popular culture

One of the important themes of contemporary fiction is the reflection of popular culture in the stories of each region, and since man and his life and thought are an integral part of the story, the connection of popular culture with life has entered the field of fiction. Themes of popular culture include a set of topics and concepts that are used by the general public on a daily basis. A part of this culture includes: social, religious, medical and superstitious customs, and another part includes: colloquial language and local dialects, games, poems and songs, anecdotes, proverbs, idioms, ironies and expressions. Special and similar cases that are often used in the language of the general public. The purpose of the present research was to investigate and analyze the themes of popular culture in the stories of Mazandaran region. In terms of its purpose, this research is a descriptive-analytical research, and based on the type and nature of the data, it is a qualitative research. Therefore, after examining and analyzing the dreams of a loving tiger by Asadollah Emadi, it was found that this poet and writer has beautifully depicted nature, his hometown, and his habitat in his stories and tried to describe the names of plants, specific geographical names, and birds. And animals, and refer to the customs and culture of the people of this region to create images and use words that are enjoyable for the audience due to nostalgia. Also, by using local words and reminding the customs and culture of Mazandaran region, the author helps the young generation to become more familiar with their culture. Since the culture of any society also expresses the identity and special values of that society and the factor of transferring these values to the next generations, it is important.

The purpose of this study is to record and maintain vocabulary related to walnuts and walnut tree harvesting in the city of Ardakan. The research method was based on direct observation and experience, and some information was collected based on interviews with people who were knowledgeable and aware of the subject, whose jobs were related to walnut trees or who had the necessary attention to terminology. This research shows that the vocabulary related to walnut harvesting in Ardakan city is often different from the synonymous and common words in other researched areas. Also, some common proverbs in Ardakan, Fars, are unique and were created based on the culture and importance of this tree. Culturally, it is shown how walnuts are harvested, and the roles of individuals are explained based on age. Also, from a cultural perspective, this study describes the special importance of the walnut tree in teaching children and adolescents about hard work and trade. In addition, attention is paid to the issue of walnut tree ownership, which is similar to other cities where previous research has been conducted, and it was found that multiple ownership also existed in the city of Ardakan.

The Kurdish oral chronology of Kermanshah represents one of the oldest manifestations of Kurdish culture and civilization of the people, with its specific stories and rituals closely linked to ancient Iranian myths and religions. The present study employs a descriptive, analytical, and field-based approach to examine the mythological aspects of Kurdish chronology and its associated rituals among the Sanjābi, Kalhor, and Gorān tribes. The finding indicated that Kurdish oral chronology is heavily influenced by fetishism, Mithraism, Zoroastrianism, and shared beliefs in Mesopotamia.  Within this chronology, the year consists of three hundred sixty days and four seasons; however, due to the importance of spring for rural communities, most rituals are specific to this season. Notably, the beginning of spring coincides with the 15th of Bahman in the Jalali calendar.  The ritual of cooking "Pa peg" on the first day of spring is associated with fetishism and Farrah. Additionally, the belief in the mother of the first spring reflects the era of matriarchy; the story of the Kore Seyāy symbolizes the resurrection of the martyred Vegetation god; the tale of Shave Gā Huyl, is connected to Mehri beliefs; and the story of Kale vā, embodies the ongoing struggle between vāye nik and vāye bad.

One of the parades of the ecole of realism is "climatic story". Moniro Ravanipour is one of the authors of contemporary fiction literature in the south of the country. Through familiarity with folk tales, legends, popular culture, archetypes, etc., she has depicted many native elements and components and beliefs of the people of the south, and the components of native realism and climate literature form the content of his stories. The main purpose of this research is to analyze the myth and the components of native realism and climate literature in the narrative works of Ravanipour.

This research was done in a descriptive-analytical way based on library studies to analyze the myth and the components of native realism and climate literature in the narrative works of Ravanipour.

In this research, some of the narrative works of Ravanipour, in which the beds, mythological elements and native realism components in them, have more objectivity and have enriched the imaginative aspect of her stories, have been analyzed. In the works of the target author, the most important function of myth is identity building. Analyzing the componens of native realism is a suitable foundation for preventing the erasure of native and ethnic culture and helping to rediscover the identity and culture of Iran, and has established the theory of this research and opens a new window to contemporary literature.

