sociolinguistics

concepts do not have a clear structure in the human mind, and it cannot be fully understood from its components. To understand these concepts, the mind uses the concrete and objective domain that have a clear structure. From the point of view of cognitive linguistics, this process of formation of metaphor is a concept in which metaphor is a tool for understanding and cognition, and it is distant from its function in literary industries Based on the theoretical basis of Likoff and Johnson's conceptual metaphor, this research investigates the metaphorical structure of expressing moral issues in Bostan Saadi and how her intellectual representation is in this context. The method of the present research is descriptive and analytical and the method of data collection is the examination of all the texts of the poems of Bostan Saadi's book. Based on the data analysis, Saadi has used the material elements of culture and civilization, the tools and means of daily life of her time, . Compared to the classification of the mega metaphors of Kovesh, similarities and differences can be seen in Bostan. It seems that cultural and historical factors are effective in this field

Sociolinguistics, utilizing a synchronic approach, has transformed onomastics from a traditional framework into a field for studying contemporary society, examining it from various perspectives. This study investigates the naming patterns of schools in Gonabad located in South of Razavi Khorasan in terms of social categories, including types of names (anthropocentric and non-anthropocentric), as well as linguistic aspects (phonological and grammatical structures). This research is descriptive-analytical and employing both library and field research methods. The statistical population includes all schools in Gonabad, which are divided into public and private categories. The sample size consists of 396 names of urban and rural primary and secondary schools, spanning the period before and after the Islamic Revolution. The results indicate that anthropocentric names are more prevalent in the naming of Gonabad schools, and within the non-anthropocentric category, names tend to lean towards the abstract subcategory. In the domain of identity-related names, the highest frequency pertains to national identity. Regarding notable people, the highest number of names belongs to non-contemporary people (specifically the Islam Prophet and his family), and in terms of gender, male names outnumber female names.

Sociolinguistics, by studying the reciprocal influence between language and society, seeks to analyze the role of language in human interactions. The novel, as a linguistic discourse encompassing a wide range of literary styles, serves as a window through which the reader can perceive social realities from a linguistic perspective. Hybridization is defined as the blending of language with various literary styles within a single literary work, allowing for an analysis that integrates diverse voices and perspectives. It also enables the study of a broad spectrum of individual and social voices. Celestial Bodies by Jokha Alharthi vividly embodies different forms of hybridization. This study aims to examine and analyze the manifestations of hybridization in this novel using a descriptive-analytical method. The findings indicate that hybridization appears in two main dimensions: unintentional and intentional. In the unintentional dimension, the author unconsciously incorporates borrowed vocabulary from Classical Arabic. In the intentional hybridization, Alharthi elevates the integration of her narrative language with various literary styles by employing intertextual references to the Quran and Hadith, incorporating proverbs and Omani colloquial dialect, and utilizing typographical hybridization. The author employs elements of hybridization to reflect class disparities in society, reinforce religious guidance and moral lessons, and affirm the cultural foundations of her community. This contributes to engaging the reader and enriching the novel, significantly influencing the representation of different societal voices and enabling the reader to grasp the contradictions embedded within its structure.

  Language is one of the most prominent and important stylistic elements in literary studies. Any change and transformation in the form and content of the language of a literary work shows the evolutions of the attitude and knowledge of the creator of the work and the society that is effective in its creation. Sometimes the language effects directly on the creation of literary styles and writing methods, and sometimes it effects indirectly through various forms. Sometimes, literary styles overcome the language and cause fundamental changes and evolutions in this scope. It’s seen in the history of literary evolutions that sometimes the government power effects on language and literary style and even control it. The Safavid government reached to power based on a religious ideology historically in Iran, and this power consisted of three main sides: 1. Safavid kings, 2. Qizilbash, 3. Religious ulama, influenced the style and content of the literary texts of that period. The study of language function in literary works and power relations connects literary studies to social sciences and linguistics. This study deals with the discourse of the influence of power on the prose works of the Safavid period from the perspective of the sociolinguistics according to the book ‘Alam-ara-ye Abbasi’ and specifies which powers by which rate have influenced the prose of that period.

