migration

One of the most important concerns of immigrants after starting to live in a new place and space is identity. Identity is a phenomenon that is created in the course of social interactions and by creating a boundary between insider and outsider. Cultural differences between two lands cause cultural conflicts. In migration, the family's cultural and identity relationship has various forms. Contemporary fictional literature deals with the issue of immigrants and their identity. Identity constitutes the central axis in the the novel running after wolves by Ali Badr. Based on homi bhabha’s identity theory using the descriptive-analytical approach, this study seeks to reveal the importance of the hazia, its epics, and its challenges of alienation and retrieval, and to highlight the important issues surrounding the character of the hero in this novel, the perception of identify immigrants and the possibility of identifying them, and highlighthing the issue of the self and the other. Ali badr expresses an identity crisis through the main character of the novel, George barker, in the face of the phenomenon of alienation, immigration, environmental and cultural factors, and identity tensions. The main character in this novel, who reaches the brink of collapse and collapse as a result of emigration, seeks to suggest a new meaning for her identity. His identity links the past with the present with the help of memory, even though at the beginning of stay in America he was seeking to forget his past. In the end, he searches for its originality and lost identity in America. 

This article explores spatial and temporal metaphors in Bijan Najdi's works, analyzing their role in representing characters' lived experiences in the context of globalization and migration. Findings indicate that Najdi creatively employs spatial metaphors like "home," "border," and nameless, unfamiliar places to evoke a sense of alienation, instability, and dislocation in the reader. These metaphors reflect the social and psychological impacts of globalization, transforming the concept of place into an unpredictable and insecure space. On the other hand, Najdi uses temporal metaphors, portraying time as fragmented and disjointed moments to convey uncertainty and confusion. Such temporal metaphors resonate with the modern human experience in confronting cultural and social changes, especially within the scope of migration and globalization. This study highlights the interplay between spatial and temporal metaphors as tools for representing the identity and emotional challenges of characters in Najdi's works, demonstrating how this blend of metaphors allows readers to empathize with characters' experiences in a globalized and migratory world. Adopting a comparative literature and cross-cultural theoretical approach, this study offers an in-depth understanding of the impacts of globalization and migration on Persian literary structures. Findings suggest that Najdi's works, by utilizing these metaphors, intricately portray the existential and psychological complexities faced by individuals in contemporary times.

Criticism of post-colonialism is a discourse consisting of ideas of people such as Fanon, Edward Said, etc., which can be placed under the context of fields such as art, literature and political science .In the field of literature, the post-colonial approach studies the literature of the colonial country and the works of immigrant writers of that country. This article examines the fictional works of "Mohammed Hossein Mohammadi", an Afghan writer, using a descriptive-analytical research method. In his works, he depicts the way and dominance of colonialism over culture and the extent of resistance of this culture against domination. The type of activism of this resistance is different between male and female gender. Although women are placed in a sexually inferior position, new identity structures based on the dialectic ruling the society cause them to be read differently than what considers them as objects in the patriarchal world. Studying literature with a post-colonial perspective is listening to the forgotten voices of people who have been under colonialism for years. This literature portrays the process through which the people of the colony have either associated themselves with the existing conditions and somehow experienced a melting phenomenon or have faced this attack.

In the current research, the issue of trauma in the novel Ulysses of Baghdad written by Éric-Emmanuel Schmitt and the Nocturnal harmony of the wood orchestra written by Reza Ghasemi have been investigated. In both novels, we see the migration of the main character of the story. The main character of the novel Ulysses from Baghdad (Saad) decides to migrate in order to escape from the civil war, and in the novel of the Nocturnal harmony, which depicts a surreal narrative of migration (Yadullah), we are looking for the reason for migration and the damages caused by it. Trauma or psychosis following a psychological injury that usually occurs to a person in childhood can have irreparable consequences that are very difficult and even impossible to treat. Migration, especially if it is unwanted, can cause a traumatic injury that sometimes causes multiple tears, feelings of depression, emptiness, loneliness and disorder. A person who experiences migration faces a new world in which many principles and boundaries will change. This comparative comparison shows that either voluntary or forced migration can have traumatic consequences and transform a person's identity. Also, a narrative of migration, whether real or surreal, leads to confusion in the writing and structure of the story, which themselves indicate a traumatic narrative.

