searle

"Pragmatics" denotes the manner in which a speaker communicates a message to a recipient within a particular situation. Consequently, meaning circulates across three entities in an ongoing process. This field gave rise to various branches, with speech act theory being one of the most prominent. This notion posits that discourse is synonymous with action. The listener transcends the literal dictionary definition and seeks to ascertain the intended meaning by evaluating the context and circumstances that generated the text. An instructive statement can serve as an instruction, warning, or threat, depending on the context, and vice versa. John Austin is acknowledged as the originator and inventor of this idea, having presented it during his lectures at Oxford and Harvard Universities. Subsequently, John Searle, an American philosopher, elucidated and augmented the theory by incorporating classifications and stipulations. This research is significant for its analysis of a poem that inspires the spirit of fight and sacrifice in free persons, evoking strength and resistance against adversaries. It also reveals normalizers as traitors who exploit their populace for personal advantage. The poem encompasses multiple speech actions, rendering it appropriate for examination using speech act theory. This research poses the subsequent critical inquiries: 1. Which categories of speech acts are identified in Mahmoud Darwish's poem "The Mask Has Fallen" based on John Searle's classifications? 2. In what manner does the poet utilize these actions to express meanings that transcend their literal interpretations? 3. What illocutionary functions does the poem fulfill? Prior to addressing these inquiries in the findings section, it is essential to classify speech acts into five categories: 1. Assertive Speech Acts - Convey the speaker's conviction regarding the veracity of an occurrence, with the objective of aligning beliefs with reality. Examples encompass articulating facts, recognizing, inferring, asserting, hypothesizing, and forecasting. 2. Directive Speech Acts - Employed to affect the audience's behavior, instilling a sense of duty. These encompass pleas, instructions, counsel, cautions, motivation, and recommendations. 3. Expressive Speech Acts - Communicate the speaker's emotions and mental states regarding particular situations or events. Examples encompass accolades, congratulations, gratitude, apologies, commendations, derision, condemnation, and remorse. 4. Commissive Speech Acts - Articulate the speaker's commitment to a forthcoming action, signifying intention and purpose. Instances encompass assurances, menaces, denials, and obligations. 5. Declarative Speech Acts - In contrast to the preceding categories, declarative acts effectuate tangible changes in the listener and the external environment. The efficacy of these actions is contingent upon the speaker's power. Instances encompass proclamations, denunciations, and classifications. This taxonomy underscores the importance of many categories of speech acts in comprehending communication.

This research employs a descriptive-analytical methodology grounded in John Searle’s theoretical framework. This study examines the varieties and efficacy of speech acts in Mahmoud Darwish’s poem "The Mask Has Fallen." The poet condemns the betrayal of normalizers who undermine the Palestinian cause and implores freedom fighters to persist in their struggle, despite the lack of assistance from Arab or Islamic nations.

Darwish employs symbolic language, exemplified by references to Rome, to signify Western historical hegemony and colonial exploitation. He anthropomorphizes inanimate objects, as demonstrated by his reference to "Beirut," to underscore his genuine affection for his nation, free from egocentric reasons or shallow sentiments. Speech Act Distribution: 80% of the employed speech acts are indirect, imparting greater significance to the poetry. Twenty percent constitute direct verbal acts employed for emphasis. The poet continuously eschews straightforward declarations, asserting that the journey of conflict is widely recognized-contrary to the normalizers, who profit from Western and Zionist agendas.

An analytical examination of speech acts in "The Mask Has Fallen" reveals: Directive Acts (4 instances) - The predominant kind employed, indicating that the poet's primary objective is to incite action rather than merely disseminate information. Expressive Acts (3 instances) - The second most prevalent, as the poet consistently articulates emotions and sentiments, hence enhancing the clarity and impact of the message. The poet utilizes speaking acts for diverse pragmatic objectives, including cautioning the recipient regarding the hypocrisy of their surroundings. Promoting sustained defiance. Articulating his internal struggle, as he feels divided between those who resist and those who escape. Exhibiting his attention and dedication to safeguarding his territory from adversarial forces. Furthermore, Darwish employs literary intertextuality and Quranic allusions to elevate morale and highlight the dichotomy between veracity and falsehood in conflict. He underscores the vulnerability and instability of the adversarial state, designating it as "the foundling"-an illegitimate entity reliant on Western assistance for its existence.

Speech acts as the pragmatic part of the language have significant role in the social status representation of society people. So, investigating speech acts of the novel characters can enhance pragmatic and sociolinguistic knowledge of the foreign language learners and improve sociocultural knowledge of the foreigners about a speech community. According to the necessity and importance of this issue in Persian learning, and the lack of local social researches in applied linguistics and Teaching Persian to Speakers of Other Languages (TPSOL), through a qualitative content analysis method, the present study investigates speech acts used in Simin Daneshvar’s “Soovashoon” Persian novel. The results show that the male and female characters of this novel have used the assertive, directive, and expressive speech acts more than the commissive, and declarative speech acts. Moreover, a comparative analysis of the results shows that Iranian women, in both the urban and rural contexts, follow almost the same pattern in using Searle’s (1969) speech acts.