With the advancement of technology, students’ means of communication have changed from regular face-to-face appointments to email communications with professors and faculty members. Students send emails to faculty members for several reasons such as requests for appointments, advice, or course-related information. This study investigates email request strategies used by Iranian university students when communicating with their faculty members. To this end, a corpus of 200 emails (13103 words) was compiled within 4 years from Payame Noor University students majoring in humanities. The data were then coded for request strategies along with both internal and external modification devices. The findings showed that direct strategies were the most frequently used, with imperative and like/appreciate statements being the most frequently used direct strategy. Moreover, downtoners and attention getters ranked first and second among internal modification devices, while grounders and appreciation ranked first and second among external modifiers. These findings are expected to provide insights into Persian pragmatics and have implications for teaching Persian to language learners.

The present study investigates the European toponyms based on two linguistic criteria. The first criterion is the main factor for calling European countries; in other word, we try to determine the different factors of the European toponyms including social, political, geographical, religious and etc. The second criterion is related to Persian equivalences of European toponyms. For these sakes, 54 European country names extracted. The results of the first goal reveal that there are 6 factors for the European toponyms. Among them, the name of tribes and nations is the most popular one since is used in 28 European toponyms. Other factors are the name of Geographical feature or zone, the name of a person, the name of an animal, the name of a monument or the name of a natural element. The results of the second criterion also shows that there are 3 word formation processes for naming European toponyms including Borrowing, loan translation and coinage. The most popular one is borrowing which is used in 44 Persian equivalents of European toponyms. Loan translation is used for the formation of 7 European toponyms in Persian and only one of European toponyms is the result of coinage in Persian.

The present article, with an emphasis on vowel shift of /u:/ with /ʉː/, examines phonetic changes in the Kurdish dialect of the native Kurdish speaker Lilakhi immigrants living in Sanandaj to improve social status through the application of changes known as "phonetic strategies for prestige promotion." Therefore, the authors intend to gain a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of language change and their impact on social identity through the study of variables such as age, gender, and socioeconomic status. The research data includes 20 words in the Kurdish language in which the vowel under study is located at nucleus, and the distinction between them in the two dialects Lilakhi and Ardalani lies only in the phonetic manifestation of this vowel. The statistical population of the study also consists of 30 respondents who were selected through systematic sampling method and considering the equal distribution of gender, age and social class factors and they were asked to express each of the words they have in the form of a sentence or phrase. The results of the study show that the negative correlation between age and the use of the vowel /u:/ indicates a meaningful relationship.

In this research, we try to apply linguistics studies to the analysis of novels through critical discourse analysis. Critical discourse analysts take into consideration those elements of discourse that are hidden medium in order to preserve power hierarchy. Contrary to descriptive-formal survey of language, they contend that language can be used intentionally to support dominance, inequality and struggle against them as well. The novel Bamdad-e Khomaar (The dawn of lassitude) by Fattaneh Haj Seyyed Javadi is analyzed based on Theo Van Leeuwen’s research tools namely activation and passivation, nomination and categorization, identification and functionalization, differentiation, and over determination. The research demonstrates how the analysis of the novel based on linguistic research tools, which were used in this research, can help readers to understand the opinions of the novelist regarding both social classes and women.

Speech acts as the pragmatic part of the language have significant role in the social status representation of society people. So, investigating speech acts of the novel characters can enhance pragmatic and sociolinguistic knowledge of the foreign language learners and improve sociocultural knowledge of the foreigners about a speech community. According to the necessity and importance of this issue in Persian learning, and the lack of local social researches in applied linguistics and Teaching Persian to Speakers of Other Languages (TPSOL), through a qualitative content analysis method, the present study investigates speech acts used in Simin Daneshvar’s “Soovashoon” Persian novel. The results show that the male and female characters of this novel have used the assertive, directive, and expressive speech acts more than the commissive, and declarative speech acts. Moreover, a comparative analysis of the results shows that Iranian women, in both the urban and rural contexts, follow almost the same pattern in using Searle’s (1969) speech acts.

Sociolinguistics or the sociology of language is an interdisciplinary field of study that examines the phonetic, lexical, syntactic, semantic and pragmatic subsystems of language in the context of social changes. The contemporary world is not uniform in terms of language dispersion, and the experiences of nations and governments demonstrate that understanding and addressing socio-linguistic events such as massive migrations, marginalization, the decline of minority languages, and social violence caused by discrimination and prejudice requires relying on the advancements of sociolinguistics. Recent studies show that this focus has been increasingly incorporated into the agendas of official institutions in some countries. For example, the US Bureau of Statistics published a report acknowledging the need to train census officers in sociolinguistic methods to effectively conduct the national census and interview non-English speaking citizens (Pan, 2007). The book under review is in English and it adheres to the principles and norms commonly found in academic genres. It consists of a front matter, the body of articles and an index. The front matter includes title page, copyright information, table of contents, author info, table of illustrations and table of tables. The book is divided into 11 chapters organized into three sub-sections. The end of book features an index of key terms along with corresponding page numbers. A total of 12 authors contributed to the articles in this book with only three having Iranian affiliations, while the rest are affiliated with universities and research centers abroad.

