verb

Studying Iranian languages and dialects is crucial for understanding the historical development of the Persian language. Dialects often preserve older forms of the language, providing valuable insights into ancient and middle Iranian languages. Additionally, they can shed light on the linguistic changes that have shaped modern Persian over time. The specific focus of this article is on studying the types of verbs in terms of tense, mood, aspect, along with past and present stems, passive verbs and infinitive construction in Lori Dialect of Xorramabad in comparison with Middle Persian (Pahlavi) to identify similarities and differences between this dialect and Middle Persian. Pahlavi is one of the middle Iranian languages of the southwestern branch and Xorramabadi is one of the varieties of Lori as one of the modern southwestern languages of Iran. The study aims to bridge the gap between ancient and modern languages within the same language family by presenting verb structures and constructions in Lori Dialect of Xorramabad and Middle Persian, highlighting their similarities and differences.

Stress is one of the important phonological concepts regarding syllable. The purpose of this study is to analyze the stress in Ilami Kurdish verbs within the framework of Hayes (1995) Metrical theory. In this research, ten verbs were selected and they were pronounced by five male Kurdish speakers with an average age of 40 to 60 and the ability to read and write. Each word was pronounced by the speakers three times. A total number of 150 spectrograms were produced and analyzed by Praat software. Based on the vowels of each word, the basic frequency, intensity and delay were measured up to three decimals. Then SPSS was used for statistical analysis and graphs were drawn using Excel software. In order to perform statistical analysis, tests such as Kolmogorov Smirnov, t-dependent or paired, Wilcoxon and repeated measurements were applied. The results were as follows: In Ilami Kurdish, the causative factor for the production of the lexical stress is the acoustic correlation of the basic frequency and the place of stress is on one of the first syllables of the word.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of stories and poems on the learning of seventh grade grammatical categories.I during six weeks , made my research operational and studied and investigated by classifying the seventh grade students into two groups of 30 people, experimental and control.The teaching of the mentioned topics was taught to the students of the experimental group using the poems written by the teacher, and the students, while actively participating in learning and unconsciously memorizing the educational poems, felt a special happiness and joy during the education; However, teaching the mentioned subjects to the control group was done in a normal way without using poems and stories. In the sixth week of the research, the evaluations of the students of the two experimental and control groups showed that the average scores of the experimental group in the total of oral and written questions were 1.52 points higher than the average scores of the control group. The findings of this research indicate that the use of poetry and stories in Learning grammatical categories has a significant effect and their attractiveness for students not only facilitates learning, but also induces a sense of happiness.

This research studies and describes the verbal system of Kondazi Dialect. Kondazi is a mountainous village in the subdistrict of Abarj in the western north of Marvdasht city. Kondazi dialect is actually a survived dialect of Sassanid Pahlavi/ Middle Persian and belongs to the south-western branch of New Iranian Languages. There are some similarities between Kondazi dialect and Emamzadeh-esmaeili, Dashtaki, Khollari, Qalati, Ardakani, Davani, Dashti and the dialects of Larestani language, Kohmare regions and some other dialects which have ergative structure. This research studies the infinitive construction, present and past stems, past participle, verb endings in present and past tenses, clitics, tense. The method of this study is mostly a field research and in few parts based on a library research. The data was collected by recording the free speech, conversations, interviews of 16 males and 4 females of elders, middle aged illiterate and literate of native speakers. The conclusions of this research can shed light on Iranian studies, typology of Iranian languages and ethnology.

Bashakardi is a common dialect in the southern of Kerman province and eastern Hormozgan which includes the towns: South Rudbar, Anbarabad, Kahnouj, Manojan, Qaleganj, Fareyab, Minab, Senderk, Hashtbandi, Bashakard and Marz. Beshkardi dialect is one of the vernaculars belonging to the group of southwestern Iranian languages and dialects. Although in terms of taxonomy, Bashkardian dialect and Persian language are in the same group, but, mutual understanding between their speakers is not possible. The subject of this article is the investigation of the verb structure in "Bashkardi dialect", and its purpose is to know its phonetic and morphological features. The author tried to give a short but accurate description of this dialect by expressing the important features of it, especially compared to standard Persian, and representing the similarities and differences of the verb system in this dialect with standard Farsi. Based on the findings of this research, the most obvious characteristic of this dialect, in terms of grammar, is the use of ergative construction in the past tense of transitive verbs.