The result of the research shows that in the narrative works of Ravanipour, the space of climate literature, which is one of the characteristics of the ecole of native realism; has been seen and in terms of content of native and local elements, women's pains in personal and social life, characterisation, creating space and with color and native smell is depicted. By defending the social and national identity, the author engages in mythmaking, and by mixing legends and mythical creatures, the ancient beliefs of the predecessors, customs and traditions, seasoned with myth, have been able to play a role in the creation of stories based on native realism in contemporary Iranian literature.

In the present study, Subjective classification of riddles in Qashgai Turkish dialect was discussed. Riddles are considered valuable topics in language studies due to their importance in reflecting the intellectual atmosphere and individual and social identity of a nation. Considering that so far not much research has been done in this field, it becomes necessary to conduct such research. The present research has been carried out using the library method and using 320 riddles taken from the book "Qashqai Topmajalari (Bu Lemajalar) (Collection of Qashqai Folklore riddles)" authored by Mirzaei Asl (2016). The obtained evidence showed that topics such as human beings, human spirits and emotions, plants, and foods, animals and animal parts, elements and parts of nature, human sciences and knowledge, human tools and products, and daily affairs in the nomadic life are central to the topics of Qashqai riddles. In the meantime, topics such as tools and human products with 94 items, followed by animals and animal parts with 52 items, and human sciences and knowledge with 14 items have the least function of related topics among Qashqai riddles.

Literature has been a full-view mirror of social and economic developments. According to this macro perspective, the culture of work and life and the jobs that people have dealt with in some ways have been reflected in poetry. In fact, one of the written sources that can represent traditional occupations and popular beliefs about them is literature. These jobs were very common in traditional society but now are being forgotten due to the growth of societies and the dominance of industry, and they cannot be found except in museums. In this article, we will examine common occupations in the poems of Yaghma Jandaghi. Yaghma is one of the poets who, due to the diversity of his poems and the content of his works, has paid special attention to public culture and occupations of street and market people, and through their recollections, he has nurtured novel meanings and themes. Various occupations such as blacksmithing, gardening, grocery, sewing, nursing, etc. have been reflected in his poems. The current research was carried out using a descriptive-analytical method. The results of the examination of occupations in Yaghma's poems show that his poetry, while having literary, aesthetic and meaning-making uses, also gives a clear picture of the economic and livelihood foundation of that time. In turn, it can open a new chapter of discussion under the title of work culture in the subcategory of public culture.

Legends and oral traditions are important sources of the manifestation of mythology and culture of Iran's past. One of the important components of these traditions is magic and extraordinary acts that originated from the imagination of ancient mankind. Transformation is one of the most important and imaginative effects of local legends. According to the climatic and cultural conditions, the legends of South Khorasan are the origin of wishes and dreams, culture and various mythological rituals. In this essay, an attempt has been made to investigate the legends of the region in an analytical-descriptive way in order to answer the questions of what is the figure-turning in these legends, what are its types, and what are its mythological roots. With the conducted investigations, the results were obtained that transformation exists in most legends and one can see all kinds of transformation in them, including the transformation of human into animal, animal into human, and human into plant. This type of personification has been the most repeated and all these personifications go back to mythological roots such as plant gods or descent gods and the important roles of animals in human life as helpers of gods.

People's view of death and its special rites and ceremonies in different cultures reveal many intellectual and cultural infrastructures of different peoples, which can be studied and analyzed from different perspectives. One of these viewpoints is the mythological analysis of various rituals related to death from the moment of death to burial and after burial in various cultures and ethnic groups. In this essay, the author has investigated and analyzed the mythology of four post-burial rituals in Kermanshah province using descriptive-analytical method as well asfield study. Since holding rituals among nomads and villagers is more serious than urban residents, the main focus in the interviews was on the nomads and tribes of Kermanshah, including the Sanjābi tribe. The studied rituals are: breaking a jar or pottery at dawn on the first day after burial, planting a tree, especially a cypress, on the grave of the deceased, asking for a good look from the deceased by offering sacrifice, and holding a Nū Ayd ceremony. The result of the research shows that the roots of these rituals are linked to mythological thoughts in ancient Iran. The ritual of breaking a jar or pottery is related to the magic of transferring evil and destruction, Planting a tree on a grave, in connection with the mythological thoughts about trees, is a ritual seeking a good look and concern for the deceased's emotions with the belief in forohers and its ceremonies, and the ritual of Nū Ayd is a repetition of the Zoroastrian Nowruz porseh.

