criticism

The Persian literature books of first and second grade of elementary introduce a list of books which are appropriate for the students of these grades at the end of each book. This can be an appropriate way to motivate students to read more. These books are introduced to all Iranian kids and they are trusted by the parents and students since they are recommended by the department of education. The present study aims to analyze, criticize, and unveil the problems of these two lists. First the two lists were analyzed and criticized based on their form and appearance.

The research method in this study is quantitative-qualitative content analysis with a descriptive-interpretive approach and information collection through documents, libraries, and record-taking.

A thorough examination of the lists in terms of structure and appearance revealed that these lists lacked a coherent and considered order, and the introducers were not careful enough in mentioning the names of the works, authors, and publishers. The lists have been at the end of the books for about ten years without change or update, and the first printing of 86% of the books was in the 1970s. The number of authored works exceeds that of translations, and the number of male authors and illustrators exceeds that of women. There is not much variety in the cut of the books, and most of the books are printed in the brick cut that is common for children.

The main idea of introducing suitable books for students who have just learned to read and write is a very good and interesting one; however, it seems that the introducers have not paid enough attention to this matter. Inaccuracy in mentioning titles and individuals, introducing works that are only related to the past decades, can be an indication of this. Failure to pay attention to the diversity of children's interests and tastes and lack of diversity in different fields are other shortcomings of these lists. Considering the results of the research, it is expected that introducing excellent works by capable authors of the last decade and works by female authors will receive more attention than before

In the book Iranian Intellectuals and the Language Issue: Approaches of Iranian Intellectuals from the Qajar Period to the Present, the author explores the issue of the Persian language from the time of the Constitutional Revolution, and slightly earlier, in five sections, including an introduction and an afterword (or, in the author’s words, a preface and an epilogue). The author examines the perspectives of intellectuals over this broad period, collecting and classifying the diverse and sometimes contradictory views and opinions, primarily of the enlighteners rather than the intellectuals themselves. The author does this in a highly intelligent and critical manner, introducing and explaining the different approaches of intellectuals in dealing with the category of language, particularly the Persian language, over a period of more than two hundred years. The analysis observes historical periods, paying special attention to the dominant discourse, episteme, and the formation of knowledge and the epistemic space of each era. While the author follows a chronological order, this approach has led to the inclusion of individuals in certain groups who might have been more appropriately placed in another.

Literary theory is a systematic study of the essence of literature and a way to analyze literary phenomena. Although the literary theory has been widely used in Persian literature research in recent years, it seems that its semantic and empirical realm has not been well established; because in some research conducted in the field of Persian literature, individuals’ literary opinions have been mistakenly read as literary theory. In the following article, to show the difference between literary theory and literary perspective, five specific characteristics of literary theory have been explained and described; which includes these items: “Arising from a philosophical mindset”, “Systematic and coherent”, “The result of reflection on the text”, “Providing a new perspective” and “Using in criticism”. In the following, the extreme point of view that believes in the similarity between some opinions in Persian classical texts and Western theories on the existence and even the precedence of theories in its past has been criticized. And it is clear that basically the discovery of these views in past scientific and literary texts was due to familiarity with western ideas. In the end, the result shows that because of the inefficiency of the literary opinions collected by the researchers from the characteristics of a theory, the term “literary theory” is not correct and accurate for their opinions and literary opinions. It is better to use the term “literary perspective” to make the field of knowledge of Persian literature more precise about such opinions and theories, so that this term has its own specific definition and examples.

After Aristotle that was the first theorist of plot, in recent decades, Propp was the first theorist that start searching for common frameworks and patterns in the plot, especially in folktales; And these studies continued after him. Norman Friedman is one of the contemporary narratologists who has studied the structure of the plot, influenced by the methods and views of Aristotle and Propp; and based on the three main components of Aristotle's view, namely action/ fortune, character and thought, he has introduced 14 types of plots. Since structures and themes are generally repetitive in folk tales, in the present study, the types of plots in Nakhshabi's Touti Nameh stories, which are folk works of the 8th century, have been studied in a descriptive-analytical manner based on Friedman's view; While introducing a new perspective to narratology research, find out which one of the 14 types of plots is used in the Touti Nameh. Based on the results, in the 75 main and sub-stories examined, all types of Friedman plots are used, and this shows the richness and structural variety of the plot in this work; It was also found that there is a significant relationship between the use of some of the most frequent types of plots of fortune and character in stories.