The poets of the diaspora and the poets of the homeless Palestine, both of them live outside their countries, and in addition to their feeling of alienation, they have a longing for their homeland. But the motives and reasons behind the migration of these poets differ; The poets of the diaspora migrated to the countries of the North and South America of their own free will and in order to live a better life, and they may return - whenever they want - to their homelands. As for the poets of Palestine, they did not leave their country voluntarily. Rather, it was the Zionist occupiers who expelled them, and they did not return to their homeland. In this article, we try, using an analytic-descriptive approach, to study the effects of migration on the poetry of Palestine and the poetry of the diaspora, and to show the differences between these effects. The results obtained from this research work show that the different motives and causes of emigration have had a direct impact on the poetry of the poets of Palestine and the poets of the diaspora. The poets of the diaspora yearn for the homeland, but they do not return to it, begging for flimsy pretexts, and aiming arrows of criticism at the masses, while the poets of Palestine love their country and call the masses to struggle. In addition, the emotions of Palestinian poets and their feelings of longing for their homeland are truer.

This study investigates the social status of the varieties of Iranian languages and dialects towards the perspective of the hidden cognitive realities of real language use within the framework of the lectal variation theory. Using this usage-based theory, researchers have explored the language speakers’ desire and tendency towards different language varieties considering the independent social variables of financial level of living and occupation. A researcher-constructed survey questionnaire and interview were used in this study. Linguistic data were collected from a total of 314 participants selected semi-randomly among the language community of immigrants living in Tehran, with Turkish, Laki, Kurdish, Baluchi and Mazandarani languages as well as Mashhadi, Lori, Hamedani, Isfahani and Yazdi dialects. The Likert scale, Cronbach’s alpha, the Chi-square test, the P-value and one-dimensional student’s t-test were used in this study. According to the results, the use of non-standard varieties is more common among retired employees. Economically the lower strata have the highest use of non-standard varieties. 83.54 percent of the speakers of language varieties in Tehran prefer to use the standard language variety in daily conversation in the society. Considering the migration variable, using non-standard language varieties of first-generation immigrants is more common than the second-generation immigrants.

By understanding the importance and position of "identity" in social relations and group interactions and considering the interdisciplinary position of this concept, this research tries to find out the position of the topic and the concept of the identity of the immigrant subject in the two works "Gosal" (1374) by Sasan. Hero and "My Name Is Leila" (2010) by Bita Malkuti. The works that are focused on the description of the individual and social conditions and challenges of the immigrants and express the commonalities and differences of their special conditions by selecting, organizing and separating the form of literary expression, lifestyle, positions of people, linear or intermingled life events. The purpose of the identity-based reading of these works is to study and identify the capacities and approaches of these works in nurturing and representing the basic biological elements of human beings and especially, to help solve the cultural and identity bottlenecks of Iranians abroad. Therefore, using a qualitative and historical reference research method, this study examines the characteristics and indicators of immigrants’ identity and self-awareness. It explains and analyzes multiple identities of immigrants, such as hybrid identity, Liminal identity, and Identity Disruption or Traumatic Identity. It also explores the complexities of the migration phenomenon and its relationship with transformations and common factors of overseas migrations, referring to societal realities and their connection with the status of immigrants.

