persian

The present study investigated self-initiated self-repair in Persian language. This study was aimed towards examining the strategies used in self-initiated self-repair as well as the frequency of these strategies. Besides, the present study intended to mull over the preferences and priorities in using various operations employed by Persian native speakers in story-retelling. Moreover, the study also addressed the relationship between the participants’ gender and the use of repair strategies. As for the data collection, this study approached 20 male and 20 female participants in the age range of 20 to 40. Moreover, the data involved 374 minutes of story-retelling, showing the employment of all repair operations based on Schegloff’s framework (2013). The findings of this research indicate that non-lexical repair and sequence jumping are the most and the least used strategies, respectively. Replacing, recycling, and searching were identified as the most used strategies while three strategies namely parenthesizing, reformatting, sequence jumping, were recognized as the least used strategies. In relation to gender, although women's use of repair operations was identified more, no significant difference was observed between female and male participants in this regard. Since this study investigates repair in monologues, it might lead to the development of the investigations in this area.

Since ancient times, pain and suffering have been one of the prominent manifestations of human life. These two concepts have always had numerous meanings and instances in human life, sometimes destructive and sometimes constructive, and have always had a wide reflection in literature during different periods. By examining the works of writers and poets, one can achieve different and specific types of pain and suffering in these works. In the present study, the typology of pain and suffering in the works of two contemporary Iranian and Arab poets, namely "Nima Youshij" and "Nizar Qabbani", has been comparatively studied using an analytical-descriptive method. Studies show that common types of various areas of pain and suffering, such as the suffering caused by love, being a poet, the suffering of oppression and tyranny, and social pain, can be found in the works of both poets. The first two types of pain and suffering mentioned above are more personal and individual in nature, and the other two types are more concerned with general and human suffering. This important fact indicates that pain and suffering in the intellectual system of these two poets has multiple dimensions and is not one-dimensional. Nima Yushij and Nizar Qabbani’s concern and depiction of social issues have caused the poems of both poets to reflect a lot of pain and suffering. Of course, this pain and suffering does not originate from despair and malice, nor does it lead to nihilism; rather,it is often rooted in the hope of creating change

The present study examines the cognitive aspects of Persian and Arabic languages in the domain of taste and its resulting product, flavors, with the aim of understanding part of the perception of Persian and Arabic speakers derived through the gustatory domain. In this context, the study conducts a cognitive analysis of expressions that reflect the influence of the physiological taste function of the tongue on spoken language. The research method is descriptive-analytical and is conducted within the framework of the cognitive semantics approach. The study of the data shows that: 1. The mentioned languages primarily utilize the gustatory domain to conceptualize the idea of "testing and evaluation" and its associated outcomes, such as feelings of satisfaction and pleasure or dissatisfaction and pain; 2. The cognitive reality of the gustatory domain appears different from the external and conventional reality of the sense of taste. Externally, tasting is a sensory and temporary experience where the sole receptor is the tongue, and it is only relevant to edible substances. However, the cognitive mechanism uses this physical-taste experience to understand and perceive the environment and abstract concepts, "tasting" many of our experiences and environmental phenomena! For example, tasting the words of others, as in «شیرین سخن» ("sweet-tongued"), or describing someone as «گوشت تلخ» ("bitter-fleshed"). In this cognitive mechanism, the tongue is not the only receptor of taste; hearing can also create a taste, as in «با این خبر کاممون تلخ شد» ("this news left a bitter taste in our mouth"), and the heart "tastes" the sweetness of union, as in «به کام دل رسید» ("it reached the heart's desire"). Moreover, tasting is not limited to edibles; the eyes can be "شور" ("salty"), temperament can be "تند" ("hot"), and the face can be "ترش" ("sour"). The importance of understanding the non-edible world through the lens of edibles is highlighted by the fact that the set of correspondences within these metaphors allows us to think about our experiences and the phenomena around us using the knowledge we have about flavors. For example, since "بانمکی" (being salty) is desirable, interacting with a person perceived as "بانمک" (salty) is also understood as pleasant and desirable. In this way, the "saltiness" of the person in question can overshadow other undesirable traits they may have, just as the "saltiness" of a type of food can make its harmful aspects seem appealing. In conclusion, flavor serves as a phenomenological and evaluative perspective on the nature of our experiences as a target domain

