simin daneshvar

literary works reflect the realities and traditions governing human societies Because common custom affects the author's style and the audience learns the realities and social interactions of certain periods by reading them. Iranian society witnessed rapid changes in the middle of the 20th century writers created many different works; Meanwhile, Daneshvar's realist works had a deep impact on Iran's literary atmosphere. In the early 20th century, Shun, a contemporary Chinese writer, created wonderful works with rich and enlightening interpretations in the fields of novels, short stories, essays, literary criticism, and translation. Even though "Daneshvar" and "Lo Shun" grew up in two different cultures, in two different countries, the comparison of their two realistic works shows many similarities in criticizing the realities of the society of their time. In this article, two urban short stories such as Behesht by Daneshvar and Nemat by Shun have been investigated and their inevitable similarities and differences have been investigated in terms of some story elements.; For example, the main characters of both stories are from the vulnerable and suffering stratum of society, whose life events form the main chain of the story, by expressing the events of their lives and their situation, the problems, anomalies, and realities that govern the society. It is criticized. The orientation towards social issues the attention to the lives of the people of the society and the lower classes and identification with the main characters are among the similarities between the two works.

Through stories, writers present their own thoughts and ideas, and sometimes those of society, and their fictional works often display the social, cultural, political, and national culture of the society. Iranian and Arab writers play a decisive role in the field of contemporary literature. Simin Daneshvar is one of the female writers who has addressed the social, political, historical, and national culture of Iran in her novels. In contrast, the Egyptian writer, Naguib Mahfouz, has also had an active presence in the field of contemporary literature and has depicted the most important cultural and social issues of Egypt at a certain point in time in his fictional works with a realistic approach. Considering the influence of these two authors on national and social culture and its reflection in their works, the aim of this research is to find similarities and differences in the components of national culture in the novels “Savashun” by Daneshvar and “Madaq Alley” by Najib Mahfouz using a descriptive-analytical method. The findings of the research indicate that both authors have deeply investigated the social, cultural and historical issues of their society in writing their novels, such as the consequences of war, social insecurity, patriotism, wedding ceremonies, etc. National identity in “Savashun” is formed mostly through the individual and collective struggles of the characters; while in “Madaq Alley”, national identity is depicted through the daily life and social interactions of the characters
 

 Role-oriented theory is an approach used to describe and analyze the text. In this approach, three ideological, interpersonal and textual roles are considered for discourse analysis. By examining the structure of the sentence, this approach explains different types of processes and their functions in the sentence, and based on this, the sender presents his experiences, thoughts and perceptions of the events and phenomena of the outside and inside world to the audience. he does. In Halliday"s view, it is assumed that the patterns of experience are represented in language in the form of processes and through thought processes. Therefore, by examining the types of processes in verbs and determining the frequency of their occurrence in the story, one can be aware of the author"s experiences, thoughts, and inner world. 

Considering the trans-role approach of thinking and the close connection between mind and language, the present research has investigated the processes used in the Sovshon novel with the method of qualitative content analysis based on Halliday"s role-oriented theory. 

The findings of the research show that Simin Daneshvar has reflected his feminine views in the character of Zari in his novel Suvshon, while describing the socio-political developments of the contemporary era, and has described and narrated events by using material and relational processes. and has been able to show his views about the social situation and the position and role of women. 

The analysis and analysis of the data show that material processes and secondly relational processes have a very high frequency in Sushon"s novel. In order to present the events of his time more concretely and realistically to the reader, Daneshvar uses verbs that refer to real material events, the high frequency of material processes removes the atmosphere of the story from the intangible state and as a result causes Make the story believable for the reader.