Majales Sab'a is one of the important works of Jalaluddin Mowlavi, which consists of seven sermons. This type of prose is called rhetorical prose and inspires the highest thoughts through the simplest logical forms. It has been used by great people such as Khawja Abdullah Ansari, Abu Saeed, Abul Fatah Shahreshtani, Rozbehan Baghli, Baha Ould, Mowlavi, Shams Tabriz and Saadi. The most important feature of this type of prose is its closeness to the spoken language, which is sometimes mixed with literary prose; the simplicity of the prose and lack of embellishment are among its characteristics as well. Compound verb is one of the most important grammatical topics and its correct usage makes the prose solid and well-founded. Considering this fact and the status of Majales Saba' and its linguistic features, the present article, with a descriptive-analytical method, explores the usage of compound verbs in Jalal al-Din Mowlavi’s Majales Saba'. The use of verbs in these texts helps us find the natural usage at that time and their precise grammatical analysis. In this research, we found that Rumi paid more attention to the use of simple verbs, and in many cases, he used many simple verbs from the same root or from different roots consecutively or with a short distance. Sometimes the simple and compound forms of a verb are combined. Some compound verbs are also affected by the existence of Arabic words in the structure of compound verbs, and although they are used in simple form in Arabic, they have become compound verbs in Farsi and Majales Sab'a. Saj’a (literally meaning musicality) also causes the usage of compound or simple verb.

Kohpayeh, Vir and Qahpayeh as old names, is a city located seventy kilometers east of Isfahan and on the edge of the central desert of Iran. The geographical and natural position of Kohpayeh, based on the historical evidence is the leftover of the Sasanian era, along with the preservation of the Pahlavi language, and the speech of the people of this city, has indicated the antiquity and cultural richness of Kohpayeh. The authors of this article have investigated the verb morphological structure of this dialect with the aim to preserve and to introduce a part of the ancient Kupaee dialect. This research has been conducted in a descriptive-analytical way and the data were collected based on library sources and the field of research. The results of the research show that the verb structure in the Kupaee dialect has significant differences with the standard Persian language. In the Kupaie dialect, the construction of the present participle and the structure of future and imperative verbs do not follow any special rules. The position of the identifier in the verbs of past tense in this dialect is also not the same; means that the identifier in the simple past, past perfect, and present perfect tenses come before the root and in the rest of the verbs comes after the root.

Among mystical Maṯnawis, Attār's Manteq Al-Tayr has fluent verses with an abundance of amusing allegories to the extent that enthusiastic researchers have explored various aspects of the poems and highlighted their beauty. But, the mesmerizing resurrection and beauty of Attār's words is surprisingly innovative and pleasing. In this paper, the author tries to analyze the structure and aesthetic aspects of verbs under components such as verb omission, verb precedence, prepositional verbs, conjugation verbs, reciprocal verbs, separable verbs, verb pun, and imperative form of verbs in Attār Nīšābūrī’s Manteq Al-Tayr.  It is aimed to provide answer to the following questions; to what extent the aesthetic aspects of verbs are reflected in this work and how much has it contributed to the artistic composition of poems? The results of the research, based on an analytical-descriptive method, show that verbs in Attār's poetry comprise one of the most important aesthetic and pictorial factors of the work. The verbal and conceptual omission of verbs, verb puns and the separation of verb components are highlighted in this work, fascinating the reader by adding to the aesthetic functions of the work and enhancing the verse musicality.

Katouli is regarded as the most eastern dialect of the Mazandarani language that in addition to some differences in words, is different from Mazandarani to some extent in verbal constructions such as continuous preterit construction and the infinitives used in past and present verbs. In the present study, verbal stem, personal ending and constructions, infinitive, subject and object adjectives as well as active and passive forms have been investigated in Katouli dialect. In this dialect, verb is based on the past and present stems. The present verb has indicative, subjunctive and continuous constructions, and the preterit verb also has simple, continuous, progressive, present perfect, subjunctive and past perfect constructions. In Katouli dialect, the passive form also is not common as it exists in Persian language and the informants prefer using the active structure. The main characteristics of the verb in Katouli dialect which is important in language studies include: lack of present perfect tense as it is common in Persian and using simple past instead of it, not using prefix in present indicative verb construction, using the past stem of kœrd in past continuous construction and some other characteristics which are mentioned in this paper.

Panegyric poem is a kind of poem that is written to praise a person and the poet with transcendental characteristics. Such a poem is one of the old Persian poems. Studies about it focused on content studies and not language studies. So, in this research, by a focus on the syntax layer, as a language layer, the language factors are checked to find the major component and relationship between face and meaning. So, 20 odes of 6 important sweetheart poets were chosen and verb components were selected as the most important part of the proposition. Verbs were studied through some items like verb mood, count, person, verb types, intransitive and transitive verbs, linking and action verbs, and passive and impassive verbs. The results showed that sweetheart poets have used some common attributes. Also, it is shown that indicative verb mood, tense verb, impassive, and action verbs. So, poets by using these components have withdrawn the text from passivity and have caused panegyrics that will be acceptable.