Comparative literature is one of the attractive and very valuable and useful trends in the field of literary criticism, and because the methods of research in comparative literature are different and numerous, there are different schools; In such a way that each researcher chooses the appropriate school or method based on his research method. With the emergence of the theory of reception in the last decades of the 19th century, more attention was paid to the role of the reader and the approach of central perception or reception was formalized. One of the research topics in the field of perception theory is the perception of Persian poetry by Arabic language writers and artists. In this context, Hafez Shirazi has attracted the attention of writers and researchers in the field of literature in other languages, and Arabic-speaking writers have a significant contribution in understanding Hafez's poetry. Among the writers who have paid special attention to Hafez's poetry and presented their views in the form of poetry and prose are Ebrahim Amin Al-Shwarabi and Ali Abbas Zulikha. In this research, two writers' interpretations of Hafez's Ghazal 175 are presented and analyzed and compared, and finally, the writer's opinion is presented as the final opinion. In general, it can be said that Al-Shwarabi's interpretation of verses is more comprehensive than Zuleikha's, but in terms of emotions and feelings, Zuleikha's interpretation is superior to Al-Shwarabi's.

 Balochi and Farsi are branches of the family of Iranian languages ​​that have been in the Iranian plateau and in the neighborhood with each other and interacted with each other throughout history. One of the functions of comparative literature is to investigate the effectiveness and influence between the literature of different languages. Considering the cultural predominance of Persian language and literature in Iran and its widespread influence among Muslim nations, its effects on Balochi literature and poetry are obvious and significant.. The influence of Balochi poets on Persian reached its peak in the second period of Balochi literature and the school of Mullahs. Mawlavi Abdollah Rawanbod is one of the famous Balochi poets and the last generation of poets of this school. He is a bilingual poet whose Balochi poems are influenced by Persian language and literature. This article has analyzed the Rawnbod’s balochi poems with a descriptive-analytical method and has shown this aspect in his Balochi poems. Rawanbod's poems are not uniform in terms of the influence of Persian language and literature. Even though his poems are strongly influenced by Persian poets like Saadi in terms of theme and fantasy elements, but in terms of language, they are fluent and original. And sometimes he is so influenced by Persian in writing Balochi poetry that the stanzas become Persian with a slight change or adjustment of a word, and even some of them can be considered completely Persian.

Colour, as one of the high-frequency concepts, constitutes an important part of the expressive realm of any language. Given that language, thought, and culture are inextricably linked, studying language while considering this inseparable connection can influence the way language is viewed and taught. This research focuses on the educational and cognitive study of the aforementioned languages, with an emphasis on the field of colour. The colour words studied are the equivalents of the eleven colour words proposed by Berlin and Kay (1969). The authors' goal is to examine and compare the conceptual metaphors of "colour" in Persian and Arabic, define the target domains, key maps, and similarities and differences. The research method is descriptive-analytical, and the data were analysed within the framework of the cognitive semantics approach. Data analysis indicated that: 1- The basic colour terms (BCTs) in Persian correspond to their Arabic equivalents, with the difference that "آبی" in Persian, unlike "ازرق" in Arabic, is not considered one of the colour terms that have a metaphorical-linguistic representation. 2- The assumption that metaphorical compounds are only made with the main colour words is reinforced, because no model has been found for brown, violet, pink, and grey in the two languages, in addition to blue in Persian. 3- Most of the metaphors related to colours in both languages have a cultural nature, and it does not seem very realistic to imagine them as being equivalent.

Lexical collocation is a crucial and fascinating aspect of most languages, marked by pairs of lexical words that frequently and naturally appear together, forming consistent combinations. Learning collocations by language learners not only expands the learner’s vocabulary but also enhances communication skills and fluency. This paper aims to study various perspectives on collocations and introduces the type of “dvandva compounds” as a lexical collocation. It presents a model for teaching collocations in dvandva compounds to non-Iranian Farsi learners. Additionally, it evaluates the results of tests used to assess the comprehension of these collocations by foreign learners of Persian. The findings indicate that a lack of practice in learning contents makes it challenging for foreign learners of Persian to understand these types of collocations. This underscores the importance of including collocations in dvandva compounds in Persian learning content for non-Persian speakers.

