gender

This essay is done by the purpose of the critical analysis of the film “Untaken Paths” from Fairclough’s approach, using a descriptive-analytical method, aims to investigate how power manifests in dialogues of characters, the effect of gender on power, and the emergence and impact of traditional thoughts and ignorant prejudices on them based on the dominance in words and flexibility in speech through aggressive behaviors, violent tones, or in conditions of lack of self-confidence and a feeling of insecurity, they reveal their strength or weakness, verbally. According to prevailing prejudices in the family, the existing traditionalism and the verbal strategies of the characters in the film, discourse gender affects language power. Also, according to language behaviors, ideology and gender perspective of characters of film, derived from their gender, language power is manifested for men and lack of power for women. Fairclough considers language and ideology together as a tool for critical discourse analysis. Analysis according to his point of view, shows how the discourse of the male characters in different family and social contexts has been able to play the role of stabilizing the position of power. This research explains the ruling and dominant discourse of men with power relations in a way that tries to dominate women’s language and voice. Among these, there is a social platform of traditional society and family which is transitioning to the modern society and challenges these power relations. Finally, this debate leads to the formation of what researchers have reached in the article.

Women's literary text is influenced in form and content by the psychological, physiological characteristics, and social experiences, as well as by the cultural patterns and customs of the writer. The theory of the depth of gendered language by critic Rabin Lekaf showed that women use different linguistic patterns than men. In view of this, we seek in this research to study the lexical level in the Arabic and Persian women’s novel to study the extent and validity of the influence of gender on the language of the women’s text. After studying the lexical level in the Arabic women's novel and the Persian It became clear that the two writers were similar in their use of some feminine linguistic patterns, such as colours , adjectives, vocal patterns, and emphasizing words. However, the Iranian writer took great care of the presence of most of the feminine linguistic elements in her story, which made her literary narrative more feminine, while the Syrian writer was more feminine in her presence. Some of the feminine linguistic elements in her story, such as words related to women's activities, colloquial words, and repetition patterns, are much less present than in the Iranian story. Which made her linguistic patterns closer to the masculine style.

Feminist stylistics is a new approach that focuses on novels published by women and on the production, reproduction and transformations of style, gender identities and power relations between women and men. The current research has selected four novels from the 1980s; the titles My Bird (Parande Man) (2008), From Satan Learnt and Burnt (Az Sheitān Āmūkht va Sūzāand) (2008), Sorkhi to az Man (Your Redness from Me) (2008) by Bibi Shahrzad (2009). Using the descriptive-analytical method and based on Sara Mills' feminist stylistic model, the study examines these texts at three levels; lexical, sentence and discourse. The results of the research show that at word level in all the investigated novels, feminine interpretations and words related to the position of women such as pregnancy, love, virginity, childbirth, nausea, rape, abortion, cosmetics, etc. have been widely used. These words show the female identity of the authors of the stories from the individual-gender, ideological, class dimension and women's attention to the home environment and society. At the level of sentences (syntax), short, simple, detailed statements, the emotional dimensions of the text and the omission of the verb in sentences as well as interrupted sentences were consecutively examined in all the four novels. At this level, the use of short, repetitive and descriptive detailed statements without literary and rhetorical complications have a high frequency in all four works. At the discourse level, all the works, while dealing with gender stereotypes in the society, try to challenge the male culture and the long history of patriarchy. Thematically, all the four novels revolve around women's lives and are related to the issues, problems and oppressions that women face in society and family. The main characters of all the novels are women. Men are on the sidelines and are not allowed to speak much. The relationship between men and women is disjointed, chaotic and suffering from serious crises. Therefore, it can be said that the novels discussed in this research have all followed the model proposed by Sara Mills, and the characteristics and features of women's writing can often be found in these texts. As a result, it seems that, although a literary work is a product of an artist's mentality, language and world, the structural differences of gender are effective in creating linguistic, mental, stylistic and thought differences.

The connection of contemporary fiction literature with the political, social, economic and cultural events of the society is a deep and unbreakable connection, and the presence of British and American colonialists in the countries of Iran and Egypt has caused the writers of these countries to be influenced by the political event of their societies and to get rid of the domination of the colonizers, should fight against them by writing post-colonial novels. The writing of post-colonial novels "suggests the literary commitment of the works and different angles of the texts in the struggle for the establishment of domination." The novel can introduce the audience to post-colonial literature and show the direct and indirect presence of the colonizers, their goals and consequences in the lives of the colonized people. Mahmoud Dolatabadi and Najib Mahfouz are prominent writers of contemporary Iranian and Egyptian literature who lived in the colonial and post-colonial eras and have lived and real experiences from this era. They have included the spirit of the post-colonial era in their novels and recreated that era in their novels; The purpose of the current research is to compare the conflict of "gender" and "subordination" in two novels, Daulatabadi's Empty Place of Seluch and Alley of Medagh from Mahfouz, emphasizing Spivak's views.