Research on the local languages ​​and dialects of Iran and the collection of various cultural manifestations, including proverbs, leads to a better understanding of the culture and history of the tribes, preserving their dialect and culture, and finally a better understanding of the Iranian languages ​​and culture. Proverbs are a major part of the popular culture of the Baluch people, and a careful study of them will pave the way for the study of cultural patterns, social values, and sociological research.
Most of these proverbs have great moral meanings that play an essential role in teaching transcendent ideas and concepts, transmitting ethnic and generational experiences, and the advancement of individuals in society, but there are also proverbs that have negative functions in history, which have been the cause of social and cultural damage and failure. This research studied this group of proverbs by library and analytical method in order to have an increasing cultural awareness and promote rational views in Baluch society and culture. Although the number of such proverbs is limited, they have caused cultural damage in society due to their widespread use.
Cultural harms have been studied in three areas of individual, family and society along with superstitious beliefs in the field of culture. However, the findings of the current research show the highest frequency in injuries that are related to families. Nonetheless, an independent and documented research with a specific statistical community has not been done in this regard.

Many ideas and beliefs in a society are rooted in religion. How religion is reflected in society and culture is one of the interesting topics in the field of sociology of religion. The system of beliefs and values of the society is reflected in the literature and oral culture of the society. Proverbs, as one of the most important elements of oral literature, can be a reflection of the beliefs and attitudes of the society. In this study, an attempt was made to provide a relatively clear picture of how religion and its dimensions are represented in the popular literature of Gilan by examining Gilaki proverbs. This study was a descriptive and analytical study in which, while analyzing the content of 4562 proverbs in the East and West areas and the center of Gilan, 209 proverbs related to religion were selected. The data was categorized into several categories based on content and concepts. Based on the findings of the research, it can be said that the reflection of the four dimensions of belief (43%), rites and rituals and customs (24%), morality (16%) and Shariat (16%) are shown in the parables. It shows that in the popular culture of Gilan, besides paying attention to religious phenomena and rites and rituals, attention and emphasis is placed on the religious aspects and the functionalist role of religion in the society and the institutionalization of the spirit of religiosity and religious ethics in the society.

The following article tries to investigate the influence of popular culture on the understanding of Azerbaijani Turkish poetry. For this purpose, the poem “Əmoğlı (Əmoğlu)" written by Seifi Ardabili has been chosen as the linguistic corpus of this research. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical. To analyze the poems, the principles of linguistics, especially the relationship between language and culture, have been used. The results of the present research show that language strata such as sounds, phonemes, words, expressions, conjunctions, grammatical clauses, proverbs, and presuppositions, along with the various cultural terms are used in this poem, which have a direct relationship with the level and type of understanding as well as the way of communication with the listener of it.Therefore, the reasons for the influence of “Əmoğlı’s (Əmoğlu)" poetry, in addition to its extraordinary performance by Salim Moazenzade Ardabili, can be found in two cases: a) maximum use of language capacity at different levels of the Turkish language; b) The poet's mastery of the cultural and social context of Azerbaijan and the use of cultural schemes and their integration and application in the mentioned language levels to convey the meaning to the listener. Changing the mental image of the reader or listener of the poem, sharing the linguistic and cultural assumptions and using the phonetic/phonology features of the language in order to convey the meanings intended by the poet are examples of these cases.