Sociolinguistics or the sociology of language is an interdisciplinary field of study that examines the phonetic, lexical, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic subsystems of language in the context of social changes. The contemporary world is not uniform in terms of language dispersion, and the experiences of nations and governments demonstrate that understanding and addressing socio-linguistic events such as massive migrations, marginalization, the decline of minority languages, and social violence caused by discrimination and prejudice requires relying on the advancements of sociolinguistics. Recent studies show that this focus has been increasingly incorporated into the agendas of official institutions in some countries. For example, the US Bureau of Statistics published a report acknowledging the need to train census officers in sociolinguistic methods to effectively conduct the national census and interview non-English speaking citizens (Pan, 2007). The book under review is in English and it adheres to the principles and norms commonly found in academic genres. It consists of a front matter, the body of articles and an index. The front matter includes title page, copyright information, table of contents, author info, table of illustrations and table of tables. The book is divided into 11 chapters organized into three sub-sections. The end of book features an index of key terms along with corresponding page numbers. A total of 12 authors contributed to the articles in this book with only three having Iranian affiliations, while the rest are affiliated with universities and research centers abroad.

Single-use words in the Holy Qur'an are words that are used only once in the text. Because these words do not appear in other verses or similar contexts, their translation is more challenging than other words in the Qur'an. The word "Zanq" is one such example, appearing in verse 124 of Surah Taha as an adjective for livelihood. Translators have used various equivalents for this word, which either stray far from its semantically diverse senses noted in interpretations or are translated carelessly. This study aims to examine some Persian and English translations and how an equivalent was chosen for this verse. By using a descriptive semantic analysis, the study seeks to determine what "Zanq" means and evaluate the success of the Persian and English translations of the Holy Qur'an. The results indicate that Persian translators have employed both literal and interpretive translations, while English translators have predominantly opted for literal translations. However, neither approach has successfully conveyed the meaning derived from the semantic analysis of the word.Key words: Zanq livelihood, Takamad, semantics of Quranic words, types of Quran translation, Persian and English translators of Quran

Contrastive analysis is based on structural linguistics and tries to facilitate second language learning by focusing on the current phonological, morphological, and syntactic differences of languages. The goal of this study was to compare and contrast the syllables of Persian and Korean according to CA principles. To achieve the purpose, three typological universals, that is, elements of syllable, phonotactic rules, and potential syllables were investigated. The results on the first universal indicated that Korean has seven and Persian has six vowels which can be used in syllable structure of both languages without any constraint. Furthermore, by comparing 23 Persian and 22 Korean consonants according to International Phonetic Alphabet, some different constraints on the placement of some consonants of both languages in different syllable positions were identified. Results of syllable structure showed that Korean has CVC(C) and Persian has CV(CC) structure. Korean and Persian have binary branching syllabic structure, but their internal division is different. In Korean, onset and nucleus join together for making core and then this core can join to coda for making a syllable. In Persian, nucleus and coda join together producing rime and then rime join to onset. Additionally, there are some constraints on the syllable structure of Persian and Korean that make some other differences in the phonotactic rules of them. Finally, the findings pertaining to stress placement showed that the syllable-time is the common super segmental feature of both Korean and Persian.

Safavid era is one of the important periods in the history of Iran, where Persian and Turkish languages interacted with each other. This article investigates the function of Persian, Turkish, and Arabic languages in Safavid era Iran, as well as the lexical borrowing between Persian and Turkish languages, within the framework of Bourdieu's linguistic market theory. For this purpose, Persian and Turkish loanwords were collected by content analysis method and analyzed according to Bourdieu's linguistic market perspective. The results show that during Safavid era, these three languages, coexisted with each other. Arabic was the language of religion and science; and introduced religious, and scientific words and terms into Persian and Turkish. Persian was the language of poetry and literature; It had legitimacy in the literary circles and has lent poetic and literary words and terms into Turkish, and Turkish as the language of Shahs and army; was used in the army and court environment and has lent military and government words and terms into Persian. Therefore, the dominance of each of these languages in a certain social field is because of its speaker’s authority and competence in that field, not the nature of that language.