Although literary works serve as an excellent medium for witnessing trauma, postcolonial and diasporic literary texts are often overlooked for their disturbing accounts of traumatic experiences. Recent studies in the field of trauma on immigration literature have disrupted the old western views and on the other hand, have created empathy and recovery. So, the present study chooses a mixed analytical framework to examine the representation of trauma in the trilogy "Homa and Kaushik" by the Indian-American writer Jhumpa Lahiri. This article has tried to deal with the representation of trauma in the story by choosing the narratologist Gerard Genette and some special concepts of narratology including order, frequency, continuity, and state. These concepts are used to challenge the western definition of trauma and convey the main message of decolonized trauma to the audience. colonial researchers have emphasized the need to conceptualize the decolonization of trauma. This study shows different ways the main characters of Kaushik and Hema in diasporic conditions as those who can overcome the adverse effects of traumatic memories with the events of authentic reports of their experiences narrate their traumatic memories. These findings also show that Lahiri, using a special narrative technique, shows trauma as a non-sudden event that affects the daily life of the characters in the story and at the same time causes solidarity among immigrants.

migration literature has emerged in three specific streams with certain limits. In the first decade, fiction writing is dominated by political topics and concepts. With the end of the war, the political, social and economic atmosphere in Iran changes and Iran's foreign relations also expand. The changes in Iran also affect the situation of immigrant writers and their relationship with Iran. Disappointed with politics and returning to their motherland, they redefine their presence in another land where they have to live.In rethinking the new situation, immigrants search for themselves again and discover a new life between two countries, two cultures and two languages. They understand the separation from the culture and relations of their homeland and the sense of alienation enters their psychological life and they are in the position of recognizing, accepting or rejecting the new world and searching for the past. For this reason, the frequency of political elements decreases in fiction writing, and politics is gradually pushed to the sidelines and background, and many writers experience writing on other subjects as well, and their stories clearly find a social aspect.And in them, instead of politics, there are signs of past sadness and nostalgia for the homeland. The literary text also changes. Literary construction, new language, form, pictures and images, especially in the deepest layers of the text, leave a tremendous impact, and from the heart of the current of political fiction writing, a new current is born, the theme of which is issues for identity thinking.

The present study investigates the status of Turkish among female students living in Baharestan in Tehran province whose parents are Turkish speakers and have already migrated to this city. The aim of this study within the framework of Fishman’s domain analysis is to investigate the status and role of Turkish language alongside Persian in two domains of family and school among school girls. The data was collected using a questionnaire as well as direct observation in the long term. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS. Taking the nature of the research questions into account, one-sample t-test as well as Chi-Square goodness of fit test was conducted. The results of the study showed although the schoolgirls are fluent in Turkish language, they prefer to use Farsi in both informal domain of home as well as the formal domain of school. Furthermore, this study indicated that the status of Turkish language among schoolgirls has declined significantly and Turkish language is used in more and more limited domains. The dominant language, Tehrani Persian, has replaced Turkish in most of the domains and it is feared that the second and third generation of Turkish emigrants become monolingual and lose their mother tongue.

Music is one of the prominent features of language and music of speech is one of the most prominent manifestations of poetry. Poetry does not have much effect and beauty without having musical aspects. One of the main characteristics of Nimayi poetry, in comparison with classical poetry, is the evolution in the types of verbal music and the use of its types. In this article, which has been done in a descriptive-analytical manner, the types of music (external, lateral, internal and spiritual) in Nosrat Rahmani's "Koch va Kavir" collection have been studied. The results show that Rahmani in this collection has used internal music (types of repetitions and puns) to create a kind of unity in the axis of companionship and the effect of his words. To create fit, beauty and rhythm of his poems, he has used external and side music. In this section, Rahmani has used about twelve prosody weights. Most of his quatrains in this collection are without "rows" and only the rhyme forms the side music. He has also used the aesthetic elements of speech such as (simile, metaphor, proportion, paradox, sensuality, symbol, permissible and contradiction) to add semantic richness and strengthen the spiritual music of his words. And finally, the use of pure and beautiful combinations with respect to the connection with music and imagination, has caused it to be closer to the ultimate goal of poetry.