The contrast between tradition and modernity has always been a driving force in the dynamics of various societies. Writers who are deeply invested in their cultural heritage, perceiving their identity intertwined with it, strive to juxtapose traditional elements against modernity while maintaining a profound understanding of their society's past. Joukha Al-Harithi, a contemporary Omani author, and Simin Daneshvar, a renowned Iranian writer, delve into the exploration of women's social status and their strengths and weaknesses within society in their respective works.In her novel "Naranja," Al-Harithi employs a first-person perspective spanning two distinct time periods to narrate the stories of two generations grappling with an identity crisis situated between tradition and modernity. Daneshvar's celebrated novel "Souvashun" chronicles the experiences of an Iranian family during World War II, as they confront various forms of discrimination and strive to mitigate them.Given the prominence of the tradition-modernity dichotomy in both novels, this research aims to conduct a comparative analysis of "Naranja" and "Souvashun" through a descriptive-analytical lens, focusing on this particular theme. The findings reveal that both authors utilize female characters to illuminate the contradictions and conflicts arising between tradition and modernity in domains such as marriage, family, rural, and urban life.A key distinction between the two narratives lies in their temporal representations of tradition and modernity. While "Naranja" contrasts the past as tradition with the present as modernity, "Souvashun" simultaneously depicts both tradition and modernity within a single time frame.

Speech acts as the pragmatic part of the language have significant role in the social status representation of society people. So, investigating speech acts of the novel characters can enhance pragmatic and sociolinguistic knowledge of the foreign language learners and improve sociocultural knowledge of the foreigners about a speech community. According to the necessity and importance of this issue in Persian learning, and the lack of local social researches in applied linguistics and Teaching Persian to Speakers of Other Languages (TPSOL), through a qualitative content analysis method, the present study investigates speech acts used in Simin Daneshvar’s “Soovashoon” Persian novel. The results show that the male and female characters of this novel have used the assertive, directive, and expressive speech acts more than the commissive, and declarative speech acts. Moreover, a comparative analysis of the results shows that Iranian women, in both the urban and rural contexts, follow almost the same pattern in using Searle’s (1969) speech acts.

A healthy person, as being addressed in the current study, is always looking for a goal that makes his life meaningful. Viktor Frankl's theory of logotherapy, which is known as one of most pivotal theories of perfection psychology, gives meaning to a healthy human life in the light of the characteristics as “free will” and "awareness", "sense of responsibility", "meaning-oriented will", "love", "wise tolerance of suffering", "search for meaning", "responsibility to conscience", and "believing religion". The currect study aims at examining the aspects of a healthy personality in the two main characters of Savashun in Daneshvar's novel based on Viktor Frankl's theory. The current research implies a descriptive-analytical methodology and a library information procedure is devised so as to collect the required information. In the addressed novel (Savashun), the character traits of Zari and Yousef as the main characters have been analyzed from Frankel's point of view. As the results have indicated, Yousef carries most of the characteristics of Frankel's healthy personality and, at the end of the story, Zari gradually turns into a healthy personality after the events that happen to her.

Under the influence of the global post-colonial wave following World War II, Iranian intellectuals, drawing on a deep historical tradition of xenophobia and a desire for independence, and influenced by the rise of leftist discourse in Iran, developed a narrative of “returning to the self” within the country's cultural and political context. This discourse became dominant during those decades, shaping various fields of thought, including Iranian fiction. One significant cultural work that embodies this ideology is Simin Daneshvar’s realist novel Savushun. In this novel, Daneshvar portrays British dominance over different aspects of life in Shiraz during the occupation of southern Iran to illustrate the threat to the national identity of the local population. Through this depiction, she urges readers to rediscover their identity by invoking key elements of Iranian culture. This article employs a descriptive-analytical method to explore Savushun, identifying key signs of xenophobia and the theme of returning to the self. Findings reveal how Daneshvar emphasizes the dangers posed by foreign interference and cultural domination by highlighting the political and cultural roles of foreigners. Moreover, she underscores the threat of Western cultural oppression by drawing on elements of Iranian identity, including epic and religious stories. Daneshvar further strengthens this message by showcasing the historical significance of Persian language as a core component of Iranian national identity, and by aligning her characters with mythological and religious figures, while referencing historical and religious landmarks. Ultimately, the novel is a call for cultural and personal reclamation in the face of foreign dominance.