The last description of Khosrow and Shirin is a description written by Seyyed Shahrokh Mousavian and published by Almas Danesh publishing house in 1400. Mousavian intended to write a comprehensive description of the problems of this system and to correct the mistakes of Vahid Tasgardi. Since the review of this description can help the commentator in the final editing of the work and provide a revised description to the lovers of this work, in this article, this description has been examined in terms of verse description, text correction, literary techniques, references and editing issues. And finally, it is clear that the commentator did not provide a good explanation at least in 69 bits and made mistakes. In 90 bits, he did not notice the incorrect recording of the unified version and therefore did not provide a correct description. In several verses, he has not recognized literary industries well. There are many problems in the references, such as the fact that the evidence is unreferenced and sometimes the first-hand sources are not referenced. In this description, there are also many editing problems due to non-observance of spaces and semi-spaces between words.

Criticism and evaluation of translation is one of the most important fields of study, which measures and recognizes the quality level of translated texts. This evaluation requires linguistic researches of prominent theorists. One of the most important linguistic models introduced and known is the translation model of Mrs. "Carmen Garces". The present research, with a descriptive-analytical method, aims to investigate and evaluate the novel "Fi Qalbi Anthi Ibriya" by Khawla Hamdi translated by Ms. Asmaa Khajazadeh, using the model proposed by Carmen Garces as a measure and model for evaluating the quality of translation. Ms. Carmen Garces proposes four levels for measuring and evaluating translations, which are: 1- semantic-lexical level; 2- syntactic-word-building (morphological) level; 3- Discursive-applicative level; 4- Stylistic-semantic level.The current study examines only two levels of semantic-lexical and syntactic-lexical construction. Then it deduces that: the most prominent components of semantic-lexical levels in this translation are cultural or functional equivalents, syntactic expansion, syntactic contraction, ambiguity, and in the same proportion general or vice versa, and at the syntactic-lexical level, the most prominent components are literal translation, adaptation, changing syntactically or grammatically, changing the point of view, explaining or expanding the meaning, reducing and eliminating which change the type of sentence in translation.The adequacy and acceptability of a translation is based on counting its positive and negative features. Therefore the higher the number of positive features of the translated text, the higher is its adequacy and acceptability. It can be said that Khawajazadeh's translation conforms to the model of Garces and it has good adequacy and acceptability.

For many years, Western researchers have extensively studied the history, language, culture, religion, and mysticism of the Kurds for various specific objectives. Kurdish scholars often elevate these works to the status of sacred texts. Their hesitance to form critical opinions and accurately cite passages from these texts stems from a lack of courage, conviction, and confidence, leading them to rely unquestioningly on translated content. An illustrative example is Agha, Shaikh, and State, a book by Professor Martin van Bruinessen, which stands out as one of the most significant publications in the field of Kurdish studies and serves as a lasting reference for Kurdish researchers to this day. A chapter of this book explores explicitly Kurdish mysticism and Tariqa. This chapter requires a thorough revision and analysis grounded in the study of mysticism, a complex branch of Islamic studies and theology. As we observe and evaluate, this work is subject to scrutiny from a critical perspective, necessitating a reevaluation of its viewpoints. The author has incorporated this chapter into his sociological research as a report, relying on the statements of unidentified individuals and unspecified sources. Furthermore, his assertions contain numerous inaccuracies, evidencing biases, and broad generalizations. This stems from a research approach focusing solely on sociological aspects, lacking a comprehensive and accurate understanding of mysticism, and relying on insufficient works produced by Western orientalists. Consequently, this has diminished the scientific and historical credibility of the work.

Bidel Dehlavi is one of the greatest poets of the Indian style, and his poetry is one of the most sublime poems of Persian poetry. According to Bidel himself, this poem is full of mountains and hills, therefore, it is not easy to achieve its high meaning, and its seekers may have stumbled in this way and failed to reach the high meaning. Open like. The same issue requires that the works written in this regard should be placed in the crucible of criticism, so that the factors that cause the searchers of the meaning of Biddle's poetry to go astray, be identified and become like a lamp, illuminating the way for posterity. One of these works is the valuable written book "Waiting" by Yahya Kardegar From this point of view, this work has been investigated by the author of this article in a descriptive and critical analysis way, and the results of the research show that not paying attention to the imaginary clusters of Biddle's poetry, not paying attention to the use of words in a special and personal sense, Not paying attention to the relationship between the verses and the style of the equations, not paying attention to Biddle's thought axes, not paying attention to the meanings of prepositions and the grammatical order of words and omissions, the existence of incorrect substitutes and the critic not paying attention to them, incorrect reading of the verses. And... are among the factors that have made it difficult for the respected commentator to achieve the deep meanings of his poems.