Some Iranian languages spoken in the shares of the Caspian Sea or their origin was the region, also in Balochi and Bashgardi spoken in southeastern Iran, there is a specific construction for progressive aspect not seen in other Iranian languages. This paper deals with the morphological and syntactic features of the progressive form, the constituents, and their functions; and shows how this construction relates with the most common source of progressive aspect. The results show that the progressive form derives from a locative expression comprised of three basic elements: the main verb in the form of the infinitive, verbal noun, present participle, or imperfect; a copula usually used as enclitic and attached to the other constituents; and a locative adposition express the locative meaning, omitted in some varieties. A fourth element may be seen in some varieties meaning ‘in the act of, busy’ that originally is a noun form of a postural verb used to denote postural notion in the construction. The meaning of the locative construction which gives rise to the progressive is ‘be at doing something’

One of the most valuable researches in classic Persian texts is to study its language, and to describe and introduce characteristics of its sounds, lexis, syntax and semantics is of great prominence. Language is undergoing grand and severe transformation and evolution. Old forms of words are abandoned and new forms replace them. Through emerging formal written language at the end of the developing era and eliminating various geographical and local accents in Greater Khorasan in creating scientific and literary works, consonants and vowels of texts in Dasri Era (14th to 20th century) obtained a stable and unique shape. Furthermore, sentences in the coexisting axis are encountered restrictions especially in a sequence of elements and components and the number of syntactic patterns and structures of sentences and paragraphs are decreased. In this study, we have intended to investigate several lingual characteristics in translation of Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya in terms of sound, lexis and syntax. Translation of Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya is one of the most invaluable Sophy books in which its text has numerous Persian language attributes of the developing era. Describing the language of this book is a convincing evidence to show the type and extent of Persian language transformation since the evolution era up until now. Another prominent issue in this text is that at times there can exist two different lexical forms and that is why the language of this book is of grand importance in terms of historical research.

The greatest symbol of the Arabic language, the Quran is filled with unique, innovative manifestations that result from its fundamental infrastructures such as morphology, syntax, and rhetoric. Morphology has played a significant role in the configuration of the language with its wide range of approaches. …, and seek to express the morphological phenomena employed in the Quran by presenting Quranic evidence, investigating the impacts of certain verbs and nouns on the wordings and meanings of verses of the Holy Quran.An aspect of the beauty of the Holy Quran verses is the selection of appropriate morphological structures and templates for words. All this variety of structures and templates serve particular rhetoric and, eventually, aesthetic purposes, and their identification reveals different dimensions of the miracle involved in verses. Semantic delicacy, phonetic delicacy, and appropriacy to the context are among the most important intricacies in the application of morphological phenomena in the Quran, where verses are fitted within a cohesive, regular network. In this paper, we investigate the impacts of certain morphological phenomena in the arrangement of verses.

The present study has formed in order to determine the current errors source of Persian leaners at beginner, intermediate and advanced levels. this survey tries to give answer to this question: From what source do current errors and mistakes of Persian leaners originate at beginner, intermediate and advanced levels? To this end, some compositions were prepared from Saadi Foundation Corpus in this address: http://sfcorpus.ir. These data were recorded by foundation instructors regarding years (2015-16) on website and they belong to Persian learning courses held for Arab, Chinese, Pakistani, Indian and Turkish language learners at six levels (Basic, pre-intermediate, intermediate, upper-intermediate, advanced and upper- advanced). Given research subject, 210 compositions, belonged to 5 Persian-learners from Saudi Arabia, China, Pakistan, India and Turkey were elected in several subjects where each Persian learner gave 14 sheets with totally 70 sheets at any learning- level (Beginner, intermediate and advanced). Then, data were analyzed by descriptive method based on Error Analysis Scale (Keshavarz, 1994) and the acquired results were presented both qualitatively and quantitatively. The given findings derived from this analysis showed that the current errors of Persian learners originate from extra lingual source at beginner level and learning strategy is the factor for current error for Persian learner at intermediate level. Finally, the current errors of Persian learners are related to learning texture at advanced level. The analytical results can be addressed by instructors, authors and educational planners for non-Persian speakers so that to recognize better weak points of Persian learners to select appropriate teaching technique and provide educational textbooks.