 Public culture is an ancient heritage with a territory as wide as the history of humanity, which has been inherited orally, from chest to chest and from generation to generation in the form of valuable experiences. The folk literature of every nation and nationality originates from its culture and civilization and reflects the thoughts, views and also the lifestyle of the peoples and nations in the distant past. The purpose of this research is to identify common beliefs and traditions in Jalalieh treatise by Mohtsham Kashani. Therefore, the current research has analyzed the "public culture investigation in Risal Jalalieh by Mohtsham Kashani" using the method of content analysis and based on library studies. The results of the research show that Mohtsham Kashani used most of the elements of popular culture in his work and used them to make his work more attractive and popular. The way to preserve the good and old traditions has also helped a lot, among which the highest frequency is dedicated to public beliefs and opinions, literature and public terms, and the least of them is dedicated to things such as jobs, professions, and public customs.

From time immemorial, human beings have always whispered songs, whether in solitary moments or in ceremonies such as religious celebrations, hunting, and wars. These songs have been introduced with different names from the beginning until now. Folk songs are rooted in the culture and customs of a nation. People have lived with these songs and expressed their joy and sorrow with them. With them, they have shown their protest, glory and complaint, and in a word, these songs have been a reflection of the customs of the society. In the meantime, the culture of the people of Dashti is considered in this article. In this article, with the approach of textualism and internal analysis and socio-cultural functions, these literary genres have been studied and analyzed. Songs such as Golgoli, Gol Sosani, Sooz Sooz, Zino Zino, etc. are the main materials of this research. In the study of the melodies of these songs, the components and other characteristics of each of them have been mentioned, as well as the literature and verses corresponding to each application. Due to the variety of authorities, songs and melodies, It can be concluded that the music and folk songs of Dashti city are unique in terms of quality and quantity and have a special place in Iran. Due to the industrialization of cities and the death of narrators of ethnic music, the music of these ethnic groups gradually It is also disappearing or forgotten. By examining and explaining the musical structure of ethnic music, we will try to preserve and introduce this music to other cultures.

This article examines the cultural and native characteristics of marriage rituals in Fars province's southern regions, focusing on Alamarvdasht. Through ethnographic research, data was collected in the field and through interviews with locals. The study analyzes the ritual, emphasizing its unique elements and connections to "rites of passage." By showcasing the diverse customs and beauties of the region, this research contributes to understanding and appreciating Fars province's cultural heritage.

There are many similarities between modern popular culture and ancient Iranian rituals. Since the mythological and epic elements originated from popular culture, they remain stable among them. Until now, many similarities can be seen between the themes of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and the popular culture of the people of this time. The purpose of this research is to prove the similarity between the ancient ritual of marriage, in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, with its current form in the popular culture of Lor and Bakhtiari peoples. The intellectual and semantic level of these commonalities, which is one of the basic foundations of stylistics, is examined and analyzed in this research.

The method of investigation and study in this research is analyticaldescriptive using the library method as well as field research and benefiting from the opinions of experts in the field of Shahnameh research and interviews with experts in the field of popular culture.

By exploring the Shahnameh, we can see that ritual and ancient topics have been discussed, which can still be seen in popular culture today. By examining the customs of the people of Lero Bakhtiari, many similarities between the ancient religion and their current form can be seen. Many of these customs are still held among the people, which both shows their dynamism in the present day and also speaks of people's preservation of these ancient assets, which respond to the cultural needs of each period according to the conditions of the time. In this research, examples of these traditions are examined in marriage rituals.

The investigations reveal that there are many similarities between the rituals of Ferdowsi's Shahnameh and the popular culture of Ler and Bakhtiari people. Throughout the ages, these people have adopted the example of Shahnameh in their religion and have preserved this unity. The present study proves the religious similarities between marriage among these people and Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, intellectually and semantically.

The horse was of special importance to the ancient Iranians.Victory and honour of Iranians is prove to be true by this noble and profitable animal. In turkish nations ,horse is rechoned holy also and he is always considered as friend of hero and a partner in his victories. "Giarat, horse of Korogli is a symbolic animal that is associated with myth. Having a marine origin and breeding in the terrestrial world has given a special place to  him  and sometimes the winged feature in some narrations attributes his to the worlds of water, earth and air. The victory of the hero over the enemy is not possible without his company .In addition to boldness and arrogance, Girat has human characteristics, feels responsible for Korogli, understands his words, and in general is brother of hero and disappears or die with  him  in various narrations. This article studies the characteristics of Girat, the most important mythical element in the narrations of different nations of Korogli's story. It,s characteristics can be seen in the mythical horses of Shahnameh, especially Rakhsh, but due to the oral nature of Korogli's story and being in the realm of popular stories, the myth of Girat is more prominent  than the mythical horses of Shahnameh.