The present research tries to show that Simin Daneshvar and Shiva Aristoui, as female writers who write about women, use different and diverse marked grammatical and syntactic constructions, taking into account the linguistic and situational context. Inducing the meaning and message they want? According to this goal, some marked syntactic constructions based on the DSL theory have been comparatively analyzed in order to show details of the art of feminism of these two authors in terms of patterns and syntactic structures, and to know their methods in representing the social position of women. understood through syntactic structures. Among the syntactically marked constructions, the focus is mostly on "shifting sentence components" and "changes in syntactic arrangement". In the analysis, some theoretical concepts such as marked/unmarked (from the knowledge of syntax), initialization, changing the lexical arrangement and Jurjani's method have been used in comparing special syntactic constructions with normal constructions. The findings of the research show that these authors, with self-awareness, have meaningfully used some syntactic constructions in the service of inducing meaning and attracting the audience's attention, and the hypotheses considered by Robin Likoff in the field of the influence of women's social position on their speech patterns. have confirmed Unlike other languages, including English, the Persian language provides a large potential capacity in the field of syntactic patterns to the users of this language in the field of prose and prose. In recent years, with the flourishing of interdisciplinary studies between "literature and linguistics", topics such as "men's literature", "women's literature" . Considering the importance of the literary type "novel" and specifically "women's novels", the necessity of studying linguistic indicators and specifically syntactic components in relation to the category of gender in this literary type can open the way for the study of literary sty

To determine the syntactic characteristics of an author"s style, the extent of his departure from standard and basic syntax should be explained. The standard syntax is the normal form of the placement of sentence components in any language, which is neutral and without prominence. Therefore, it is not possible to understand anything about the author"s mind and thoughts through it; But if the position of one of the components of the sentence changes compared to its natural form, the standard syntax, it can be used as a point for stylistic reflection; Because based on the theory of symmetry of style and thought, these two issues are always together and there is a two-way relationship between them. Simple structure and syntax is one of the domains that determine the style and manner of expression of each work and has an effect on the coherence of the work. The structure of sentences and the arrangement of words in each work represent its grammatical and syntactic style, which in the end leads to the recognition and explanation of the author"s style. According to this goal, some marked syntactic constructions based on the theory of DSL have been comparatively analyzed in order to show details of this writer"s art of feminism in the field of patterns and syntactic structures, to know their methods in representing the social status of women through syntactic structures. be taken away Among the syntactically marked constructions, more focus has been placed on "transposition of sentence components" and "changes in syntactic arrangement". Robin Likoff states that if we leave the words aside and go to the syntax, we find that a large part of women"s speech is "syntactically" unconventional.

The present study tries to use the analytical-adaptive approach to show how Simin Daneshvar, as a writer who writes about women, uses different and diverse grammatical and syntactic constructions of markers by considering the linguistic and situational context in Has the induction service placed its desired meaning and message?

The research findings show that this author, with self-awareness, has meaningfully used some syntactic structures in the service of inducing meaning and attracting the audience"s attention, and the hypotheses considered by Robin Likoff in the field of the influence of women"s social position on patterns They have confirmed their speech. Unlike other languages, including English, the Persian language provides a large potential capacity in the field of syntactic patterns to the users of this language in the field of prose and prose.

The language of the fictional female characters in the two novels "Wandering Island" and "Sarban Wanderer" is in line with the predictions of Robin Likoff at the level of language syntax.