The background of using prefix and morpheme in the Persian language can be traced to the ancient Persian. As the middle Persian language progressed through centuries, some of these prefixes and morphemes have been left out and some were kept as a dead and unnecessary part of some verbs. Some of these prefixes and morphemes are being used in the Dari Persian. In the Qura’nic Encyclopedia, Dictionary of Persian Equivalent of Koran Based on 142 Ancient Manuscripts, we can see the usage of these prefixes and morphemes. The frequency of Persian verbs in Qura’nic Encyclopedia, especially prefix verbs, indicates high capacity of this language in word making. The study of the current prefixes and morphemes helps us to be familiarized with word-making methods in Persian, to show the capacity of making verbs in this language, and to identify the evolution of simple verbs into combined and conjunctive from the ancient Persian to the current Dari Persian. Using a descriptive analytic method, as well as library research, this study explores the current comparisons of the verbs of the Holy Quran in the Qura’nic Encyclopedia. It first deals with derivation of the current prefixes and morphemes of this period through the development of Persian language. Then, by showing the samples, it tries to categorize their types, and analyzes the structure, application, meaning and statistical population of this type of derivative and inflectional affixes. The aim of this study is to explore the evolution and function of current prefixes and morphemes. It also attempts to present the frequency of obsolete, ancient, rare and dynamic prefix verbs in Persian. The results show the dominance of prefix verbs over other verb constructions in the original text of the Qura’nic Encyclopedia.

This paper surveys The Typology of the word order of the Buddhist Sogdian text “Vesantra Jᾱtaka” through a descriptive-analytical study. Data have been collected through library method and purposive sampling. All of the available sections of the text have been analyzed in a qualitative and quantitative way. Present article discusses correlation and noncorrelation pairs related to verb among 24 categories discussed in Dabir Moghadam (2012), and 4 categories which Dryer presented (1992). Vesantra Jᾱtaka although had contained 40 chapters only 29 of them had survived and contains 1805 lines, which is the main focus of the present article. This research aims at answering these questions : How much is the Dryer's model applicable to Buddhist sogdian text? Based on verbal pairs, does this language belong to ov language group or vo? How is the word order of Buddhist Sogdian texts? In general, no language totally belongs to VO or OV language likewise, Buddhist Sogdian is not an exception, but it can be said that it has mostly the characteristics of an ov language based on verbal parameters. So, it has a tendency to left branching where the verb as the head occurs at the end of the sentence.

Abstract In this study, the lack of verb indication on tense from the viewpoint of scholars of syntax and principles of jurisprudence is investigated. Recent scholars of principles of jurisprudence deny the verb indication on tense literally. They also object the triple division of the word and believe that the verb consists of a noun and a particle, and that the word is divided into two parts: a noun and a particle. On the contrary, scholars of syntax believe that the verb indicates time, and the time is determinative for the verb. Scholars of principles of jurisprudence reject this and believe that being the determinants of time is understood from the style, syntactic and semantic symmetries, and this indication by symmetries is for the time concept not due to the nature of the verb. That is why the voice of the past and present verb indicates one of the triple times according to symmetries, and if the time was in the nature of the verb and part of it, in that case the time became the part of the nature of the verb and it was impossible to separate it for acquiring some particles like dogmatic particle and it was not allowable that the past verb is used in the present time or vice versa. This research has discussed noticeable opinions about the indication of verb or the lack of verb indication on tense in a descriptive analytical way from the viewpoint of scholars of syntax and principles of jurisprudence. In this study, the opinion on lack of verb indication on tense is accepted and the notion of verb indication on tense is rejected. Due to the attributes of the tense, subject indication on tense is accepted.

Dalyni dialect is one of the dialects which is now prevalent in Dalin village in south-west of Iran. This village is located in the province of Fars between Shiraz and Sepidan. Dalyni dialect is a component of the Iranian branch of the New West. This article describes the structure of verb in the Dalyni dialect. The Linguistic material of this Research collected in the summer of 2012 among residents of the village and especially Raeisi and Asadi dalyni family. In this paper, some topics are presented as construction of the past and present Infinitive and participle construction, Current connectives different aspects of verb usage including tens, and Construction of the passive verb, Structure of verbs is different in this dialect and original Persian For instance the way for making verb in different tenses, Inflection, ID adhere to verb, auxiliary verbs and others Which will be discussed in detail in this article. Most of the dialects of Fars and Bushehr provinces belong to the group of languages of southwestern Iran. In some of these dialects, an important feature, such as the construction of the ergative, which is historically a continuation of the evolving form of the unknown construction of the ancient period, in transitive past tenses versus past tenses, which is itself a remnant of Middle Persian, instead The rest. The similarity between verbs in Dalyni and Persian is very little, which make this dialect very specific and attractive. In this dialect, for construction of different tenses of verb, there is specific grammar points and also we face some exceptions for some specific verb which it shows delicacy and nicety of Daliny dialect in verb construction.