The school of American comparative literature is young and necessarily more flexible than other schools. In this school, not only the issue of interlinguistics has become less important; Rather, culture-centeredness and sociology have replaced the issue of influence and genealogy of texts from each other, and thematics, description and imagery of texts and paying attention to the cultural spirit of texts have become more important. Spivak himself is one of the founders of the "Institute of Comparative Literature and Society" in America. Society, inferiority, culture and gender are among the most important topics he considers. In the following article, an attempt has been made to evaluate and judge the two novels, The Vacancy of Seluch and Alley of Madaq, from the perspective of American adaptation literature, with an emphasis on culture, society, theme and image, description, gender and inferiority intended by Spivak.

Dolatabadi tries to show the voice of womens from the story. Women who have been deprived of their rights due to the rule of the patriarchal system. Some characters such as Zan Sardar and Zan Karbalai Dushanbe are not present in the novel and the author tries to reflect their voices through other characters. Sardar's wife goes to her family with her relatives when her husband goes to the city and never returns. Sardar's wife had run away from him. Not today, twenty years ago. Sardar's behavior with her was very disgusting and humiliating and…" They slandered the second woman of Karbalai Dushanbe that she was pregnant before marriage, that's why her husband kicked her out. Karbalai Dushanbe says: "I beat the girl like an animal and kicked her out. She also hugged her child in the winter cold and went out." What is the meaning of such behavior from a girl…? These two women are oppressed women who are forced to leave the family because of insecurity. Here, inferiority is completely related to gender and the patriarchal system, and women are more involved with the issue of inferiority and marginality than other social strata. Dolat-Abadi in the conflicts and adventures he creates, he has given power and the opportunity to speak to the native subjugated people, and in this way, he has narrated the true situation of the oppressed in order to raise awareness. Mahfouz has depicted the theory of "double colonization" and "subjugation" of Spivak's Third World women in the character of Hamida and other women. Mahfouz reflects the voice of the women and residents of Madaq Alley. The accurate description of women's position in the Madagh’s Alley novel shows that Najib Mahfouz has been able to be the voice of the women of his society. Because the British colonialists violated them and exploited their bodies. Understanding the direct rule of foreign colonialists as well as the rule of the patriarchal cultural, political and economic system has made Najib Mahfouz able to portray the position of women better and more accurately than Doulat-Abadi. Mahfouz echoes the voices of poor Egyptian girls in Faraj Ebrahim's school; Girls who live in a colonized society have to endure double colonization. They were anxious and sad; They felt hopeless and suffered; Because they had to feed their families through illicit relationships. Girls who, contrary to their appearance, had a heart full of blood and wished to live a pure life. There were many girls who were bothered by anxiety. A group had sadness in their hearts and greed and a feeling of despair and destitution. They suffered to feed their families. The poor people who, under the color and glamor of their appearance, had a bloody heart and wished for a pure and dignified life.Daulatabadi and Najib Mahfouz have shown the agency of women through employment and escape. Women's agency here is based on inferiority and to get rid of inferiority. They have to be strong and active. Subordinate women in novel of Seluch Vacant Place have higher agency and activity; Maintaining survival and trying to continue life makes them active and resistant. Although the direct cultural, political and economic dominance of the colonialists in the Madagh Alley novel has led to the direction and limitation of women's agency and has forced women into menial jobs such as prostitution; but in novel of Seluch Vacancy, Mergan makes a living with honorable jobs.It can be said that in both novels, culture, as the infrastructure and bedrock of social life, not only fills the gaps and bio-social confrontations; rather, it regulates the compatibility and behavioral relations of women and subordinates. Culture, with its means of expression and effective agency, can apply fundamental conditions on the identity of women, so that it can impose a gender nature with specific standards and norms on women.

Women in Seluch Vacant Place have more agency than women in Madaq Alley; Because Iranian women have not directly experienced colonialism. The direct cultural, political, and economic dominance of foreign colonialism in the Madagh Alley novel has made the agency of subordinate women in it to be weaker. Egyptian women engage in menial jobs such as prostitution; however, in Seluch Vacant Place, colonization is more of a cultural and internal type of colonization, so that it can be said that Mergan makes a living with honorable jobs. In the novel Madagh Alley, Hajar agrees to a forced marriage because he is a child and does not have the necessary agency; moreover, foreign colonialism has defined and determined the nature and identity of women as other and marginal. Daulat-Abadi tries more than Najib Mahfouz to change the common mentality of the patriarchal system about the impotence of women in their societies. Daulatabadi's goal is to change the cultural mentality of his audience about the identity and nature of Iranian women; But the goal of Najib Mahfouz is to show the sovereignty and the direct influence of tyranny and foreign colonialism in determining living standards.  The cultural, political, and economic dominance of foreign colonizers over Foroodistan is greater in the Madaq Alley novel than in Seluch Vacant Place; Because the interaction between the colonizer and the colonized in Koche Madaq's novel is experimental, direct and indirect. In this novel, gender discrimination can be seen more prominently; Because women's bodies are exploited by native and British colonialists.