Pragmatics is a new approach in modern linguistic studies that emerged and developed in the 1970s. It was initiated by philosopher J.L. Austin and further developed by his student John Searle. Pragmatics focuses on speech, performance, and speakers' intentions by studying language and how speakers comprehend it. It combines syntax, semantics, and context, aiming to provide an explanation of the communication process, moving beyond structural analysis to studying discourse and its external elements such as time, place, speaker, and addressee. Pragmatics is a rich linguistic discipline that has introduced many new ideas, concepts, and perspectives, supported by its connection with other fields such as logic, semiotics, and sociology. Pragmatics is concerned with analyzing various discourses and explaining the communication process to reveal the speaker's intentions and the meaning they wish to convey to the audience. The study aims to highlight the role of speech acts in the poetry of Al-Tughrai, analyzing his poetic discourse to uncover his intentions and examining the communicative function of sentences in his texts within Searle’s classification of speech acts. The study exploits these analytical tools to find the overall structure of Al-Tughrai’s poems and also highlights the poet's objectives in influencing the reader and revealing the true meaning of the speaker's statements. The study applies these ideas to a poetic corpus, showcasing the poet's ability to utilize pragmatic sentences, and focuses on understanding each sentence within the text and its relationship to other sentences, eventually uncovering the major semantic structure of his poetry. The research reveals the structural features and shows how speech acts, one of the most prevalent linguistic phenomena in texts, significantly contribute to the coherence and cohesion of the text. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical methodology based on pragmatics, especially in light of Searle’s classification, using statistics to uncover the pragmatic functions of sentences in Al-Tughrai’s poetry. It analyzes his speech acts to highlight how they are employed to achieve his literary and artistic goals through the analysis of selected texts and the poet’s techniques in utilizing speech acts. The study stands out by addressing a poet not previously explored from a pragmatic perspective in light of Searle’s view, and it focuses on presenting diverse examples according to Searle’s five classifications: assertives, directives, commissives, expressives, and declarations. It analyzes their speech acts, emphasizing the speaker's intentions and uncovering his meanings based on the context and circumstantial clues. Assertives aim to describe a specific event, marked by the possibility of truth or falsehood. Directives aim to compel the addressee to perform a certain action. Commissives commit the speaker to future action, expressives reveal a psychological state, and declarations seek to bring about a change in the external world. The study reveals that the poet uses a complex poetic structure with intensive use of speech acts and advanced rhetorical techniques that contribute to conveying his messages effectively, giving his poetry a distinctive pragmatic character. The impact of speech acts in Al-Tughrai’s poetry is evident through text analysis and uncovering the internal relationships between the lines. The poet demonstrates an exceptional ability to employ speech acts to create multiple effects on the reader, reflecting his deep understanding of pragmatics and its application in literature. Additionally, the poet’s personal experiences and emotions are mirrored in his poetry, lending it a realistic and humanistic quality that expresses human emotions and concerns. The study concludes that speech acts in Al-Tughrai’s poetry contribute to clarifying the meaning of the text and highlighting the poet’s intentions. For instance, assertives are used for guidance, advice, wisdom, and reporting the poet’s internal turmoil, psychological distress, pain, and unfulfilled ambitions. Directives are employed to change the behavior of the addressee, such as challenges, urging action, or making requests. Commissives reflect the poet’s capacity to fulfill promises, such as relieving distress, demonstrating loyalty and trust, and sharing wealth or aspirations of honor and freedom. Expressives convey the poet’s psychological states, such as congratulations, condolences, optimism for forgiveness, and social or psychological issues. Declarations are reflected in acts that change the external world, such as responding to lessons and admonitions, the oneness of God, the torment of love, the pains of the soul, the onset of old age, farewells to youth, acknowledgment, and denial. The poet used various means to accomplish his speech acts, including arguments, varied sentence forms, rhythmic structures, repetition, and strong emotions, as a powerful persuasive force, reflecting the poet's sincerity in his poetic experience and achieving the intended message. Assertives, directives, and expressives are the most common in Al-Tughrai’s poetry, revealing his ideas and psychological insights. Finally, the study provides a theoretical and methodological framework that can be adapted for analyzing other literary texts, contributing to the advancement of linguistic and literary studies in general.

Speech act pays more attention to the practical dimensions of language and is considered among the theories of applied science. According to this theory, in the form of sentences and phrases, actions are also performed that have a direct link with the communication intentions of the speaker. In other words, this theory examines the intended meanings of the speaker in the form of part-speech. Baharestan Jami is one of the educational works that behind the apparent meaning of its stories, there are also secondary meanings. In this research, the speech acts intended by Searle - which include declarative, persuasive, emotional, and binding actions - have been investigated in Baharestan"s anecdotes.

