text research

The beauties of the literary text, which rhetoric is responsible for investigating, arise from the beauties of the creation system. Beauty is an attribute of God, and it is present in all creation, and the beauty of the literary text should be a crystallization of the beauty of creation. This study analyzes the nature of the relationship between the beauty of phenomena and the beauty of the literary text, and outlines seven principles, which are transmitted from the system of existence in the form of language and literature, and in their light, beauty is transmitted from existence to the literary text. In this essay, the researcher tries to use the analytical descriptive method and as a part of the "rhetorical theory of the art of expression" to find the seven principles governing the creation system, which are reflected in the structure of language and literature, and make the beauty of the literary text a function of the beauty of the existence system. It will show that this new theory is related to the inability of the structure of traditional Arab rhetoric, which was drawn by Sakaki from the seventh century of the Hijri and with the trinity of meaning, expression, and originality. Although there have been modernist efforts by Muslims to compensate for the shortcomings of traditional rhetoric, none of them have been successful in drawing a new rhetoric that can meet the needs of our time.

The phrase: “Seven double numbers" is used only once in the Holy Quran, but due to its emphasis, it requires that we consider it as one of the key words of the Holy Quran, which is a great gift that God gave to His Prophet. The use of "Saba" in the form of indefinite left the ground for different interpretations of it. This research, with a descriptive and analytical method, aims to present three new examples of the “Seven double numbers”, the first of which is the seven Rotations in Surah Al Hamd, the second, the Seven double numbers in “the Holy Qur'an, and the third, the Seven double numbers in the world of creation and in the system of language and It is literature. The research reached results, the most important of which is that the “Seven double numbers" are the secret of Surat Al-Hamd and Surat Al-Hamd is the summary of the Holy Qur’an, and the Qur’an is a copy corresponding to the system of the universe, which requires that the “Seven double numbers" include the Qur’anic text and the world of existence at the same time, and is evidence of the truth of the rhetorical theory of the art of expression, the symmetry of the language and literature system  with the system of the universe.

Translation research and criticism can be considered a branch of text research. The present study deals with the overtly erroneous errors detected in the two English translations of a Persian novel. Based on the findings, the challenging lexical items for the two translators did not belong to the same categories. Since the non-native translator had faced more difficulties while rendering terms categorized under linguistic items (especially idioms and noun phrases), generally, all non-native translators are recommended to fully familiarize themselves with the source-text idiomatic expressions. The native translator had revised his work three times. The findings also revealed that the non-native translator had committed three times as many overtly erroneous errors as the native had made. This implies the significance of revising the target text, the importance of considering the issue of text-dynamism, and the requirement of native translators’ more active participation in rendering the literary masterpieces of their own culture.

Sanāʾī is one of the epoch maker and eloquent poets in history of Persian literature. Among survived works by him one can name the short mathnavī Taḥrīmat al-qalam. This mathnavī has been edited by Mujtabā Mīnuvī (1957-8), Riżā Māyil Hiravī (1967) and Muḥammad-Taqī Mudarris Rażavī (1969). The last effort, i.e. the edition by the late Mudarris Rażavī, has been the target of researchers' attention and reference during the last half century. But in this edition one can still see a variety of omissions and slips which is mostly emerged through partial deficiency of editor's sources as well as methodological mistakes. In this research, after searching for and acquiring all of the known manuscripts up to now, we have dealt with their examination and genealogy, in addition to the history of the text. Then we have edited and reformed a remarkable number of couplets in Mudarris Rażavī's edition, with regard to manuscripts of the text, the text's evidence, analogous concepts and structures in other literary and mystical texts, old and new lexicons, in addition to the contemporary researches.

One of the main points in text research is detection of the age of the manuscripts, the origin of the quoted copies from the original manuscripts, and knowledge of their authenticity. Due to the multiplicity of its manuscripts and the added notes and dropped parts of the author after its writing, Khazanah-i Amirah by Mir Ghulam-Ali Azad Bilgrami (1704-1786 A.D.) is a good example to show how to identify the origin of the copies according to additional notes and dropped parts. In the present paper, after mentioning the added notes and dropped parts, the method of comparing the copies of the book has been explained.