One of the theories of psychology knowledge that studies the interaction of people and their personality is Eric Burn's theory of transactional analysis. According to Burn's point of view, human personality consists of three aspects: "adult", "parent" and "child" that According to the existing conditions and according to the educational background of each person, one aspect takes control of the personality. According to this theory, a balanced and compatible personality is considered to be one whose mature aspect allows other aspects to control the personality according to the requirements of the situation and position. The events of the "Soowashoon" novel that take place in Shiraz city are known as an example of the entire society of Iran at that time. The psychological characteristics of its characters are depicted, influenced by the conditions of the society and in accordance with it. This research aims to analyze the interaction of the characters in the fictional society of Swoowashoon based on Eric Berne's theory of transactional analysis using a descriptive-analytical method and based on library studies and In this way, reveal the equivalence of the characters and events of Soowashoon novel with the conditions of the society And to answer this basic question, what effect has the tyranny ruling the society had on the paren aspect of the characters in Soowashoon novel. It seems that the despotism of the traditional Iranian society has caused the behavior of most of the characters in the story to be influenced by their "parent" aspect And the predominance of traditional values in patriarchal society, draws the mutual behavior of men and women of the story in the form of "parent to child" communication pattern.

Psychological defense mechanisms are one of the psychological strategies of humans to reduce the anxiety that affects the human psyche and puts it on the verge of collapse. This mechanism is the result of the studies of Freud and his colleagues, especially his daughter Anna Freud. According to Freud, many human reactions originate from the actions that the human psyche shows when faced with adverse circumstances. From this point of view, this article tries to analyze the behavior of Simin Daneshvar's characters.

The collection of information is by library method and the research method is qualitative studies and content analysis. The statistical community includes all the books of Sovashon (1992), Sarban Sargardan (2001) and Jazire Sargardani (2002) from Kharazmi Publication.

The fictional characters of these novels sometimes show reactions that are the product of their psychological defense mechanism. In some cases, these mechanisms are developed, which cause acceptable behaviors in the society, and sometimes they fall under the category of undeveloped behaviors, which cause a person's incompatibility with the people around him.

By examining the behavior and actions of fictional characters in Simin Daneshvar's three novels from the point of view of psychological defense mechanisms, the results show that most of the actions and actions of fictional characters and in general characterization in these works are based on psychological motives; In the same way that some people's political activities are also rooted in their psychological problems.

Martin Seligman is one of the pioneers of positive psychology, who achieved significant success in this field with the slogan of trying to create happiness and well-being by relying on people's capabilities. From Seligman's point of view, treatment is not only limited to the improvement of diseases, but sometimes by strengthening positive attitudes and views, mental illnesses and weaknesses can be overcome and a sense of satisfaction with life can be achieved. In line with this goal, he presented the six virtues and pointed out that if people acquire these virtues, they can significantly overcome mental stress and experience happiness in life. Wisdom, courage, humanity. Justice, moderation and excellence are the titles of these virtues, which are divided into twenty-four subgroups.

In recent years, interdisciplinary studies in Literature and Linguistics have gained momentum, particularly focusing on topics such as “masculine literature,” “feminine literature,” “masculine writing,” and “feminine writing,” which have captured the attention of researchers. These studies primarily explore the relationship between language and gender. Within this context, the analysis of linguistic features related to gender becomes instrumental in the stylistic examination of women’s literary works, especially novels. This research investigates the linguistic disparities in terms of prominent lexical components between female and male characters in the novels of Daneshvar and Arastui using a descriptive-analytical approach. The main research question is as follows: How do linguistic differences between women and men manifest in terms of lexical components within the narrative structure of Daneshvar’s and Arastui’s novels? The findings indicate that the language employed by female characters in the narrative contexts of these novels differ in terms of vocabulary and idiomatic expressions from that of male characters. While some lexical parameters correspond to Lakoff’s linguistic features, others deviate from them. As all four novels are penned by women and revolve around female experiences, there is a notable prevalence of women-specific vocabulary. Another characteristic of women’s language in these novels is the utilization of precise and detailed imagery, along with inclusion of multiple color words. The female characters of both novelists, influenced by their lack of confidence resulting from patriarchal societies, employ more hedges, intensifiers, and approximations. Additionally, they opt for polite language in their conversations, avoiding the use of taboo words and oath words, which reflects linguistic structures used by cautious and subordinate speakers.