Toponymy is a term used for naming a place or a special geographic feature. It is the scientific study of geographic names. Toponymy is a branch of linguistics which scientifically studies place names from synchronous and diachronic point of view. Considered as an important part of cultural heritage, Toponyms, as linguistic units, are prone to changes that occur in the realm of linguistic. Thus, an examination of toponyms from the perspective of historical linguistics makes a great contribution to our historical knowledge of the language and culture of the people living in that area. This study was conducted to study, in an etymological way, several toponyms in the Bushehri dialect. The method employed to carry out this research is a combination of field research and descriptive-analytical one. Moreover, the tools deployed included voice recorders, questionnaires, and interviews, wherein the language structure was made up of vocabulary. The results reveal that these toponyms emanated from indigenous environmental elements. Hydronyms (i.e., place-names derived from water), Phyto-toponyms (i.e., place-names derived from plants), Zootoponyms, and Memotoponyms play an important role in these toponyms. In terms of morphology, instead of simple names, they are divided into derivatives and compounds. Suffixes are a key component of these toponyms. Moreover, concerning derivative constructions, these toponyms are rooted in Iran''s ancient and middle languages. Such toponyms have undergone phonetic, phonological changes, and dialectal changes from ancient times to the Middle Ages.

The study aims to investigate the analytical reasoning skills of Iranian language learners and to examine its potential relationship with their intercultural competence and cultural heritage. For this purpose, a non-random sample of 180 language learners from Fars, Turks, and Kurds were purposefully selected from different English language institutions in Tehran, Tabriz, and Sanandaj respectively. Participants from a homogenous group, including 120 students, were evaluated based on scores 1 standard deviation above and below the mean, using Nelson's skill test. Three questionnaires related to analytical reasoning, intercultural competence, and cultural heritage were selected for the participants. The collected data were analyzed using statistical methods, such as Pearson's correlation, one-way analysis of variance, and multivariate analysis of variance. The findings of the first hypothesis, stating that there is no statistically significant correlation between analytical reasoning and intercultural ability of English language learners in three separate ethnic groups is confirmed. Meanwhile, the second hypothesis, stating that there is no significant difference in analytical reasoning among the three investigated ethnic groups was rejected, which shows that by assuming a significant difference in analytical reasoning among three ethnic groups, it is possible to emphasize the subtle nature of analytical reasoning among different cultural groups.

This research aims to study the effect of gender, age and education of Arabic-Persian bilingual speakers on their frequency of use of code-switching types (Inter- sentential, Intra- sentential & Tag) in Nakhle-e-Taghi city. To this end, 80 male and female Arabic–Persian bilinguals were selected as research subjects through a non-random convenience sampling method. They consisted of two age groups, 20 to 40 and over 40, and belonged to two levels of education, one under diploma and the other diploma and higher than diploma. Then, their conversations were audio and video recorded, out of which the research data were extracted. The research data, containing 1022 cases of code-switching between Arabic- Persian languages, were analyzed in accordance with Poplack (1980). The frequency of use of code-switching types was enumerated and registered based on gender, age and education. Finally, the numerical data were analyzed in SPSS.27 software, using the test of chi- square 2. The results show that gender, age and education have effect on the frequency of usage of code-switching types.

 Onomastics is the study of personal names and has long been common in Iranian language research. However, social onomastics is a relatively new concept. This term is used both in sociolinguistics and in other fields such as sociology, anthropology and geography. So far, most researches have dealt with the etymology of personal names in these inscriptions. The purpose of this research is to investigate the onomastics of some personal names in Middle Persian and Parthian inscriptions based on Van Langendonck's theory. According to this theory, four categories of ethnicity, nationality, religion, and transnational affairs are considered in the selection of personal names. In this research, considering the nature of names, in addition to the mentioned categories, the category of mythological names was also added to this division. First, a selection of personal names in Middle Persian and Parthian inscriptions was collected and then classified according to the mentioned categories. The research results showed that mythological names had the highest frequency in these inscriptions. Then, in the order of national names, religious names are used the most. This shows that according to one of the most important theories of social nomenclature, myth played a significant role in the Sasanian society.

