourse in front of the literature that faces adult audiences. Adults refuse the possibility and acceptance of literature specific to children as an independent knowledge and they consider adult literature to be dominant over Children’s and Young Adult Literature. the exploration of new angles of this field became prominent with transition of changes and transformations to the independence of knowledg. Children’s and Young Adult Literature with its special audience-study, in Interdisciplinary relationship with comparative literature, makes Comparative Children’s and Young Adult Literature. The newness of this field in the global arena shows the lack of resources and the necessity of theoretical research. This research deals with the condition of this field and its territory.

The Comparative Children’s and Young Adult Literature, in various theoretical topics that lead to the formation of the framework and understanding of this knowledge, has a Interdisciplinary and Transtextual relationship with comparative literature, it can be studied in independent researches. An interdisciplinary approach and intertextual and comparative analysis with a descriptive method of content analysis and analysis of theoretical sources is considered.

In this study, the concept of Comparative Children’s and Young Adult Literature in the academic context of Iran, Interdisciplinary and the formulation of the Territoriy of Researchs of this field are built in the intertextual and comparative shadow of comparative literature and the proposed fields of O’Sullivan, to reduce the theoretical void of Conceptology, Problem-Creating and Territory-Research of this nascent field for future researches.

In another research, the researchers looked at the fixed, variable and semi-variable indexs of this knowledge to help the research in this field in Problem-Analysis and Problem-Creating. Considering the situation of the Comparative Children’s and Young Adult Literature in the university and its scope of research, it is important that researchers consider the special nature and scope of research in this field compared to the comparative literature of adults.

This article explores spatial and temporal metaphors in Bijan Najdi's works, analyzing their role in representing characters' lived experiences in the context of globalization and migration. Findings indicate that Najdi creatively employs spatial metaphors like "home," "border," and nameless, unfamiliar places to evoke a sense of alienation, instability, and dislocation in the reader. These metaphors reflect the social and psychological impacts of globalization, transforming the concept of place into an unpredictable and insecure space. On the other hand, Najdi uses temporal metaphors, portraying time as fragmented and disjointed moments to convey uncertainty and confusion. Such temporal metaphors resonate with the modern human experience in confronting cultural and social changes, especially within the scope of migration and globalization. This study highlights the interplay between spatial and temporal metaphors as tools for representing the identity and emotional challenges of characters in Najdi's works, demonstrating how this blend of metaphors allows readers to empathize with characters' experiences in a globalized and migratory world. Adopting a comparative literature and cross-cultural theoretical approach, this study offers an in-depth understanding of the impacts of globalization and migration on Persian literary structures. Findings suggest that Najdi's works, by utilizing these metaphors, intricately portray the existential and psychological complexities faced by individuals in contemporary times.

World literature investigates literary works that circulate beyond their cultures and demonstrates what like-but-unlike is. It considers a certain motif and sees how it represents its cultural aspects. . The Jungian archetype of the bird is the common thread that has been analyzed in this comparative study. Bird’s flight sheds light on metaphysical ascendance and transcendence. Moreover, the bird archetype conveys meanings associated with death, rebirth, awareness, consciousness, enlightenment, and wisdom. This article compares the archetype of birds in the poetry of Attar’s The Conference of the Birds (1177), Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner (1992), and Agbemabiese’s “Sankofa” (2008). The reason for such a choice is that, although they belong to different ages and literary heritages, all three portray a journey toward an individual’s Self-perfection.  These poets utilize the bird archetype to manifest how Simurgh, Albatross, and Sankofa, reveal their archetypal meanings in Persian, English, and African cultures. By a comparative method based on Jung’s archetypal “process of individuation”, the bird is a uniting archetype, that represents the “Self” in Jung’s terminology. Binding the poetry of these nations demonstrates that through a self-realization journey, the individual can achieve perfection or become one with the whole.

 Langston Hughes is one of the most important black American poets, who is called the "King of Black Poets." In his works, he describes the aspects of black people life and opposes injustices and racial discrimination exercised against them in order to realize their civil rights. In thisresearch, some of the commoncomponents of hispoetry are compared with those of ParvinEtesami. Thepurpose of thepresent study is to explain that two poets, attempt to renarrate some parts of thebehaviors and epistemological values in connection to different social classes, especially for the lower or subaltern social strata. Thefindings show that Hughesand ParvinEtesami, due to theirsocial tendencies and ideologies, have paid attention to the wishes and aspirations of the subaltern. Theirreaction to class differences stems from the thinking they have developed. Hughes'spoems is filled with the reflection of racist attitudes whosesocial policies consider theimprovement of thelives of the subaltern as a great danger. However, as per Parvin Etesami's poem, in an Iranian society where racist thinking does not prevail, thedeprivation of individuals is justified by ideological analyses and attributing the situation to fate and destiny.

