ایالات متحده آمریکا

The Islamic Republic of Iran and Russia, as two influential actors in the current international system, seek to enhance their roles and standings in global affairs. The United States, as a superpower since World War II and especially after the collapse of the Soviet Union, has significantly expanded its influence globally. As a global power, the U.S. aims to achieve greater interests and promote global processes in line with its objectives and needs, maintaining presence and influence in various regions and fields. The Middle East and the Persian Gulf, as key focal points, have attracted significant attention from the U.S. Iran, with its critical geopolitical and strategic position in the Persian Gulf and the Middle East, has played the most influential role in interactions with the U.S., a power beyond the region. Meanwhile, it is observed that while Iran-U.S. relations are characterized by tensions and conflicting policies, Russia has sought interaction and cooperation with the U.S. at various stages. This study employs a descriptive-analytical method and gathers information through library research, with the primary objective of conducting a "comparative analysis of the foreign policies of Russia and Iran towards the United States from 2011 to 2020." The main research question is: How have the foreign policies of Iran and Russia towards the U.S. been, comparatively, from 2011 to 2020? The research results and findings indicate that Russia has maintained a more balanced foreign policy towards the U.S. compared to Iran. Russia is willing to engage and cooperate with the U.S. when its interests are at stake, whereas Iran has pursued an aggressive foreign policy towards the U.S., perceiving the issues between the two countries as insurmountable.

Due to the diversity and complexity of its dimensions and its increasing impact on the national security of the Islamic Republic of Iran, America's hybrid war has forced the country to develop countermeasure strategies that not only ensure its national security, but also provide the necessary capacities to optimally confront these threats. This research sought to answer the question of what are Iran's strategies against the US hybrid war, using a descriptive-analytical method and utilizing documentary and library studies, along with using a questionnaire to collect data and information. The research findings indicate that the Islamic Republic of Iran has been able to take effective steps to increase its deterrence power in confronting hybrid threats by emphasizing multidimensional strategies such as developing military deterrence, strengthening cyber capabilities, and establishing a network defense command structure. These achievements reflect a focus on technology- and security-oriented areas as the main pillars of defense against hybrid warfare. However, analyses indicate that areas such as strengthening the resistance economy and managing cyberspace to combat psychological warfare have not been sufficiently utilized, and these sectors require more strategic planning and coordination. The findings show that sustainable success in this field requires a comprehensive and integrated approach that can, in addition to strengthening military and security infrastructure, also improve the country's economic, media, and diplomatic capacities, and while promoting national cohesion, provide the basis for responding to complex hybrid threats.The findings show that sustainable success in this field requires a comprehensive and integrated approach that can, in addition to strengthening military and security infrastructure, also improve the country's economic, media, and diplomatic capacities, and while promoting national cohesion, provide the basis for responding to complex hybrid threats.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution and the growth of technologies such as artificial intelligence have transformed the competition between great powers. Tools and systems based on artificial intelligence have special characteristics that allow countries that own the technology to gain greater military power by taking advantage of them and can play an effective role in the global future. Despite the fact that the use of artificial intelligence leads to strategic stability and a lack of motivation for nuclear powers to engage in armed conflict, the lack of attention to understanding how nuclear power policymakers perceive artificial intelligence technologies and their effects has led this research to examine the relationship between artificial intelligence and strategic stability between the United States and Russia not only through the technical nature of artificial intelligence but also through policymakers' beliefs about these technologies and the goals of other countries for using them. Using a documentary study method and a descriptive-analytical approach, this article seeks to answer the question of how decision-makers in the United States and Russia have acted on the military development of artificial intelligence and the establishment of strategic stability by perceptually analyzing their official discourses between 2014 and 2023. Based on the findings, the United States and Russia have created a threat from their artificial intelligence capabilities from a military perspective that reflects their views of strategic stability as well as a social context characterized by distrust and a sense of competition. The discourses in their thinking have led to the formation of a competitive cycle of erroneous and irreparable perceptions after the Ukraine crisis.