This article aims to provide a typology of the relationships that can be imagined between a biographer and his subject. The first possible relationship is rooted in "empathy," allowing the author to imagine and represent the subject in various states. In this approach, common among Iranian biographers, the author often highlights the subject's notable traits to glorify his hdistorical "hero". However, in some instances, the biographer focuses on the ordinary aspects of the subject's life to present a more humanized version, distancing from the traditional praise of "illustrious men." This deviation from conventional biographical writing creates a new type of relationship, which can be termed "critical." In this approach, the text may aim to critique genre conventions or deconstruct the historical hero. Beyond the duality of sanctification and critique, a third mode, common among French writers, involves a form of reflexivity. Here, the biographer mirrors his own existential struggles through the life of the "other" or uses the narrative of the subject as a borrowed discourse to silently express personal concerns. Of course, each of these paths is shaped by the author's unique perception of life and literature, which in turn influences the audience's understanding of the biography genre, its potential and its challenges.

Tarikh-e Beyhaghi (Beyhaghi’s History) is a seminal work in Persian literature and historiography. Fayyaz dedicated his life to correcting and improving this text. In 2009, a revised edition of the work edited by Yahagghi and Seyyedi was published. The primary advantage of this new edition was the detailed introduction, annotations, and supplementary materials, which greatly facilitated the work of readers and researchers. However, the editors had made numerous unjustified interventions in the text, to the extent that this benefit was largely overshadowed by the distortion of the original work of such great significance. It was anticipated that after more than a decade since the initial publication and appearance of numerous scholarly articles on the topic, many of the problems would have been addressed in the new edition. Regrettably, the 2022 edition, which claimed to incorporate "complete revision, additions, and corrections", failed to live up to these expectations as only a few of the numerous issues were rectified. Due to the impracticality of addressing all the flaws of this editorial effort in a single article, the present work examined select problems under the following headings: "Departure from the normative contextual meaning", "Disregard for Bayhaghi's stylistic features", "Ignoring the frequency of evidence", "Unjustified textual changes", "Unsupported readings of the text", and "Neglect of literary sensibilities in text correction".

There is always a reciprocal and influential relationship between literature and social conditions.
From the beginning of Persian poetry the essence of protest and social commitment is seen in the works of poets. Protest is a category of literature in which the enlightened express their dissatisfaction with the status quo in order to express the problems of society and to enlighten and raise awareness. Among them are committed poets, because of the mission and responsibility they feel on their shoulders Accordingly, they do not remain indifferent and react to the various anomalies they see, especially in the social and political structure.
In the meantime, sometimes the conditions of the society provide the ground for the emergence of some literary techniques. One of these tricks is the mask( Persona ) that the poet chooses from among the mythical and historical characters of his culture. He criticizes his society in the back of persona so that he can perform hic poetic duty and he can be safe from damages.
In this paper, it is tried to identify the social context and factors that influence the formation of personality masks in Attar's Masnavi And its connection with the school of protest to be determined And Describes the types of masks used by Attar.

Committed and popular poets consider it their mission to reflect various social problems and issues in the mirror of their poems. These singers have often experienced the suffering and pain caused by war, colonialism, tyranny, suffocation, repression, and a closed political atmosphere, and have written in order to awaken and encourage people. The present research, which was carried out in a descriptive-analytical way, sought to examine the manifestations of socio-political criticism in the poems of Mahdi AkhawanSales (from Iran) and Mohammad Al-Maghout (from Syria) and from this point of view, the similarities and differences expose each of them to the reader's view. What was obtained from the search in brief is that: the poets of this research criticize the political obstruction and the lack of freedom, criticize the imprudence and incompetence of the rulers, criticize the neglect and callousness of the people, criticize the laziness of the fighters, criticize the They have put belligerence etc. on their agenda and reflected on it. The AkhavanSales and Maghout have been trying to free the people from neglect and everyday life by rousing national and ancient feelings, and to make them aware of their past honors, to recover their lost identity and to realize that - in the direction of achieving an ideal society - Give life again.