Comparative literature is a contemporary science or research field that focuses on the comparison, examination, and analysis of literary works and, in its broader sense, the artistic works of different nations and cultures. It explores the similarities and differences among these works, as well as the literary and cultural influences and exchanges between nations. This discipline aims to see and recognize the "self" in the mirror of the "other." This issue has prompted literary critics to study literary works in relation to each other in order to achieve an evolutionary and comparative understanding of the signs within the texts. On the other hand, the "Koush-nama" narrates the tale of "Koush Pil-dandan," a dark and demonic hero in Iranian epics. A comparative analysis of this tale reveals the frequency of similarities between the narrative of Koush and that of Alexander the Great in non-Iranian mythological-historical accounts. This encourages critics to explore the layers and indicators of kinship between these two narratives and their main foundational themes. Therefore, this research has sought to discover the system of signification between the two texts using a descriptive-analytical method and comparative study. The findings of this research indicate that these two stories, due to their alignment and overlap in areas such as characterization, action, emotional states, and intertwining narratives, are undoubtedly part of a system of mutual influence. This influence from the narrative of Alexander to Koush is particularly significant, suggesting that in various aspects, the character of Koush can be seen as a transformed reflection of the non-Iranian figure of Alexander. Furthermore, this narrative can be interpreted as a selective metamorphosis derived from a collection of data found in popular literature and the written accounts of Alexander

In all languages, a word is recognized as the core term, serving as the foundation for other words that maintain the same meaning while appearing in new forms based on the perspective of the speaker, writer, or poet. These variations are referred to as marked words. Wadī‛ Sa‛ādah and Hafez Mousavi are two poets whose poems contain numerous similarly marked words in terms of both structure and meaning, to the extent that the use of these words can be considered a literary trick of the poems of these two poets. This study, which employs a descriptive analytical method, aims to examine the structure of the highlighted words in the poems of Sa‛ādah and Mousavi, as well as to articulate the most significant meanings of these words in relation to the American School of Comparative Literature. An analysis of the prose poems by these two poets reveals that, in addition to their sentences, they present the highlighted words in descriptive and supplementary combinations, utilizing straightforward language that is accessible and uncomplicated. The highlighted words in their poems are either derived from societal conditions or inspired by the beauty of nature. Consequently, both poets employ techniques such as simile and metaphor to craft meaningful words and phrases that occasionally attribute human characteristics to inanimate objects and elements of nature, while at other times, they visualize the impossible through historical references. This approach facilitates an engaging experience for readers by transforming their works into open texts. The predominant theme of the highlighted words in the poems of these two poets is the portrayal of the suffering and pain experienced by contemporary individuals. 

The dualism of the ego and the other is one of the most important topics of comparative literature, as this dialectical dualism refers mostly to class and civilizational conflict. To define the concept of the ego, there must be an ego/central ego through which we measure that other and recognize him. The other means another person or a different group. The other is the being that is different from the ego, and it is a relative and moving concept, because the other is only determined by comparison to a central point, which is the ego. The other is a reflection of the ego, and the Algerian novel is filled with the image of the French other, who remained stuck in the minds of the Algerians and was embodied in their writings despite independence. Therefore, this attempt seeks, through the descriptive-analytical approach, to study the most important things that Muammar Hojeij adopted in his depiction of the French other in his novels and to highlight the patterns of this other between negativity and positivity through his depiction of French characters. The results indicate that Hajej relied in his portrayal of the French other on several conflicts: including the civilizational conflict existing between the West and the East, the conflict existing between the Algerian and French identity, which colonialism is trying to erase, and the existing conflict between French writers who are passionate about France’s interests and the rights of their people, who are enthusiastic about the liberation of Algeria, and who oppose the crimes of French colonialism. The Frenchman and the images of the French other in the novels are of two types: negative and positive. The image of the French officer has a superior look and is characterized by violence and cruelty, and an image characterized by pity for the prisoners and sympathy for them. The same goes for the image of the professor, which is of two types: negative. It tries to destroy everything related to the Algerian Islamic identity, Algerian culture, and positivity, as it supports all movements at the level of defending Algerian freedom and independence, as well as with regard to the image of the writer, as Camus looks down on Algeria. Algeria’s civilization, according to Camus, is what the Romans left behind and backwardness is all that is attached. With the Arabs and their faces, while Sartre, in the same novel, defends the Algerian cause with all his might, exposes the crimes of French colonialism, and denounces the silence on them.

The review and analysis of confrontation/ interaction of thinkers thought and the artistic experience owners is subject that in set of literary researches can be considered –in spite of cultural differs - underlie of better understanding of discourse thinking of authors. Mewlana and Kazantzakis in this ground are two important thinkers of Islam and Christianity world that can be analyzed their texts in various aspects by attitude of comparative. One of the most important attitude, was thought variety in the selfish field especially beliefs, feelings and emotions, desires  ground that present article analyze and scrutinize this problem. Writer in this article analyzed the most significant common elements of texts mewlana and Kazantzakis emphasis on character natures on one hand and the most obvious thoughts, emotions, desires elements on the other hand by analytical- critical method.  The results of this research shows in spite of uncommon attitude, both of them figure on principle of endless prosperity  and happiness and pay attention to selfish ground by life prescriptions by regard to different dimensions.