The Balkan region is one of the crisis-prone regions of the world in the European continent, which has been associated with numerous and bloody wars after the collapse of Yugoslavia and the emergence of six new countries in it. At the heart of the crises in the Balkan region, the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the years 1992-1995 caused different governments to play a role in this region and present their views and opinions, and the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States of America are considered to be the most important foreign actors involved in this crisis. The current realization has explained the confrontation between Iran and America in this crisis by using the descriptive-analytical method and based on the theoretical approaches of aggressive realism and constructivism. The present article, with a correct understanding of the crisis in Bosnia and Herzegovina, believes that the Islamic Republic, taking into account the history and depth of the presence of the Islamic Revolution in Bosnia and Herzegovina, by adopting a consistent approach in supporting the Muslims of Bosnia and Herzegovina, while developing relations with other countries in the Balkan region It has increased stability in the Balkan region, while America's passive attitude towards the crisis in Bosnia and Herzegovina has intensified the conflict and continued the crisis in this country.

After the occupation of Iraq by the United States of America in 2003, the crisis entered a fragile phase and despite the fact that it was thought to be decreasing, it continued and became more complicated. In this crisis, well-known private military and security companies such as Blackwater, Triple Canopy, and Dyncorp, by providing defense services in the fields of reconstruction, logistics, intelligenc, security and maintenance, and training and consulting, became important actors whose role seems vague and ambiguous. In this article, we are trying to answer the question, what is the role of private military and security companies in Iraq crisis? This article examines the research hypothesis using the descriptive analytical method and using library and internet documents. The results of the research indicate that “the military and security companies have caused the escalation and continuation of the crisis by increasing the intervention of the United States of America in the fragile phase after the occupation of Iraq and facilitating the influence of this country in the reforms of the security sector. In fact, by influencing the amount and type of American intervention in the Iraq crisis, these activists have caused an increase in the level of violence, the inconsistency of the crisis, the increase in the number of crisis actors and the complexity of the issues of the Iraq crisis, which indicates the increase in the severity of this crisis.

The use of sports and sports diplomacy has been well-documented in the history of global diplomatic practices. In recent years, sports have served as a diplomatic tool, with sports diplomacy regarded as one of the most pivotal methods for fostering soft power. Nations have employed such strategies to mitigate tensions in various social, political, economic, and cultural domains with other actors. Over the past few decades, the relationship between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the United States has faced numerous challenges. The participation of Iran's national teams, particularly the volleyball team, in international events such as the Volleyball World League and the Olympic Games has created opportunities to enhance Iran's standing and even reduce tensions with its long-standing adversary, the United States. This raises the question: how does the soft power of sports diplomacy influence Iran-U.S. relations? This study hypothesizes that the soft power generated by sports diplomacy leads to a relative improvement in cultural and sports relations between Iran and the United States. Employing a descriptive-analytical method, the findings reveal that sports, even amid heightened tensions between the two nations, have maintained minimal levels of interaction and provided a platform for implicit political objectives for both Iran and the United States. While sports diplomacy has the potential to improve Iran-U.S. relations, it faces distinct limitations due to the entrenched mistrust between Washington and Tehran. At critical junctures and with minimal costs, sports have contributed to temporary improvements in Iran-U.S. relations. It is recommended that greater emphasis be placed on hosting major international volleyball events, which can project a different image of the Islamic Republic of Iran by leveraging the soft power of sports. Additionally, targeted investment in sports diplomacy, particularly volleyball, should be pursued to neutralize anti-Iranian propaganda and combat media-driven Iranophobia.

Artificial intelligence is one of the important tools in shaping a new approach to power in the military, economic and social sectors. The purpose of the research is to discuss the new AI-based power approach between the US and China. The question of the article is, what is the approach of America and China in the field of using artificial intelligence? The tough competition between America and China in the field of artificial intelligence is focused on the military, defense and economic fields, and in the soft field, it is an effort to show appropriate leadership at the world level to gain international credibility and legitimacy in the coming decades. The results of the research have shown that the difficult aspects of using artificial intelligence in America include attention to trade and economy and military fields and hardware sanctions in the chip and semiconductor industry against China. In the soft sphere, the attempt is to show the weakness of China's leadership and prevent this country from gaining international credit. But in China, the hard field related to artificial intelligence is focused on urban planning, building smart cities, medical affairs, and strengthening the Chinese People's Army, and in the soft field, networking for foreign investment in different countries, including in Asia, and showing oneself. It has been considered as a discourse generator in the field of artificial intelligence. In this article, the comparative method and library tools are used, and the theoretical framework of the article is also intelligent power.