The current research is based on library and documentary studies, and is carried out using a descriptive-analytical method.

Jami sometimes transforms declarative actions into persuasive actions by passing through the reporting system; Sometimes by using typical characters and avoiding linear narrative, he creates persuasive actions, and in some cases, by taking advantage of the double contrasts of the semantic system of certain words on which the structure of the story depends, he changes expressive actions into persuasive actions. He has also used tools such as allegory, body language, humor, and story telling to transform expressive actions into the descriptive context of stories.

Jami in Baharestan uses various contextual factors such as the format of a story, the combination of the didactic genre with the lyrical genre, the use of appropriate personality and characterization, and poetic references to express instructive concepts and persuade the audience to dynamic and constructive activism. Is. In terms of speech acts, declarative and persuasive acts have the highest frequency, and emotional-declarative, emotional-persuasive and declarative-declarative acts are in the next positions.

The use of new theories of linguistics in the analysis of literary texts has opened new perspectives for researchers in the field of Persian linguistics and literature. Searle's speech act theory is one of the important theories in the field of text analysis, which examines the secondary meanings of words according to the context of the speech. By examining the text from this point of view, one can understand the hidden angles of the text. In this sense, in this research, an attempt has been made to examine the speech acts of the urban and rural story of the Masnavi from the third book, which is based on the theory of John Searle (1979). Therefore, the present research has analyzed and described the frequency of speech acts in the mentioned story with the analytical-descriptive method and statistical approach. The results of the research showed that according to the themes and moral and mystical recommendations of Rumi's stories in the Masnavi, among Searle's five actions, the most frequent are direct and persuasive actions.

With the aim of understanding the hidden layers and knowing the desired effects of this letter, the present article has adopted a discourse analysis approach to analyze the letters based on Searle’s (2015) category of speech act and its structural features. For this purpose, first, the text of the letter was divided into utterances, and then their respective speech acts were identified. The findings showed that out of a total of 22 actions, representative acts with 8, directive acts with 7 and expressive acts with 6 occurrences were the most frequently used speech acts in this letter. Moreover, the declarative act had only one occurrence, and the communicative speech act was absent in the corpus. The frequency of directive and representative speech acts in this letter indicates that Imam (A.S., peace be upon Him) has tried to prevent Muawiya from war through ‘warning’, ‘ordering’, and ‘advising’. In this letter, each action was expressed with a specific style and structure, and the type of words and the structure of the sentences were used in harmony with the action.
Keywords: Nahj al-Balaghah, letter 10, speech action, cognitive text, Searle

Searle basically draws attention to the subtle differences that exist between different types of verbal verbs.According to him, speaking or writing in a language is the performance of a very specific type of spoken verb, which is called illocutionary acts.In this respect, the existence of a narrative discourse poses a problem for one who believes in such a view; That is, how can we understand a work of fiction, even if the author's seemingly violates some important rules of language use?Searle's great effort, in this context, is to analyze the concept of fiction but not the concept of literature. In fact, the aim is to explore the difference between fictional and serious utterances not to explore the difference between figurative and literal utterances.According to Searle, The author of a work of fiction pretends to perform a series of illocutionary acts, normally of the assertive type. He believes what makes fiction possible, is a set ofextralinguistic, nonsemantic conventions that break the connection between words and the world established by the semantic rules of speech acts and in the same sense, the pretended performances of illocutionary acts which constitute the writing of a work of fiction consist in actually performing utterance acts with the intention of invoking the horizontal conventions that suspend the normal illocutionary commitments of the utterances. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to examine, analyze and critiqe Searle's view of the logical status of fictional discourse.

Speech act is one of the most significant theories in the philosophy of language. Based on this theory, speech acts are analyzed in parts of speech and reveal the unspoken words of a text. The present research aims to elucidate the discourses of Bahram Beizai's film Basho, the little stranger, regarding Searle theory. Basho as a film of children and adolescents with the presence of the main character of the child involves important speech acts. Also, language, as the main cultural tool, is one of the main concerns of this film. In fact, the purpose of this study is to understand the dramatic features of the work and to recognize the social relationships of the characters by extracting the speech acts of each piece of speech. Based on Searle's classification of speech acts, we found that the characters in the film have different speech acts due to their position and gender. According to the results, the rate of women's speech acts is persuasive act and men have more expressive speech acts. They use the kind of ridicule, anger, etc. in speech. Despite the fact that children, unlike adults, children benefited both expressive act and persuasive act are free from violence due to their childish characteristics and interact better with each other from cultural point of view. It should be noted that none of the characters used obligatory and declarative actions in their speeches.