One of the important characteristics of the excellence of a poem is having cultural supports, which itself consists of different subcategories. One of these subcategories is "Folk Beliefs" which every poet uses according to his studies in popular culture and communication with society. Folk beliefs are a set of beliefs, behaviors and actions. Despite the fact that in some cases, they do not have a scientific basis, they have always been the focus of people's attention. Our main goal in this research is to investigate the way of using folk beliefs and their functions in new sonnets. Also, we tried to categorize and analyze the beliefs used in the sonnet of this era using the analytical-critical method; in this way, we can reach the extent of the use of folk beliefs by the poets of new sonnet and show the role and function of these beliefs in their forms (the main representative of the emotional and romantic field of contemporary poetry). The findings of this research showed that the discussed poets have passed the folk beliefs from their lyrical mentality and have mainly used these beliefs in the service of poetry in order to have a more romantic effect on the audience in addition to the cultural richness of their poetry. Of course, the function of these beliefs in new sonnet is not only limited to poetry; rather, they have been used in the field of political, social, philosophical, etc. issues among others.

This article examines the cultural factors affecting the formation of emotions and feelings and how they are managed in the proverbs of Dehkhoda. To achieve this goal, the method of "inferential content analysis" has been used. The statistical community is a four-volume book of proverbs and rulings of Dehkhoda and is a sample of all Persian proverbs and rulings in this work. The method is as follows: first, the evidence related to the main emotions, i.e. anger and hatred, fear, joy and sorrow, love, surprise and shame in the proverbs and the extracted verdict are categorized, then, the evidence is classified and the frequency of emotions, the causes of its occurrence are counted. After that, their management strategies are identified. Finally, according to the commonalities and differences of the topics with modern psychology, their cultural aspects have been studied. The result indicated that among the emotions, anger, fear, joy, and sadness have the highest frequency, respectively, and the rest of the emotions in popular culture, unlike the new psychology, have received less attention. It seems that given that their management strategies have not been proposed or have not had a negative dimension at all, they were not considered as the emotion of love or surprise, a moral principle, or as shame. This difference is rooted in the cultural dimensions of the Iranian nation. In addition, there is a significant difference in the commonalities of the footprint and the shadow of culture; for example, emotion management strategies are more collective than individual. It could be said that they are rooted in Iranian cultural manifestations such as religious, political, educational, among others.

The national epic of Iran includes the religious and social beliefs and traditions of older times, which are the context of the occurrence of its narrative events and have been extensively presented while telling stories. Including the belief in the influence of stars and constellations on the emergence of events that somehow connect the material world to the supernatural world. Also, resorting to supernatural forces such as magic was a way for a person to overcome his helplessness against destinies. Some of Mazdayasna's rituals and rituals are reflected in this work, which is part of the popular culture and beliefs of that time. Criminal sentences and common methods of punishment at that time is another category that is linked to this literary and epic work as social behavior. In this article, which is provided in a library style, the issues raised are discussed as much as possible.

Local songs are one of the main branches of folk literature and one type of these songs are poems which have been common in marriage rituals. Among these poems, various customs and rituals of the people can be recovered. In Larestan region, most of the local poems are dedicated to songs with the theme of wedding ceremony. The purpose of this study is to express the characteristics of wedding poems in Larestan region and classify them in terms of theme, content and study of mythological themes. The research method in this paper is field and library; The authors first listened, recorded, and categorized some of the songs in terms of content by attending thirty weddings and interviewing olders. In the next step, using library resources, the characteristics and bases of these songs are extracted and studied with a descriptive-analytical approach. Findings show that wedding poems and songs in Larestan region can be divided into two main parts:A) poems that express the people’s customs; B) songs that describe the bride and groom; It is also worth mentioning the mythological themes of these songs, examined in the following sections: 1. The groom taking a bath. 2. Hanabandans. 3. Sacrifice of the rooster and the growth of the plant of life. 4. interwove the tree. 5. Gaz, the tree of life. 6. Rustam. 7. Fairy.