After World War II speed of science production in the world increased significantly and it became a place of conflict between the great powers. In this period mechanisms to control the spread of sensitive and strategic technologies called export control regimes emerged so that the export of any sensitive and strategic technology can be carried out under the supervision of these regimes. nowdays with the increase of imperceptible spread of technology and the entry of emerging technologies into strategic field, the effectiveness of previous supervision and control has decreased, and more measures are being set to protect the spread of scientific and technical achievements by the leading powers. In this regard, the institution of the university as the main forum for the production of science, technology and innovation has entered the power game and acts as a strategic tool to increase and maintain the power of countries. Using the theoretical literature on international regimes and hegemonic stability, as well as the available empirical evidence, the current research seeks to answer the basic question of how the United States controls the spread of science and technology in universities in order to maintain its leadership in the international system, and the consequences of such What is a policy? The qualitative review of the available data and the analysis of the available documents in the last two decades showed that the main goal of these regimes is to maintain and promote the hegemonic power of the United States and prevent the reduction of its power gap with its strategic competitors, because emerging technologies can create new balances of power, order It is desirable to weaken the hegemony to the point of collapse, and ultimately its consequence is limitation and backwardness, deepening of the technological gap, reduction of welfare and development among other countries.

Nowadays, the Indo-Pacific region has become one of the most important strategic centers in the world due to its role and importance in international developments and its change into a new field for the global power competition between the US and China. In the meantime, Australia, as a middle power and also because of its special position in the region, has had its own effects on the security structure of the region and has sought to maintain its bilateral relations with regional countries and great international powers, especially the United States. This is while, with the increase in political influence, the promotion of China's military-economic position in the international arena, and the security concern regarding Beijing's long-term objectives, the issue of policymaking towards the Indo-Pacific region, as well as how to control relations with China, has become one of the most noteworthy challenges for Australian leaders. Therefore, the question of the current research is, how is Australia's security strategy in the Indo-Pacific region in the period of 2020_ 2023 affected by China's containment variable? The findings of the research show that Australia's security strategy in the Indo-Pacific region from 2020 to 2023 adheres to the continuation of the orientation of containing China, but simultaneously, the aforementioned orientation has faced a kind of security-economic conflict from 2020 in line with the evolution of the regional considerations of the United States. The method of the research design is descriptive and analytical, and the research data has been analyzed using a qualitative method.

The present article seeks to analyze the representation of the two news organizations Iran International and BBC Persian regarding the confrontation of the United States of America with the nuclear program of the Islamic Republic of Iran from a discourse perspective in order to get a clear picture of the goals and intentions of the supporters of these networks. The focus of this article is on the two basic categories of sanctions and JCPOA as the focal point of this discourse conflict. It is expected that this research will lead to the identification of the discourse strategies of the mentioned media. Also, the themes used in the content of the messages, as well as the actors, organizations and focal issues of interest of these media should be identified. The method used in this research is Ruth Wodak's historical-discourse analysis. The result of the research revealed that the most important discursive strategies of the mentioned media are: "naming", "visualizing", "referential" and "news". Also, the most important themes used are: "Humanitarianism", "Right/Justice", "Economic/Financial" and "Peace/Security".

The Horn of Africa is one of the most important regions in Africa and the world, with its prominent geographical, geopolitical, geo-economics and geocultural position. This region has attracted the attention of world actors with its two sea and coastal locations and some other important features. Various regional and trans-regional actors are active in the Horn of Africa. USA is one of the trans-regional players that is active in the Horn of Africa in political, military, security, economic, etc. dimensions. The activities, dimensions and reasons for the presence of this country in the Horn of Africa region can be discussed and explained in the geopolitical framework due to their nature of having the components of geography, politics and power. This research is based on an explanatory approach, and the method used in it is a documentary study using library resources. The research aims to answer the question that from a geopolitical point of view, what are the most important reasons for the presence and activity of the USA in the Horn of Africa? And what is the geopolitical analysis of these causes? The results of the research show that the most important reasons for the presence of the USA in the Horn of Africa region are military and security reasons, efforts to increase the sphere of influence and territorial expansion, competition and confrontation with competing players, etc., each of which has a geopolitical nature.

