present stem

The purpose of the current research is to investigate the compound words ending in “puʃ” in Persian language within the construction morphology framework (Booij, 2010, 2015). In this regard, the constructional schemas and subschemas related to words ending in “puʃ” were identified and analyzed, their polysemous network was drawn and their semantic variations were explained. Research data have been extracted from various sources, including Dehkhoda dictionary, Sokhan dictionary (Anvari, 1381), Zanso ditionary (Keshani, 1372) and Persian orthography dictionary (Sadeghi and Zandi-Moghadam, 1391). The results of the research showed that the present tense stem “puʃ” can be combined with words from grammatical categories including nouns, adjectives and adverbs. In these compounds, “puʃ” can be the present tense stem of two different verbs “puʃidan (to wear)” and the other is its causative form “puʃãndan (to cover)”. Compounds ending in “puʃ”, meaning “puʃidan”, are placed in the two semantic categories of agent and property (human, non-human creature, thing and place). Compounds ending in “puʃ”, meaning “puʃãndan”, are placed in three semantic categories: agent, property (human, thing and place) and instrument. The results of the investigations also show that the polysemy of words ending in “puʃ” is caused by 4 different factors. The first factor is the two-facedness of “puʃ” (the infinitives of two separate verbs of “puʃidan” and “puʃãndan”). The second factor is the metaphorical expansion of the meaning of “puʃãndan”, which in some words is equivalent to hiding and not revealing, and not physical covering. The third factor is descriptive deletion, which causes the accompanying adjective to become a noun. The fourth factor is borrowing, which can be seen in many words approved by the Persian Language and Literature Academy.

Katouli is regarded as the most eastern dialect of the Mazandarani language that in addition to some differences in words, is different from Mazandarani to some extent in verbal constructions such as continuous preterit construction and the infinitives used in past and present verbs. In the present study, verbal stem, personal ending and constructions, infinitive, subject and object adjectives as well as active and passive forms have been investigated in Katouli dialect. In this dialect, verb is based on the past and present stems. The present verb has indicative, subjunctive and continuous constructions, and the preterit verb also has simple, continuous, progressive, present perfect, subjunctive and past perfect constructions. In Katouli dialect, the passive form also is not common as it exists in Persian language and the informants prefer using the active structure. The main characteristics of the verb in Katouli dialect which is important in language studies include: lack of present perfect tense as it is common in Persian and using simple past instead of it, not using prefix in present indicative verb construction, using the past stem of kœrd in past continuous construction and some other characteristics which are mentioned in this paper.

Behdini dialect is one of the central dialects of Iran also known as Dari or Gavruni. This dialect has two varieties, Yazdi and Kermani, which in contrast to many similarities, have some differences. There seems to be many loan words and religious terms from Avestan and Middle Persian in this dialect. In the present research, the verbal system in Behdini dialect of Kerman has been studied. Using questionnaire and indirect elicitation techniques the data has been gathered and recorded, analyzed and studied. Sentences for each verb has been gathered in order to show an example for the use of the verb. The results show that the main important characteristic of the verbal system in this dialect is that it has retained ergativity in the past tense of verbs. Also, there are some special characteristics for the structures of present and past stems and the infinitive is made using the suffix “-mon”.

The presentstudy investigated the semantic variationsof the agentive compound wordsending in paz present stem in Persian within the framework of Construction morphology. For this purpose, the168words were collected from Persian synchronic and diachronic corpora. These words were divided into four semantic categories of the characteristics of a human agent,agentive person,job and instrument,and belong to the two main lexical categories of adjective and noun. The diachronic investigation of the extracted words revealed that since 5 th century A.H Persian speakers have created a schema for denoting to words of job semantic category. Then,in the second half of the present century,they have developed a new schema for coining instruments by the help of approximation process. Further,it was revealed that the traditional hypothesis of metaphorical extension of agent to instrument does not hold in Persian. Also,the two constructions of agentive noun and agentive adjective of compound words ending in 'paz' are sister constructions.

This study investigated the semantic variations of the compound words ending in yɑb‘find’ in Persian based on Construction morphology.For this purpose,the words concerned were collected from Persian synchronic and diachronic corpora.These words weredivided into three semantic categories of the characteristics of a human/non-human agent,instrument and personagent nouns,and belongto the two main lexical categories of adjective and noun.The diachronic investigation of the words revealed that the traditional hypothesis of the extension of the concept of agent to instrument was not applied in Persian.Rather,the noun ellipsis was involved in the formation of the two concepts of agent and instrument from the concept of the characteristics of the human/non-human agent in Persian. The loan translation of some words of English into Persian has been influential in the occurrence of such a process.The findings of this study revealed that the initial meaning of the construction should be considered as“the distinguishing characteristic of the entity related to the concept of finding and the first component”which is the most abstract correlation between form and meaning controlling the function of the compound words of[x-[yɑ̃b]VPRES] construction in Persian.It seems that the “person” noun ellipsis has led to the formation of a schema with the meaning of“an agent performing the task of finding in relation to the concept of the first component”.A similar schema was used in the formation of the instrument schema with the meaning of “an object performing the task of finding in relation to the concept of the first component” through the applicationof the“device/software” noun ellipsis.

Taleshi is one of the Iranian north-western dialects which are spoken on the shore of the Caspian Sea. It has retained some of the ancient phonetic variations. In this study, after a brief description of the Taleshi verb construction, the etymology of 14 verbs of the central Taleshi dialect was investigated. Research data and their transcription were based on the pronunciation common to central Taleshi dialect. In the lexical entry of each verb, first the present and past stem of the Taleshi verbs have been inserted. Then, based on the equivalent or cognate of the word in other Iranian dialects and languages and also in other Indo-European languages, the etymology of the words has been considered and their ancient Iranian and primary Indo-European forms have been reconstructed. Then, based on the evidences from the dialect itself, the derivational structure of the words and the accomplished phonetic changes on their stems has been explained. Also, the historical evolution of Taleshi phonemes in the selected verbs of this paper has been studied from ancient Iranian up to the modern period.

The suffix /-e/, referred to by some traditional grammarians as the silent /h/, is one of the most creative affixes of Persian. Its major role is to make the past participle out of the past stem. It also attaches to the present stems and produces abstract nouns and instrumentation terms. This affix, however, has a variety of minor functions. It produces adjectives out of nouns, nouns out of adjectives, new nouns and new adjectives out of the previously existing ones, etc. These byproducts, though varied in nature, are not generated necessarily numerously, so that for some of them one may find just few examples.The majority of Persian grammarians dealt only with major functions of the affix and some others, also, with just a small number of the minor functions. Moreover, the analyses are, for the most part, prescriptive and; therefore, mingled with presuppositions and misunderstandings. These shortcomings have obscured the versatility of the affix.This study aims to review and criticize the previous literature on the subject descriptively, and to introduce the ignored functions of the affix into the literature of Persian grammar.

This paper provides an analysis of Persian verbs within the framework of Optimality theory. To be more specific, it mainly cocentrates on past and present stems of Persian verbs. Since analyzing this subject within the derivational framework would result phonological rules which are not natural, it is analysed by Optimality theory which is one of the constraint-based approach. Based on this, we hypothesized that past stem is derived from present stem by adding past morpheme. Later, using violation and comparative tableau, we argued that past stems of the Persian irregular verbs are dominated by two violable markedness constraints.