Animal is viewed in traditional literature as a tool and symbol that shows the human attitude. In the new perspective, however, especially in Deleuze's view, the animal is no longer a tool in hands of humans but humans must submit themselves to the animal and get close to animality. Considering the new concept, this study used the ideas of such thinkers as Deleuze and other related postmodernist thinkers to examine the characters and features of Suvashoun novel from the perspective of animality. The main themes that this study discussed are animality, childhood, madness, humanity. Regarding animality, we see Suvashoun a dialectic, where antithesis appears in Yusuf's humanity. Madness and prison are means used for liberating man from his subjectivity in prison. That is why Zari takes her vow to the madhouse and distributes it among the prisoners. Desire and body, childhood and femininity, Kelo’s personality and MakMahon's poetry, and Dr. Abdollah Khan's mysticism leaves no room for human humanity of Yusuf. He should be the contemporary Siavash, whose head is innocently cut off in the bowl of his mythical innocence. Such a Suvashoun not only ensures the liberty of his soul but accomplishes the animality of Zari.

The issue of gender connection and language and the language specific to each gender is known as linguistic behavior in the topics of grammar, terminology, meaning, and conceptualization.The interests and habits and intellectual, linguistic and verbal tendencies of both men and women show that the topic of female and male is important in the presence and extent of using vocabulary for each gender.The culture of the society has determined the language and the way of speaking and the choice of words for each gender.Part of the topic of female and male archetypes of anima and animus is revealed in the context of language, text and linguistic behaviors.This research will investigate the gender signs of feminine and masculine words in the anima and animus aspects of the text of the stories by the descriptive-analytical method and the library study tool. In order to understand the connection between linguistics and psychological criticism with the literary types of stories and novels, it is necessary to conduct comparative-analytical studies. In this research, the results have shown that the realistic style and the reflection of the society's culture and the spirit of the nation in the stories of Al-Ahmed and Daneshvar have caused the expression of anima and animus in the language of the characters to be less. These two authors do not show such unusual contradictions in the society of that period.The prominent elements and components of feminine and masculine words in the manifestations of anima and animus in the works of Jalal Al Ahmad and Simin Daneshvar are:Emotional, romantic and caressing words, abusive and harsh words and sentences in women's speech, color words, children's words, adjectives for women or men, words related to the roles of women and men in the family and society, language related to communicating with the opposite sex, words that specific to the appearance of women or men, interrogative words and formal, standard and popular words and Feminine and masculine words superior and inferior.

The authors of the novel have given national color to their writings with various manifestations of folk style and have preserved the culture from the ravages of oblivion and passed them on to the future generations.Among the writers, Simin Daneshvar has used many proverbs, folk expressions, and customs of the people of Iran to serve social thoughts, paying attention to folk style.In this article,various elements of the folk style of the novels "Sushon, Wandering Island and Sarban Wandering" are presented based on the classification of "C.S. Burne".The results show he from all three categories mentioned in the theory of "C.S. Burn" that is; He has used beliefs, customs and habits, culture and customs and myths, proverbs, stories and folk ideas and with a special attitude he has used the folk style to express intellectual concerns and social issues by creating atmosphere of story elements.

"Feminist stylistics" is one of the social-cultural approaches of stylistic knowledge, which "Sara Mills" presents as a model in this field, and this method is the best way to investigate and analyze the issue of feminism and its effectiveness in literary texts by using their dimensions and linguistic aspects. Knows. In this article, using this model, we answer the question of what are the characteristics of women's writing and how does it appear in the novel in question. Mills believes that female writers use various linguistic components in the structure and content of their works with the influence of their feminine characteristics, emotions and gender views, and therefore, in the analysis of their works, attention should be paid to three levels of analysis based on words, sentences and discourse. Therefore, with this view and using the model proposed by Sara Mills and the opinions of experts in this field, Simin Daneshvar's novel "Savushun" was selected and analyzed. This research was carried out in the field of practical stylistics and with the descriptive-library method and analyzes based on it based on the components of Sara Mills' model and with the aim of finding the characteristics of women's writing in the selected work. The findings of the research with the characteristics of women's writing in the mentioned novel are as follows: At the level of vocabulary: the multiple use of feminine expressions in Farsi, words belonging to women's domain, the use of color words, the multitude of female characters; At the level of sentences: the use of simple news, descriptive, short, emotional, and detailed sentences. The use of meta-linguistic signs of three dots and a dash, low frequency emotional aspect, question sentences in the form of Soliloquy. On the discourse level: third person (omniscient) external point of view, main character: Yusuf and Zari, narrative text, author narrator, polite and friendly tone, theme with feminist ideas. The time and place of the story of the first Pahlavi period, Shiraz and its villages.