The story of Jamshid and Zahhak is the primary cornerstone of distinguishing Iranian identity from other identities. For the first time in this story, Ferdowsi deals with differentiation and represents the identity and independent geography and also unique components of Iran and Iranian kings. Despite of dualities like Iranian king’s kiani far and Zahhak's demonic temper as the main line of differentiation of Iranian identity, this distinction has shown itself especially in the context of geography and territorial identity. like distinction of Iran from other lands such as Arabia or India.Regarding the importance of this story in shaping the subsequent events and the story line in Iran's national epic, the main purpose in which this article is written on is to explain and represent the components of Iran's territorial identity in the story of Jamshid and Zahak through the use of Van Dijk's discourse analysis method. using the mentioned method, selected verses from the story were analyzed and explained by use of discourse strategies. Based on this, the results of this research show that the selected verses from the story of Jamshid and Zahhak match the Iranian identity against the non-Iranian identity to the land and territorial distinction, which can be considered as a part of the process of identification of Iranians.

Mirza Ali Khan Zahir al-Doulah, with the support of his political position in the Qajar court and his belief base in the Safi Alishahi Tariqat, and by creating intellectual and freedom-loving organizations, is considered one of the influential figures in the course of constitutionalism. The current research, using Farklaf's discourse analysis approach, seeks to answer the following questions: How is the discourse order of Qajar era Iran reproduced in Zahir al-Doulah's poems? Discourse actions of his poems reflect which of the social actions? And what is Zahir al-Doulah's solution to get out of the ruling discourses? The results showed that the social structure of the Qajar period was reflected in the discourse functions of Zahir al-Dawlah by choosing names based on expressive values, and the participants were categorized into two groups: 1- "Positive" group including God, religious and mystic elders, and positive personalities; 2- "Negative" group including oppressive rulers, tyrannical powerful, ignorant and oppressive classes of society. Zahir al-Douleh, by empathizing with the people, from the position of a critic, has created a discourse confrontation and believes that the way to get rid of the ruling discourse is everyone's movement towards anti-oppression and awareness.

Literature, with various possibilities, deals with creating and narrating creative stories by involving experience and senses, and most importantly, by involving the dynamic mind of the potential audience, and thus confronts writers and artists with many options in how to create art. The purpose of this research is the cognitive analysis of grounding in the discourse of the story based on the conceptual fusion networks of Fauconie and Turner. Using the qualitative content analysis method and descriptive-interpretive approach, the present study examines the methods of adaptation and the constituent elements of the mixed conceptual network of the story of my bird from Fariba and Wafi. Fusion theory presents a systematic conceptualization of behind-the-scenes cognition that includes categorization, mappings, structural projections, and dynamic mental stimuli. The existence of multiple input spaces, various vital relationships such as identity, change, time and representation are among the things that give the bird a conceptually mixed structure. The results of this study emphasize the necessity of paying attention to the mind in discourse studies and show the extension of the application of the theory of conceptual mixing to analysis. The discourse of the novel can be effective in explaining the basic methods of literary texts

Language, as a means of communication, is continually influenced by our society, which is why the reflection of social variables in our everyday speech is inevitable. Among different social factors, sociolinguistic researchers have extensively investigated the correlation between “gender” and linguistic categories to examine the language features of men and women. Lakoff & Bucholtz (2004) suggested that women’s speech is characterized by linguistic features such as precise color terms, polite forms (e.g., indirect requests), tag questions, and empathic stress. In this regard, Holmes (2013, p. 308) claimed that many of the features identified as the characteristics of women’s language are positive politeness devices expressing solidarity.Politeness and “taboo words”, on the other hand, have been the focus of many sociolinguistic researches, such as Jay (2009), Batisttella (2005) and Wardhaugh’s (2006). Jay (2009, p. 156) claims that both “gender” and “age” can affect word choice and frequency; men swear more frequently in public than women. As for age, the swearing rate peak in the teenage years and declines thereafter (Jay, 2009, p. 156). The present research aims to conduct a gender- and age-based study of “taboo words” in the everyday speech of Persian-speaking men and women and to answer the following questions:How does “gender” affect the frequency and use of “taboo words” in the everyday speech of Persian speakers?How the “age” of Persian speakers affect the use of “taboo words”?Which types of “taboo words” do Persian speakers use in their speech?