Abu Mu'in Nasser bin Khosrow bin Harith Qabadiani Balkhi is a well-known poet who lived in the late 4th and early 5th centuries AH. He composed his poems in the service of religion. Nasser Khosrow believes that poetry should only serve religion and religious leaders. For several reasons, his anthology has not received much attention from commentators, and a complete explanation of it has not been published so far. A book that partially explains the poems of Nasser Khosrow is "From Qabadian to Yamgan" written by Mohammad Reza Yousefi and Ruqieh Ebrahimi of Shahrabad and published by Al-Mustafa International Translation and Publishing Center. An important goal of an author to explain a text is to solve a problem in that text for the readers as far as his or her knowledge goes. For this reason, different contents should be considered in the explanation of texts. In this article, we will carefully examine the book "From Qabadian to Yamgan" to show how successfully the authors have commented on it and whether they have really solved any problem of Nasser Khosrow's poetry.

As a literary technique, irony has been a point of disagreement among rhetoric scholars and they have always paid attention to its literary-artistic value. The consequences of the disagreement among Islamic thinkers about the art of rhetoric have been to such extent that Fakhr Razi (606 AH) using a rationalistic approach and complex and multiplex definitions, considers the taste-oriented opinions of Abdul Qahir al-Jurjani (471 AH) weak in the subject of irony. In the light of the importance of the issue, that is the disagreement in the research method of rhetorical thinkers, the present article tries to compare and criticize Razi's critics on Jurjani as well as discovering his thinking method through a qualitative approach and inductive method, relying on intellectual implication. With the investigations carried out, the results indicated that the root of Razi's disagreement with Sheikh can be seen in several general issues, e.g. the way of logical thinking, the difference in the reasoning style, and the contradictions of Razi's philosophical and literary views in the discussion of implications. In his philosophical texts, Razi does not seem to accept the implication of obligation; but in the book Nahaye al-Ijaz fi Derayat al-ejaz acknowledges this specific implication and actually represents a kind of contradiction in his opinions, so he has not been successful in including irony in his theoretical framework. In criticizing Sheikh, he is influenced by his own philosophical thought while hiding the fact cleverly.

Criticism and its types have been referred to as judgment, evaluation, identification, analysis, review, interpretation, and the like, all of which regard criticism as an interrogative encounter with produced text aiming to explore and examine it. This is while the purpose of this article is to emancipate criticism from the common posterior definitions and as the result to create a fundamental understanding based on text criticism as a priori act in the production process. For this purpose, this article focuses on pre-linguistic and meta-linguistic elements in terms of a non-structural approach and a context for actual production of text as possible conditions. These are meta-historical data which contain the whyness and howness of text formation. Possible conditions are objective and meta-linguistic preconditions. They are different from explanation and interpretation as the realm of mind. Possible conditions are at the heart of historical theory (Historik) and are in relation with long-term processes, playing role in text from the beginning of its formation. Observing possible conditions, as meta-textual conditions make the text actual. It is while criticism, as a possible condition in the creation of text and as a priori and beyond the linguistic narration and hermeneutic features, protects and supports it against any kind of posterior review and judgment. This article attempted to look at the criticism from a different perspective. This led to the extraction of results different from the common ones and to the context required for the actual production of the text event.

Diwan Naser Khosrow is one of the diwans whose parts have been described and published under different titles. One of these works is a book entitled "Dor LaFez Dari" in which Mr. Kazem Dezfulian has described a poem. This book is written in 200 pages and published by Talayah Publishing House. And we will criticize this book and we will express some points about some parts of it. In this article, some of the problems and mistakes of the book have been pointed out. With detailed investigations in this article, we will see that the author has many aspects of the poem. Nasser Khosrow has not paid attention and in some cases he has not explained some verses correctly; Therefore, this description is one of the incomplete descriptions that has not solved any of the difficulties of Nasser Khosrow's poetry, and it is necessary for the author to correct the mentioned items and add unexplained aspects in the next editions.

Proverbs are the extract of culture, ethics and worldview of a nation, whose analysis and criticism leads to the explanation of current thoughts and opinions among the people of a society. Negative proverbs, along with proverbs that indicate positivity, have a significant frequency in literary sources and among people, and this type of proverbs is also reflected in Dehkhoda"s proverbs and sayings. In this research, criticism of negative proverbs in Dehkhoda"s proverbs and decrees has been discussed and the intellectual coordinates of these proverbs have been analyzed.