Women’s literature has experienced a new stage in the last two centuries with the presence of more women in the field of literature and the use of feminine language in order to defend women’s rights. This type of literature holds a special significance because women showcase parts of their inner issues in their literary works by paying attention to their personal characteristics by drawing on love and affection, as well as being influenced by the heavy pressures they always face in their societies. Among the most famous of these women, we can mention in Ghada al-Samman, the author of The Impossible Novel and Emily Bronte, the author of Wuthering Heights. Utilizing a descriptive-analytical approach, this study finds that marriage, women’s right to choose a spouse, clothing, education, work, and economic-social activity are the common points between these two authors. Finally, the education of women is central to the oeuvre of both of the authors.

Comparative literature is one of the attractive and very valuable and useful trends in the field of literary criticism, and because the methods of research in comparative literature are different and numerous, there are different schools; In such a way that each researcher chooses the appropriate school or method based on his research method. With the emergence of the theory of reception in the last decades of the 19th century, more attention was paid to the role of the reader and the approach of central perception or reception was formalized. One of the research topics in the field of perception theory is the perception of Persian poetry by Arabic language writers and artists. In this context, Hafez Shirazi has attracted the attention of writers and researchers in the field of literature in other languages, and Arabic-speaking writers have a significant contribution in understanding Hafez's poetry. Among the writers who have paid special attention to Hafez's poetry and presented their views in the form of poetry and prose are Ebrahim Amin Al-Shwarabi and Ali Abbas Zulikha. In this research, two writers' interpretations of Hafez's Ghazal 175 are presented and analyzed and compared, and finally, the writer's opinion is presented as the final opinion. In general, it can be said that Al-Shwarabi's interpretation of verses is more comprehensive than Zuleikha's, but in terms of emotions and feelings, Zuleikha's interpretation is superior to Al-Shwarabi's.

 Balochi and Farsi are branches of the family of Iranian languages ​​that have been in the Iranian plateau and in the neighborhood with each other and interacted with each other throughout history. One of the functions of comparative literature is to investigate the effectiveness and influence between the literature of different languages. Considering the cultural predominance of Persian language and literature in Iran and its widespread influence among Muslim nations, its effects on Balochi literature and poetry are obvious and significant.. The influence of Balochi poets on Persian reached its peak in the second period of Balochi literature and the school of Mullahs. Mawlavi Abdollah Rawanbod is one of the famous Balochi poets and the last generation of poets of this school. He is a bilingual poet whose Balochi poems are influenced by Persian language and literature. This article has analyzed the Rawnbod’s balochi poems with a descriptive-analytical method and has shown this aspect in his Balochi poems. Rawanbod's poems are not uniform in terms of the influence of Persian language and literature. Even though his poems are strongly influenced by Persian poets like Saadi in terms of theme and fantasy elements, but in terms of language, they are fluent and original. And sometimes he is so influenced by Persian in writing Balochi poetry that the stanzas become Persian with a slight change or adjustment of a word, and even some of them can be considered completely Persian.

Persian novels of the 1930s and 1940s contain common themes such as loneliness, despair, disillusionment, fear and suspicion of personal and social relationships. Taghi Modarresi wroteYakolia & her solitude under the influence of the social-political atmosphere of the 1950, especially the situation after the coup of August 28, 1953. The traces of the author's familiarity with the Holy Book are also evident both in the writing style and in the content of this novel. The suffocating atmosphere of that time forced the writer to express his political concerns behind the myth and symbolic language. Mikhail Lermontov, a Russian poet, was also affected by the political and social situation of Russia, after the failure of the Decembrists' uprising, to escape from the disappointment and rejection of the intelligentsia, he took refuge in biblical myths and composed the narrative poem "Devil" which was a reflection of his frustrations. This research with a comparative approach between these two literary works in a descriptive-analytical method is important, because of The similarity of the social-political origins of the creation of these two works, the thoughts and opinions of the two authors, the common themes and the use of the creators of both works from the Old Testament and the story of "Tamar". This study shows that Modarresi and Lermontov used the story of Tamara in book of Creation and the second part of Samuel from the Bible to create their works, and common themes such as: despair, loneliness, rejection, protest, love, etc

Image schema, a concept within cognitive semantics, posits that human experiences shape conceptual structures in the mind, which can be expressed through language. Therefore, tangible and embodied experiences within the conceptual system lead to the production of image schemas. Through a comparative lens, this study explores cognitive processes and structures related to image schemas in Persian and Kurdish children's poetry. Specifically, it investigates how these conceptual structures facilitate the understanding of abstract themes within the children's literature of these two languages. The findings indicate that the predominant image schemas in both Persian and Kurdish children's poems are movement-based. This prevalence can be attributed to the thematic content of the poems, where concepts such as play and work inherently involve movement and activity. Following this, the power image schema ranks second, reflecting educational frameworks that encourage children to overcome obstacles in pursuit of an ideal world. The volume schema ranks third, relating to the expression of abstract concepts such as sadness, peace, and happiness within tangible spatial containers.