 Literature has always been part of the ideological struggle and the struggle against power structures. With the advent of the Frankfurt School, the issue of criticism and the negative view of the present of human society took on a more serious and coherent dimension. The achievement of the Frankfurt School is the "theory of critical aesthetics", which considers the original art to be independent and to reject and change the existing situation. The novel "No Friendship except Mountain" is based on a kind of critical realism that challenges power structures. The purpose of this study is to read the situation of immigration and asylum using Behrouz Buchani's novel "No Friend except the Mountain". Immigration and Asylum is a pretext for criticizing the current situation in liberal-democratic countries, which tries to narrate the situation of "Manus" prison by using the method of expression and protest tone and the use of symbols and metaphors. This challenges the emergence of new forms of capitalism and colonialism that manifest themselves in the refugee subject and refugee status.

One of the important aspects of migration, which has been considered by various researchers, including the language community, since the second half of the twentieth century, especially in the recent decade, is the linguistic consequences of migration. The second generation of immigrants, who were born in exile or immigrated with their parents as children, are more prone to mother-tongue encounters.Novel “ Tahta Samae Kopenhagen” Contemporary Iraqi novelist Hura al-Nadavi narrates a group of second-generation Iraqi immigrants in Denmark who, as a result of their resemblance to the host society, the language and culture of their homeland, have faded has also led to some sort of identity confusion for them.This article intends to analyze the linguistic consequences of migration in the second generation of immigrants in this novel in a descriptive-analytical way and relying on the literature of language's society.The results indicate that the dominant bilingualism, borrowing of vocabulary and phonetics, language change and in some cases language preservation and language adaptation are the most important consequences of second generation. It should be noted that the role of parents in the occurrence of these consequences is eye-catching.

Thanks to migration and mass media such as television and cyberspace, we live in a transnational and transcultural world where cultural and identity signifiers constantly come into contact and are interwoven. The offshoot is the formation of a new culture and identity no longer rooted in one land and nation; rather they have been redefined and hybridized so that their survival and growth are secured in the contemporary world. Influenced by this transnational world, the literature narrates the life story of deterritorialized people who have migrated in search of a better life. Dany Laferrière’s The Enigma of the Return (2009) and Keivan Arzaghi’s The Gloppy Land (2011) richly illustrate the outcomes of accepting and rejecting this hybridity. Drawing on Homi Baba's postcolonial theory and Jacques Lacan's theory of alienation, we undertake a comparative study of these two novels. The analysis exhibits how migrants such as Dany and Arash's father struggle and experience alienation due to their reluctance to accept the laws governing the host country and its cultural signifiers, in addition to the rejection of the existing reality or grief over separation from their homeland. On the other hand, characters like Dany and Sanam embrace hybridity and consider migration a means for attaining success [in their life]. Thus, Dany realizes his driving ambition to be a famous writer, whereby he not only becomes a member of the host country, but also uses it to fight and return to his native land.

“Migration” is not a modern concept or phenomenon; however, due to the modern  situation and self-consciousness of humans, the outlook toward it has changed in the twentieth century and especially in its second half.  Otherwise, migration and migrators have existed from the very beginning of creation ( great people such as Prophet Abraham and Prophet Mohammed and his disciples, or the large number of refugees during wartime are some examples). However, what here makes Kundera and Golshiri's view of the concept of migration different is the way they illustrate the alienation of the migrators  (Golshiri 's view in Mirrors with Doors) and their return to their countries (Kundera's view in Ignorance ), grasping the distinction between themselves and their compatriots and even their kin. Golshiri depicts Iranian immigrants living abroad and Kundera takes immigrants to Prague; notwithstanding these differences, both authors have written about migration, immigrants, and the transformations which occur in this process , finally leading to two different conclusions.

