textual

Functional linguistics is a trend that not only pays attention but also to function and context. Halliday's functional systematic grammar (1994) also looks at the meaning and concept as function and makes analyzing possible through grammar. In this regard, ideational meta-function deals with the intellectual world, interpersonal meta-function focuses on attitude and interaction, and textual meta-function examines semantic relationships. The purpose of this research is to describe and analyze the worldview, attitude and way of connecting concepts and matters in Hassan Rouhani's speech through the above roles. The statistical population and sample size of the entire speech in 2012 is 195 sentences, the unit of analysis is sentence as well. The research method is mixed (qualitative-quantitative) and its approach is descriptive-analytical. The findings of the research show that in the ideational, the material, relational and existential processes has a higher frequency, which indicates the superiority of the world of physical and abstract relations to the world of self-conscious one. In the interpersonal function, one third of the time and mood belongs to the present tense and declarative mood, which indicates present-view and declarative expressiveness. In the textual meta- function, the dot has more frequency as a connecting device that indicates the end of ideas in the speech. Additional and explanatory connective and semicolon is also a sign of continuation of previous concepts and their explanation. Emphasis, persuasion, and request are evident in the cohesive ties, but there is no command, prohibition, or recommendation, so there is no power in the voice of the speech, and it is mostly in the form of request without conditions or wishes.

intertextuality is one of the critical terms that appeared in the sixties of the last century, but in terms of concept it has deep roots in Arab criticism, despite the difference in names and descriptions according to its type and degree. They all feed into the current concept of intertextuality, and the poetic text can be treated according to mechanisms. Intertextuality. The importance of research in studying historical intertextuality is highlighted in order to reveal the poetic features that distinguish Abu Al-Hadid’s poetry. Behind the poet's drawing from various sources, religious and traditional, is a group of cultural and psychological motives that combine to form a rich reference, providing the poem with renewed vital energy, removing it from the direct and automatic control that has characterized some poems in the history of literature, and thus the poem gains a new cognitive richness. And renewed, it gives it a state of dynamism and formation, because cultural transformations require the poet to be familiar with the different references and opinions that prevail in his era or precede it, and he must be open to different cultures and absorb them. Ibn Abi Al-Hadid wrote his poetry in this vision, so that His poetic text is intertwined with various historical texts, all of which constitute the architecture of his poetic text, floating on the surface of the text sometimes and diving into its depths at other times. Abu Al-Hadid is considered a fertile foundation for various studies,

Consistency is the sum of grammatical premises that make the text a sequence of sentences and paragraphs. It surrounds the text, giving it a sense of sequence and texture. The various linguistic phenomena within it aim to enhance the text, fitting it together and ensuring its continuity. Consistency, through its formal and semantic means, allows us to approach the text from a contemporary linguistic perspective.Based on this perspective, this study observes several coherence tools in the poem "Saly Al-Ramah Al-Awali" by poet Safi Al-Din Al-Hilli (1278-1349) to uncover the mechanisms of textual references, deletion, connection, consistency, repetition, and conjunction. The study concludes that this text has a coherent framework and its parts are connected in a continuous and sequential manner. The mechanisms of textual harmony are clearly visible in the poem.The text contains an abundance of textual coherence tools, accounting for 51% of all coherence mechanisms. This percentage is attributed to the interrelationship between the structures of the poem "Sali Al-Ramah Al-Awali," where grammatical linkage and semantic consistency overlap and interweave. The textual structure reveals a diversity of textual consistency mechanisms, with referral accounting for 30% and repetition also accounting for 30%.

The previous custom in correcting the texts was that the most archaic manuscript was absolutely the basis, and except for gross errors in the oldest manuscript, they did not consider it permissible to deviate from the oldest recording. Although this method was correct in most of the revised texts, the nature of Hafez’ poems and the variety of his sonnets were such that in the work of correcting his poetry, relying only on the oldest manuscript does not lead to a superior recording. On the one hand, Hafez was constantly in the process of completing various aspects of his poetry and possibly changing and modifying them, and on the other hand, he did not collect his poems himself, and the oldest written copy of Hafez’ Divan is dated after his death, which is said to have been collected by Mohammad Golandâm. It is possible that other people have been assigned to collect and edit Hafez’ sonnets. Based on this, in addition to the fact that we are faced with several original copies, the existence of numerous secondary manuscripts as well as the distortions of the scribes in his Divan, and the number of recordings in some verses and disagreements about them have caused that only referring to the older manuscripts will not cause these disagreements to disappear. In such a case, one of the ways is to examine disputed verses based on textual/semantic documents and rhetorical techniques