Think tanks assist U.S. foreign policy by producing policy reports, academic papers, books, and providing consultations to policymakers. The United States views the Islamic Republic of Iran as an obstacle to its national interests in the West Asia region. American think tanks propose various strategies to U.S. foreign policy to contain Iran’s influence. The RAND Corporation, due to its interaction with the U.S. military, security, and intelligence structures, its focus on the issue of Iran as part of enemy-building strategies, and its lobbying and influence in Congress and U.S. executive bodies, is recognized as one of the most prestigious think tanks in studying the policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The main research question is: what strategies did RAND propose for confronting Iran during the period from 2021 to 2023? This study, using the theoretical framework of rational decision-making and thematic analysis, has analyzed RAND's reports. The data were extracted and analyzed using MAXQDA software. Six main themes were identified in this research, which include military deterrence, economic sanctions, strengthening regional alliances, supporting internal opposition, using proxy forces, and diplomatic engagement. The main findings show that RAND recommends a combination of military, economic, and political strategies to counter Iran’s influence. The results of this study indicate that RAND's proposed policies are formulated based on the rational decision-making model. These findings can lead to a more precise analysis of the future of U.S. policies toward the Islamic Republic of Iran and aid in improving decision-making processes.

Iran-US relations after the victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran has been one of the most sensitive and complex types of relations between countries in the international system and the pattern of behavior between the two countries has been a pattern of conflict for the past four decades. Over the past decades, the United States has used a variety of strategies to confront the Islamic Republic of Iran that one of them has been the strategy of containment of Iran that one of which has been the containment strategy. Therefore, the main purpose of this article is to examine the components of the US containment strategy and the counter-policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran that In line with the purpose, the main question of the article is: what are the components of the US containment strategy and what has been the result. In response to the research question, the hypothesis is that "restricting regional movements with the aim of reducing activism" and "coercive diplomacy" are the main components of the US containment strategy and the Islamic Republic of Iran by implementing policies of "Resistance and support for proxy forces", "development of defense capabilities" and " Strengthen the weaponry of the resistance axis " have rendered the US containment strategy ineffective. This research is of descriptive-analytical type and library resources and internet scanning have been used to collect data.

The relative power of the first-class countries in the world was never stable, and since the 18th century, the international system has undergone many profound developments and redistributions of power among developed states. This article aims to explain the evolution of new technologies and the conditions for changing the power curve of the international system and to disclose the nature of the technological competition between China and the United States of America in the era of the fourth industrial revolution, and to try to answer the question of how the acquisition of new technologies during industrial revolutions influenced the change in the power curve of states? In response to this question, it is assumed that technological developments have changed the power curve of the international system by creating unequal growth patterns caused by industrialization while accelerating economic development and strengthening the power of developing countries through deepening technological capacity. The method of this research is descriptive-explanatory, and its findings show that technological innovations are considered one of the most important parameters for measuring the degree of power, and since the main goal of states during industrial revolutions is to achieve the latest technology, are considered to strengthen the political and economic power and catch-up the rival powers, strengthening the technological capacity of China as the most important competitor of the United States will drastically endanger its leadership position in the arena of the international system.

Studies on the relationship of American foreign policy to human rights and the democratic developments of nations show contradictory evidence. In this context, many literature promote the idea that the American government is a supporter of human rights and democracy. Political developments in the Middle East in the 2010s have been a good and difficult field to test this relationship to know what the US government's approach to the right to self determination and transition to democracy in political developments in Tunisia and Bahrain in the 2010s was like The results of the study show that the behavior of the US government in this field is not the same and based on democratic values, but is placed in a specific spectrum according to the level of interests of the US government: where the relationship of the US government with the ruling political system is good, the behavior of the US government varies with the level of its interests and the depth of the revolution. As American policy in the process of revolution in Tunisia was ambiguous and ambiguous, as soon as the defeat of the established political system emerged, the song of support for democratic values was played. It should be noted that recent research has used descriptive - analytical methods and library collection methods.