In this article, which is a descriptive – analytical research, and the first research done about Nænæji dialect, the use of kinship terms and terms of address in this dialect is studied. This dialect is spoken in village of Nænæj, in Malayer County, Iran. Nænæji can be considered as a variety of Persian being influenced by Lori, Laki, and Kurdish languages. In “introduction”, some basic points about the research and its goals are presented; then the village of Nænæj is briefly introduced; and finally the main questions of the research are presented as: Concerning age degree of the informants, what kinds of changes can be seen in use of kinship terms and terms of address in Nænæji dialect, in recent decades?  What are the causes of change in kinship terms and terms of address of Nænæji dialect? The data, gathered in a field work and through network participation in the language community, are analyzed in four separate categories: kinship terms coming from consanguinity, kinship terms coming from affinity, kinship terms coming from RAḌᾹ and brotherhood formula (based on Islamic jurisprudence or Fiqh), and address terms for nonrelatives. Data have been analyzed through using concepts and terms of George Peter Murdock and Lewis Henry Morgan. In other words, partly, this research is based on what Murdock and Morgan have said about kinship terms in different languages of the worlds. In “review of the literature”, a number of researches done about the use of kinship terms in different Iranian languages, namely Persian, Kurdish and Gilaki, are reviewed, to show that the present research can complete the researches done in this field. This research reveals, among the rest, that Nænæji has a rich array of kinship terms and terms of address. Also, analysis of Nænæji kinship terms coming from consanguinity, Nænæji kinship terms coming from affinity, Nænæji kinship terms coming from RAḌᾹ, and Nænæji address terms for nonrelatives, shows that in using all of them we see deep changes in recent decades; in a way that decrease in variety of kinship terms and address terms of the dialect is something clear. In fact, in recent decades, Nænæji kinship terms have moved towards missing distinctions based on age, disappearance of derivative and descriptive terms, and accepting standard Persian’s norms and terms. The research also reveals that today in Nænæji, the use of some of the kinship terms and terms of address is restricted to middle and old age groups.  It also indicates that change in community relationships and family structure, migration and urbanization are the causes of Nænæji kinship terms and terms of address become obsolete and even extinct; and the standard Persian equivalent substitute them. This is a clear example of dialect levelling in Iran.

Every individual’s identity has personal and social dimensions and the process of identity formation in the constant interaction with environment worth studying. The migration phenomenon also results in the change in migrant’s identity, since he/she experiences a variety of environments and trends and tries to form his/her own identity, based on the target country’s culture. The socio-cultural gap between the source and target countries plays a decisive role in identity crisis. Nothomb has focused consciously on the emergence of this crisis in her works. Her novel, Fear and Trembling (1999), narrating the story of a Belgian girl, who travels to Japan for a while, in search of work. The differences and conflicts between the eastern and western values; inflicts Amélie with identity conflicts and duality. In this research, we explore and analyze the identity crisis in Amélie, the novel’s protagonist, based on Karen Horney's Theory. Horney explores the individuals’ internal conflict, through different factors and classifies them into three categories of needs: compliance, aggression, and detachment. But, what is the relationship between Amélie’s moral characteristics and social behaviors with her identity crisis and how has the writer presented this crisis in her relationship with the other characters in the novel?

In the last few decades, the events and developments in both Iranian society and the world have led to the formation of women’s fiction writing in diaspora. In these stories, the protagonists are mostly women and, in contrary to traditional structures, women are not defined in relation to men, rather, following a deconstructive method, women’s views are considered as core views and the stories are narrated through their viewpoints to the world and also to the men. The current paper has indicated that these writers had maintained a relation between introducing women’s world to their readers and preserving the aesthetics in their stories. Regarding themes, some have incorporated feminine narratives to represent political issues, while others focused on identity issues and portrayed women as knowing subjects. Therefore, first person narrator is mostly adopted in these stories, enabling them to focus on the protagonist’s inner thoughts. In other words, it could be said that the writer is embodied in the first person narrator, the protagonist. Other themes include stories about sexual matters and narratives on everyday lives. The last category is mostly considered as pop literature and, though lacking a strong narrative structure, has attracted a significant readership