This article is written in an analytical-descriptive way and its type is library.

The prevalence of negative proverbs imperceptibly and unintentionally leads to the spread of negativity in the society. From the point of view of language, the negative proverbs in Dehkhoda"s proverbs and sayings have a bitter and stinging language, and from the point of view of style and intellectual context, they are full of negativity and sometimes include violations of moral norms and lead a person to adopt a negative approach in life.

The research results show that negative proverbs have a high frequency in Dehkhoda"s proverbs and sayings. The negative proverbs in Dehkhoda"s proverbs and sayings mainly include themes such as incompatibility, ignorance, anxiety, threats and caution, bad past, conflict, fear, futility, destruction, unfortunate events, despair, violence, oppression, bullying, insults, death thoughts, They are teasing, talking, lying, sarcasm, sedition, deception, bullying, superstition, reproach, humiliation and threats, fault-finding and self-praise. Among the above cases, ignorance has the highest frequency with 1456 cases (12.3 percent) and self-praise has the lowest frequency with 50 cases (0.42 percent).

Criticism of methodology and analysis of literary works is one of the important topics in the field of scientific and research works, which can shed light on the intertextual influence of literary texts, especially in fiction. In the present study, the authors, using the method of content analysis and comparative comparison, found one of the ways of espionage in the war in seven famous literary and historical stories "King of Jahud and Nasranian" in Masnavi and Hayat Al-Hayvan Demiari, "Boom and Ghorab" in Kelileh. and Demeneh, "Firouzshah and Hitalian" in Tabari's history, "Shaghad and Rostam" in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, "Zaba and Qasir Ebn-e Saad" in Balami's history, "Bibi Seti and Abu Muslim" in Abu Muslimnameh. The results showed that the method of espionage in the story of King of Jahud and the Christians in Masnavi and Hayat al-Haiwan is stronger than other stories in terms of structure and content. The method of penetrating is based on a kind of cognitive warfare, which without any military conflict, and only with mastering the power of knowledge and identifying the religious beliefs of the enemy, created differences among the fearful and destroyed them. This principle has not been observed in other stories.

Research on metonymy and related topics in Islamic studies stems from Muslims’ interaction with the Qur’an and their efforts to comprehend the meaning of certain verses. It sparked numerous theological debates among Islamic sects, such as the Ash’arites and the Mu’tazilites, to the extent that some scholars rejected metonymy in the Qur’an. In addition to theological (Islamic kalam) works, metonymy featured in rhetorical volumes and since the time of Sakkaki it has been transferred from theological to rhetorical works. The main issues in these works relate to the definition of metonymy and truth, the quality of their recognition, metonymy types, and so on. The main debate has been attending to one aspect and neglecting other aspects. Despite the efforts made by Muslim scholars in these works, due to the intermingling of different fields in this subject, current research on metonymy has paid less attention to previous studies. Therefore, the present research has explored this issue from various perspectives while examining the evolution of metonymy studies in the works of Muslim theologians and rhetoricians using a descriptive-analytical method. The results showed that logocentrism, the intermingling of different domains, abstract theological topics, unnecessary divisions, disregard for the functional aspect of language, overlapping types of metonymy, and repetition of the content were the main research barriers. Additionally, one should also mention the neglect of the points made by scholars such as Jurjani and Khatib Qazvini. It seems that if we pay attention to the aspects of information, pragmatics, and the context in the field of metonymy, many problems of its semantic recognition will be solved. On the other hand, dividing this category into metalepsis and compound metonymy as well as their trivial subfields will make us independent from other categories.

There is no doubt that determining the quality of a translation depends on putting it to, The test of Criticism and Analysis, There is no desire to correct the defect in it, hence there was an urgent need to set reliable standards to judge the quality of Translations, which led to the introduction of more Theories and interviews to determine these Standards, Among these Approaches is the  Garcec Model Criticism, Which brings together the various currents presented in the arena of translational research, the model includes four levels: the Semantic linguistic level, The grammatical Morphological level, The functional discursive level, and the Stylistic Pragmatic level, Several procedures fall under each level. This model was applied with an analytical, descriptive, and statistical approach to Adel Abdel Moneim’s translation of the novel The School Principal by the Iranian writer Jalal Al Ahmed. Let us discover that the translator was successful at the linguistic and grammatical levels, and his translation was sufficient, but he did not achieve success at the functional and stylistic levels. His translation was not accepted.