The complexity of language has led to a wide range of methods and scientific approaches in its study, one of which examines the relationship between language and gender. This paper, using a descriptive-analytical method and a library-based approach, investigates how feminine gender influences the language of the novel Koli Kenare Atash. It explores the patterns through which femininity is expressed in the linguistic signs and language used in the text, and subsequently, how these usages represent female identity. In this novel, which seeks to portray the fragmented identity of women within a traditional society, the author initially embodies femininity through the unique application of linguistic codes in the narrative. These patterns include emotional language, monologue-driven speech, distinctive use of interrogative sentences, color terms, descriptive language focused on the body, lexical poverty, the language of silence, prescriptive language, sensory language, and the use of hesitation markers. Through employing these linguistic codes, the author successfully creates twelve linguistic subjects, each embodying various stereotypical roles and gender schemas associated with women.

As a cognitive process, metaphor objectifies mental concepts in such a tangible form that the study of human mental structure would be possible. The goal of this research is to study the conceptual domain of “hunting” and its negative representation in love “dating and marriage” based on the conceptual metaphor theory and cultural linguistics (Palmer, 1996; Sharifian, 2013). With a reference to the Persian corpus and Persian proverbs we studied the metaphor “marriage is hunting” and its negative representation. Three micro metaphors obtained were “marriage is hunting,” “marriage is theft,” and “marriage is captivity,” which through linguistic metaphoric expressions such as hunting, snapping, enthralling, grabbing, snatching, ensnaring, catching, trapping, capturing, enslaving, and harnessing all bearing a negative emotional connation both in the case of man or the woman. The research findings showed that we witness a negative metaphorical representation of hunting in “marriage”. Sometimes a woman is a valuable catch and the prey for a male hunter but she sometimes takes the role of a hunter and the man is the prey. The results showed that factors such as gender, commitment to cohabitation and the suitability of couples in terms of appearance, economy, age, celibacy and ethical orientation affect metaphorical representations.

Gender identity indicates the narrator's mental image of his "self", which includes femininity or masculinity. The main issue of this research has been the comparison of gender identity, in terms of poetic moods of Persian-speaking male and female poets, in order to extract the identity-gender stance of the narrator. To conduct this interdisciplinary and author-oriented research, a combined research method (descriptive-comparative-analytical-statistical) was used based on Sandra Bam's opinions. The statistical population of the research is authobiographies of 4 male poets (Sohrab, Akhwan, Shahryar, Emad Khorasani) and 4 female poets (Simin, Forough, Tahereh Safarzadeh and Sepideh Kashani). Conducting this research, the following results were obtained: in the field of vocabulary, adjectives such as: defending one's beliefs and aggressiveness as male characteristics and attributes such as: warmth and sensitivity to the needs of others, belief in superstitions, commitment to performing cultural rituals And being submissive appears as a strong female trait. Regarding grammatical construction, traits such as decisiveness in words, self-reliance, analytical power, and rationalism are the dominant characteristics of men, and in the case of women, characteristics such as lack of openness, politeness, simplicity, and interest in participation are reflected more. In all kinds of speech acts, characteristics such as: mental stability, power of expression and strictness in defending beliefs prevail for men, and features such as: hidden speech and sincere and emotional tone prevail for women.

This research aims to study the effect of gender, age and education of Arabic-Persian bilingual speakers on their frequency of use of code-switching types (Inter- sentential, Intra- sentential & Tag) in Nakhle-e-Taghi city. To this end, 80 male and female Arabic–Persian bilinguals were selected as research subjects through a non-random convenience sampling method. They consisted of two age groups, 20 to 40 and over 40, and belonged to two levels of education, one under diploma and the other diploma and higher than diploma. Then, their conversations were audio and video recorded, out of which the research data were extracted. The research data, containing 1022 cases of code-switching between Arabic- Persian languages, were analyzed in accordance with Poplack (1980). The frequency of use of code-switching types was enumerated and registered based on gender, age and education. Finally, the numerical data were analyzed in SPSS.27 software, using the test of chi- square 2. The results show that gender, age and education have effect on the frequency of usage of code-switching types.

Based on Lakoff and Johnson’s cognitive framework, metaphor is considered is a key way humans perceive concepts in the universe. The aim of the present research was to study the effects of animal names on native Turkish speakers and the implicational meanings of the words. Turkish speakers derive metaphoric meanings by comparing humans and surrounding events to these entities. Based on interviews with 30 native speakers, 93 words were collected, 22 of which were common and reflected Turkish cultural views. First, the implicational meanings of these 22 words were extracted and listed in a table alongside each animal’s name. Then for each word, the explanation was given according to some examples and poems from Turkish reference books. In addition, the study examined the subjects of gender, frequency, and percentage in these metaphors. The results indicated that animal names influence the speech of native Turkish speakers, who use these metaphoric words daily in appropriate contexts.