The Asian NATO is a new alliance led by the United States of America along with South Korea and Japan under the rise of China's Yellow Dragon. The need to contain China and the United States' partial view against North Korea is the reason for this new alliance. In other words, if NATO was formed in Europe to confront Russia, this NATO was formed in Asia to confront China in the first place and North Korea in the next step. America's goal in creating this NATO is to contain China and then try to make the Indo-Pacific region free and open.The grounds and factors of the formation of the Asian NATO are the result of grounds and factors such as: the existence of a common threat such as North Korea for South Korea and Japan, as well as the Beijing-Pyongyang coalition strategy in the territorial life of the peninsula.

southeast asia is one of the geostrategic and geoeconomic regions of the world which has experienced considerable growth after the end of the cold war. one of the drivers of this growth is the asean organization. initially developed to prevent the growth of communism in the region, the organization gradually extended its membership to the region by adopting new members. one of the major trends of the asean in recent decades is the growing competition between china and the united states. china, because of its historic neighborhood and socio-cultural ties, and the united states, are also seeking to expand its regional influence, dominate southeast asia as the core of the asia-pacific region. the intensification of the rivalry has caused the residents of the region to have a high level of tolerance. the restructuring of shared norms such as regional disparities and the use of peaceful means to resolve the crisis in the form of asean is one of the main reasons for this tolerance. in this research, we will answer the question that how is the asean approach towards the competition between china and the united states in southeast asia? in response to this question, we proposed that the asean member countries, by adopting a collective approach in the form of asean mechanisms in the form of peaceful mechanisms, the use of peaceful means, keeping the asean centrality and using other regional and trans-regional powers, seeks to balance and benefit from this competition.

With The Collapse Of The Soviet Union And The End Of The Cold War, America Was Determined As A Superpower Actor In Economic, Military, Political And Ideological Dimensions In The International System. The New Position Of America Allowed This Country To Intervene In The International System By Increasing Its Role And Influence. In The Continuation Of The Developments Of The International System, With The Increasing Power Of Competitors In Various Dimensions, America's Interests And Position Have Faced Challenges. As Two Emerging Powers, Russia And China Which Have Always Perceived Threats From The United States Of America. The Purpose Of The Research, To Investigate The Role Of The United States Of America In The Strategic Relations Between Russia And China.The Research Question Of The Article, Role Does The United States Play In The Strategic Cooperation Between Russia And China? The Approach Of Descriptive-Analytical Research And The Method Of Collecting Data And Information Is Library.The Hypothesis Of The Article Is That The Threats Perceived By Moscow And Beijing From The United States Have Led To The Alliance And Deep Cooperation Of The Two Governments In The International And Regional System, Which Has Increased During The Trump Presidency And The Current Biden Presidency.The Result Of The Research,The Two Governments Of Russia And China Have Turned To Economic, Military Cooperation And Coordination In International Institutions And Organizations And Convergence In The Regions Of Central Asia, Eurasia And The Middle East With The Aim Of Confronting And Curbing The Threatening Policies Of The United States.

The US Congress, as one of the main governing forces in the US political system, plays a key and unique role. The main task of the Congress is to legislate based on the Constitution, which is extensively discussed in the text of the Constitution. This shows the importance and pivotal role of this institution from the point of view of the drafters of the Constitution. The Congress has a bicameral structure including the Senate and the House of Representatives, and the approval of both houses is necessary to pass laws. Legislation is exclusively in the power of Congress and even the President cannot interfere in this process. Congressional performance is monitored through the confirmation of senior government officials and the impeachment process. In addition to legislation, Congress has other duties; including approving the government budget, approving foreign treaties, approving ministers and judges of the Federal Supreme Court, declaring, war and impeaching the president. This research was done to investigate the position of Congress and the influence and authority of this institution in the policies of the United States of America using a descriptive and analytical method.

China's rapid economic growth is attributed to an efficient national strategy, resulting in an average doubling of its GDP every eight years. Currently, China is the largest trading partner of the United States, being the largest source of imports and the third-largest US export market. China's rise over the past two decades has significantly impacted global politics. The increasing tension between the United States and China is reminiscent of the rivalry between the United States and the former Soviet Union during the Cold War. This tension is due to geopolitical and ideological competition between the two countries. Given the significance of the Asia-Pacific region in geopolitical trends, this article aims to examine the geopolitical underpinnings of the competition between the United States and China in the region using descriptive and analytical methods and available resources. The findings indicate that the United States and its allies are attempting to constrain and challenge China as a major power with influence over regional and global processes on the maritime geostrategic front. China is employing various geopolitical strategies to challenge the US and its Western allies and break the chain of US allies surrounding it. This is in an effort to expand its influence beyond its borders.