Among the structural and contextual theories that have studied and analyzed folktales, Peter Gillette's prposed method is completely unknown to Persian scholars. This mehod is the resultant of Propp's morphological method and contextual methods of story analysis. Gillette has reduced the number of Propp's functions to five and has proved the validity of his method by analyzing many folktales in different countries. In present article based on the descriptive-analytical method and with references to in-text aims, has tried to examine the functions and elements of tale based on this new method through the introduction of the unknown tale "Firooz Shah Badakhshani". The research result illustrated that above tale has all five functions: the first position, interaction with the helper, interaction with the queen, interaction with the enemy and the hero return. Also two words: "common" and "other", can be seprated in the narrative of the tale. FiroozShah can be considered as an example of remanents of the secret societies in ancient tribes which has preserved its cultural and symbolic elemnts in religious form.

n (Date of receipt: 12/6/95; Admission date: 22/5/97)   The ontological identity of each text is due to two components of meaning and content of one another, and the structure and geometry of the other. Rhythmic structure and geometry, and expression in the discovery of the underlying layers of the text and the achievement of new conceptions of the text have a significant effect. Understanding is one of the basic concepts in the theory of Russian formalists. According to this theory, the author of the text tries to delay the reader's understanding of the reader by altering the structure and geometry of the poet and strangling the ordinary norms of the language and familiar concepts and adding to the difficulty of the text. And so, it creates a pleasure and literary taste. The Holy Quran is the eternal miracle of the Prophet. One of the miraculous dimensions is literary miracle. The various mechanisms and structures in the Holy Qur'an are so enchanting and amazing that it can be viewed from different angles at any time. The present study seeks to use the descriptive analytic method to illustrate the Quran's use of linguistic facilities and aesthetic practices by presenting examples of familiarity with the noble verses of the 27th Qur'an, and ultimately drawing on the literary interpretations of the Holy Qur'an and the analysis of the commentators' viewpoints, the effect of this Watch the matter in the discovery of the meaning of the meaning by the audience and the acquisition of an intention that leads to further consideration and consideration in the verses of the Quran by the audience.

Nezami in the first eulogy applies inherent capabilities to the language for infuence an audience.he is rewiting a historical narrativ to method defamiliarization .Arrangment of words in such away that words of the vers in the song fit together sided are to represent the textual .He is looking for structerof rhetorical ploy to increase the speech spect of literary and emotive language to describe the Prophet .This narrativ have a limit characterization Attractive themes and episod like minimalist storiesbut with effective raisonner and concludes that recalls the ancient narrativ structer. This narrativ have a strong plot.in the contrast to bitter tone is soft and sweet words:the reason for this parados: -Meaure is happy and dynamic.
-Theme in This narrativ was peliver and pray.

One of the best features of constitutional literature is making a number of modifications in the interlocutor’s domain. The present inquiry is to prove that any changes in this domain are not simply restrained to the addressees of extra-textual type but also including the intra-textual ones in the constitutional literature. The question is what was the role of the innovative political and social attitudes in the choosing one of the intra- or extra- types as well as the preference of any types of addressing style? To achieve to the suitable answer, the new attitudes of political - social constitutional era have been studied and divided in seven themes. Then, the effects of the mentioned subjects have investigated in the types of addressees (intra-textural) taken in the poetry works of some famous poets in the Constitutional period. As a result, in the constitutional revolution, a number of social-political changes leaded to the emergence of a new range of poetry addressees, so the style of addressing was modified at that time. However, the failure of the revolution caused the poets to turn back to their previous and accustomed style of addressing.

Contextual reading can help to read and understand a text. One form of contextualization is called inter-textual reading. When you study a script with respect to the words coming before or after it, you will reach a better understanding of the meaning of the script. This is especially true for the mystical scripts because the mystical works in Persian and Arabic languages are intertwined. Sometimes a script is considered as the translation of another script and sometimes as a description. For the majority of scripts, although they are neither a direct translation nor a description of each other but they have a very deep inter-textual relationship. Inter-textual according to its common definition, i.e. the reading and interpreting a script with the help of other scripts, will result in better and more accurate meaning of the script. It will even help editing the script. In this paper, an effort has been made not only analyze the inter-textual relations that exist among some mystical works of prior to seventh century (A.H.) like Sharhe Toaref, the Dissertation of Qashiriyeh and its two different translations, Kashf-ol Mahjoob, and Tazkerat-ol Olyaa but also explain the role and effect of intertextual reading in better understanding of the meaning and more accurate interpretation of these scripts.

According to the theory of inter-textual phenomenon, any text consists of elements stem from the mental efforts of its author or other authors` who influence that text directly or indirectly. Moreover, to have a correct analysis of Arabic literature development, one needs to consider the Arabic culture of the past.Amin Ul- Raihani is one of the prominent figures of Mahjar literature and his prose poem has been under great impact of Nahj-Ul- Balagha. This paper aims to show specimens of this influence.