nahj-al-balagheh

Nahj al-Balagha of Amir al-Mominin Ali (AS) is a book full of concepts and foundations of practical wisdom and mysticism, which has always been favored and used by seekers of knowledge and sages of the path of truth. Numerous works, especially the book "Granghadr Awarif al-Ararif", have explained a significant part of the concepts and terms used in the field of practical mysticism. In this research, a part of common mystical terms and concepts in Nahj al-Balagha and Awarif al-Maarif have been compared and analyzed.

This article has been compared and analyzed in the form of a comparative-analytical method, a part of common mystical terms and concepts in Nahj al-Balagheh and Awarif al-Maarif.

The data of Nahj al-Balagheh and Awarif al-Maarif shows that the authors of both books, while enumerating the attributes and evils of the soul, advised to fight against it. Some moral words and terms such as knowledge, in both books, although they have the same meaning, but in the nomenclature They are different. Some of the contents of Awarif al-Arif have a completely Sufi color.

The similarities of the researches show that common and significant approaches can be seen in the field of analysis and explanation of mystical concepts and terms in these two books. These results can indicate that Sheikh Shahabuddin Suhravardi had a lot of affinity with Nahj al-Balagha and great concepts. This noble book, directly or indirectly, has left a great impact on his mystical thoughts. Some topics can be seen in Nahj al-Balagha, which are not discussed in Awarif al-Ma"arif, but on the other hand, some mystical topics can be seen in Awarif of Ma"arif, but Nahj al-Balagha has not discussed it. The reason for this commonality and difference of concepts is that practical mysticism approaches practical ethics to a great extent in the presentation of its favorite issues.

The translation of religious writings is one of the most challenging and exact forms of translation, requiring the translator to be more accurate and skilled to express the literary nuances of the subject text. However, to assess the accuracy and quality of these translations, fidelity or lack thereof to the original text, level of quality and acceptability, etc., one must inevitably refer to the theories proposed in the field of translation criticism and evaluation. Only then can these translations be properly assessed. The Garces model, one of these models, is employed to assess how well literary materials have been translated. The four levels of semantic-lexical, syntactic-word construction, discourse-functional, and stylistic-practical level are proposed in this model to compare the similarity between the source text and the target text. Based on these four levels, it evaluates the quality and acceptability of the translated texts. As a result, the current study uses a descriptive-analytical approach to assess the accuracy and acceptability of Ali Shirvani's translation of Nahj al-Balagheh based on Garces's theory. The findings demonstrate that Shirvani is content-oriented in her translation and frequently clarifies and broadens the meaning of Imam Ali's statements based on the positive, negative, and neutral strategies that are suggested in the Garces model. The second and fourth layers of the Garces pattern, out of its four levels, are most frequently translated by Shirvani. He occasionally employs constructive strategies like syntactic expansion, grammatical or syntax changes, viewpoint shifts, etc. On the other side, there are also issues with his translation that detract from its quality, such as omissions, translation errors, verbosity, etc.

Labeling is a linguistic concept that can be used to justify the use of some linguistic constructs or categories and the existence of some limitations in their use. Translating tagged words as a linguistic concept requires special practice on the part of the translator, as the translator's job is not simply to replace the words; rather, as an active and mediating element, it seeks to harmonize the literature and culture of origin to destination. This research uses a descriptive-analytical method to first introduce the metaphorical marker based on conceptual metaphor and then the translation of the words of the metaphorical marker letter of the khotbeh Ghara and Letter 31 from Nahj al-Balagheh in both translations of Ansarian and Feyz al-Islam based on Garses style Pays. The results showed that the Ansarian translation method is consistent with maintaining the metaphor as a positive feature and the Feyz al-Islam translation method is consistent with the addition as a negative feature, and in general the Ansarian translation method is more adequate and acceptable.

Equivalence between words of two languages is one of the topics that play an important role in translating and conveying the meaning desired by the author to the audience; In this method, the word in the source text is identified and the equation used in the target text is specified. This research tried to identify, extract and categorize the strategy and morphological and syntactic tools that are used in the text of Nahj al-Balagheh by descriptive-analytical method and can be equivalent to the conjunction "although" in Persian. Defining the format and syntactic construction, describing the issues that those letters were responsible for conveying, and stating the intentions of using those letters and the role responsible for the concept, however, are among the most important goals that the authors of the present article seek to achieve. One of the most important results of the present study is: some letters, although they do not have an independent meaning in appearance, play a key role in inducing the intended meaning of the speaker. The equations "although" in Persian are not limited to the two letters "lu" and "an" in Arabic, but based on the text of Nahj al-Balagheh and considering the context the text, other letters such as but, except , Inflection letter, syntactic role of present tense and adjective can be a suitable and practical equivalent for the conjunction letter, although in Persian. Some purposes were used only in a particular style and others had a common purpose. By studying the extracted samples, it was found that the purpose of "perception" has the highest frequency among rhetorical purposes and has been used in almost all structures and is more compatible with the meaning of the letter "although".