Risalat Al-Teyrs are narrative texts with the mystical content and the mystic allegory language. It is obvious that Risalat Al-Teyrs, with little addition and removal, change and transposition, are affected by each other. Among the Persian and Arabic Risalat Al-Tayrs, the present study aims to see which one is borrowed from the other, and in terms of narratology, how is it possible to investigate the effect and influence of these works relying on Searle's speech act theory and Genette's Hypertextuality borrowing an analytical -descriptive research method. The study seeks to investigate the intertexuality link of Persian and Arabic Risalat Al-Tayrs. It is hypothesized that these texts are Hypertextual and the newer narrators were consciously affected from the previous ones. In order to investigate the hypothesis, these works are analyzed at the level of sequence and predicate and then similar sequences are determined. Next, each predicate is shown with abbreviation, and at the end, these Risalats are described in terms of structure and content of these sequences, similarities, and differences. Results indicate that excessive use of affirmative and encouraging sentences is in line with the affirmation and expression of guidance or encouraging the reader towards the educational issues. Considering 17 similar sequences in these works, it is found that except the Ghasideh Eyniyeh that has few similar sequence compared to other Risalats, IbneSina and Mohammad Ghazzali's Risalat Al-Teyrs and Mohammad Ghazzali, with two different structure, are considered as pretext. Ahmad Ghazzali's Risalat Al-Teyrs describes more details compared to Mohammad Ghazzali's Risalats. Risalats of Chachi, Eynol-Ghozat, Mantegho-Tayr, and Kashfol-Asrar have followed the Risalat of Mohammad Ghazzali, but through embedding the changes in the sequence, have saved their works from general imitation, thus creating innovation in their works. The Risalat of Sohrevardi is so similar to the Ibn-Sina's in the first part, but Sohrevardi has used different sequences to create new work

The language philosophy theory of “speech acts” is one of the text analysis theories on the basis of which we can analyze rhetorical and literary concepts in smaller linguistic units (utterances). This article analyzes Sepehri’s "Seday-e Pay-e Aab" according to this theory. This poem has been analyzed according to the revised model of J. R. Searle’s five “speech acts," and the author’s three affective methods. After defining the expressions and the principles of the speech act theory and specifying the concept of the three effective methods in line with this theory, under each of the five acts (assertive, directive, commissive, expressive, declarative), some examples of the lines of the poem have been analyzed. Sepehri has used assertive and expressive acts in all the parts, directive act in most of the parts, but no commisive or declarative acts in any parts of the poem. To intensify the effects of his words, the poet has used strategies like repetition, intensification, and linking of the acts in his poetry. Using the directive, assertive and expressive speech acts, on the one hand, Sepehri describes and criticizes the past and present of the world; on the other hand, by delivering his poetic view and his ideal world, he coaxes his readers into living a specific lifestyle. To achieve this, he uses three affective methods creatively. Due to the specific features and applications of commisive and declarative acts, Sepehri has not been able to use them in this poem.

The study of speech acts in religious texts is one of the ways to shed light on the hidden layers of the discourse and the recognition of its intended effect. This study is the first to compare the speech acts in a selection of Meccan and Medinan Surahs of the Holy Quran. In a random selection of 40 pages, including 20 pages of Meccan and 20 pages of Medinan Surahs, the frequency of the speech acts was calculated based on Austin’s Speech Act Theory and Searl’s fivefold classification. The results showed that the distribution of speech act types in Meccan Surahs is significantly different from those of Medinan ones. In Meccan Surahs, the representative act has the highest frequency and expressives, directives, commissives and declaratives rank next. In Medinan Surahs, however, the frequency of the representative acts has reduced considerably resulting in the rise of other acts. The statistics suggest that the expression of Devine news and teachings has gained the highest volume in Meccan Surahs, while in Medinan Surahs, direction, prohibition, giving good tidings and warnings are of higher priority.

Speech act in feminine talks Garshaspnameh Including discussions of speech act has created new horizons in analysis and literary criticism. In this article, female talks have been investigated based on classification of speech acts John Searle in Garshaspnameh. According to figures of speech acts in this book, Grshasbnamh can be considered in its special speech. To investigate the effect of speech acts can be non-judgmental, general and sweeping generalizations, as a result of the documentary on the social level, according to the speech act also found in ancient texts and implicitly from another angle, provided a model for the study of the genre. The Conversations are classified based on social class of the speaker in three groups. These groups include women speakers to the social level, superior-subordinate and subordinate to a superior. In addition, speech acts, are investigated according to speakers at the social classes. Results show that the highest levels of social discourses among women with women and women with men. Announcers in the top three, equal and below are sorted. The findings show that most of the discussions at the level of socio-formed Garshaspnameh. Speech acts statements, Representative, co missive, directive and expressive act had used among women’s statements. The absence of such an act of speech, indicates that were not significant the social role of women in society.