In this essay, dreams of three short stories by Simin Daneshvar have been discussed with the approach of Jungian psychology and views of Clarissa Pinkola Estes, the post-Jungian psychoanalyst. Dreams have always been a source of wonder for human beings. Since the most ancient times, man has looked at the strange and mysterious images of dreams with awe and astonishment, and has pondered about their meanings. In addition to inspiring many scientific inventions, dreams have found their reflections in artistic creations. Literature, as a major mirror of human life has benefited the most from the images of dreams and has used them as one of the most important ways to advance the story line and show the mentalities of the characters. In contemporary Persian literature, Simin Daneshvar is one of the writers who used this method abundantly and included all kinds of dreams in her stories. This article has examined the dreams of three Daneshvar short stories: “Border and Mask”, “Ask the Migratory Birds”, and “Savaki”-and has tried to unlock the meaning of their symbols and show their importance in the overall story line on the basis of Estes views. In the end, it becomes clear that all these dreams are integral parts of the above stories and give important clues about how and why the events unfold, so that none of these storis can be imagined without their dreams.Keywords:Post-Jungian psychology; Clarissa Pinkola Estes; dreams; Simin Daneshvar; short story

In the modern era, the components of cultural identity-making underwent changes and transformations. It seems that in this social and cultural mess, women were more influenced by new cultural and social values than men and they had an identity crisis. The novel “Wandering Island” and its second volume “The Wandering Camel-Rider” describes the complex political-social-cultural situation of the country in the inflamed years before the Islamic Revolution and the early years after that until the beginning of the war, from a woman's perspective which is associated with Women's identity crisis. The present study has been compiled in a descriptive-analytical manner and based on library sources and tries to reveal the process of self-knowledge and identity crisis of women with a modern approach and analysis of historical-political-social-cultural conditions in two novels by Simin Daneshvar. to answer the question: What effect has the socio-political situation in Iran, along with the arrival of modern components, had on the crisis of women's identity and their bewilderment? Studies show that the crisis of women's identity in these novels, leads to nobility and deprivation, confrontation between tradition and modernity, Westernization and Westernism, the influence of modern schools of thought, confrontation of religious beliefs and feminist views.

Realism refers to the specific literary current of the nineteenth century which is also used as a style of storytelling. Realism reflects life, as much as possible, in the world of fiction. Instead of dramatizing or making the story more romantic, literary realism tries to tell it as realistically as possible. Many features of the school of realism are also evident in the works of the first generation of Iranian novelists, including Simin Daneshvar. As the first Iranian female novelist, Daneshvar has written three novels called "Savushun", "Island of Wandering" [Jazire-ye Sargardāni] and "Wandering Cameleer [Sāreban-e Sargardān]. The aim of this research is to examine the details and elements in the novel and to deduce its exact aspects to discover their realistic components and how they are adapted according to the social reality. In the present article, an attempt has been made to reflect on the components of realism in the fictional works of Daneshvar, in the two sections of sociopolitical, economic and cultural issues of Iran and the personal life of the author. In these stories, features such as the use of slang (appropriate for social class), accurate staging and realistic characterizations are examined. Attention to the abovementioned points has led Daneshvar to be known as a realist writer; an author who in her works has depicted the individual and social life of Iranians in decades of Iranian history.