توسعه پایدار

Nowadays, urban traffic and the issues and problems arising from it have had a very deep impact on sustainable urban development and the quality of life in the metropolises of developing countries. Therefore, the need to pay attention to the development of clean transportation in the big cities of these countries has increased. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of evaluating the importance of sustainable urban development indicators on the development of clean transportation in the central part of Shiraz city. This research has used a combination of survey and descriptive-analytical methods. In other words, the data required for this research has been collected through library and field methods (questionnaire). The findings indicate that the average of all items of sustainable urban development indicators (environmental, economic and socio-cultural) in line with clean transportation in the central part of Shiraz city from the citizens' point of view is above average. Has been in this regard, the significance level or the value of the alpha error (Sig) of the t-test for all indicators was equal to 0.000. The status of sustainable urban development indicators (environmental, economic and socio-cultural) has an impact on the development of clean transportation in the eight cities of Shiraz. Therefore, it is important to strengthen these indicators in order to develop clean transportation in the studied area. Until now, no research has been conducted in the field of evaluating the impact of sustainable urban development indicators on the development of clean transportation in the eight cities of Shiraz; Therefore, from this point of view, this research is innovative.

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is recognized as one of the key factors in the sustainable development of societies. This concept, particularly in governmental and security institutions such as the military, plays a crucial role in balancing the needs of society, national interests, and the protection of resources. However, its full and effective implementation still requires further attention and analysis in many cases. This research aims to provide a paradigmatic model for explaining the social responsibilities of the Islamic Republic of Iran's Army and enhancing its commitment to society. To achieve this goal, a qualitative approach was employed, including in-depth interviews with experts in military, security, and strategic fields of the Islamic Republic of Iran's Army. In total, semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine experts. These interviews continued until theoretical saturation was reached, meaning no new information was provided and a complete understanding of the topic was achieved. The validity of the interview questions was confirmed using content analysis, and reliability was established through the test-retest method (0.76). For data analysis, the MAXQDA 2020 software, designed for grounded theory, was used. The model, developed through open, axial, and selective coding, consists of five dimensions: causal conditions, contextual conditions, strategies, intervening conditions, and outcomes, encompassing 26 main categories and 115 sub-categories.

Today, tourism can be considered a tool for increasing national income for developing countries. It is worth noting that tourism can also be one of the effective factors in achieving sustainable development. One of the most important fundamental pillars of sustainable development is the proper execution of work and the cooperation and participation of the host community. Experience has shown that without the collaboration, support, and participation of the local community, it is impossible to establish a sustainable tourism industry. Among the factors that play a significant role in achieving sustainable development is the level of social capital present among people, which is now utilized alongside human, financial, and economic capital. Social capital refers to the ties and connections among members of a network as a valuable resource that creates norms and mutual trust, leading to the realization of members' goals. Social life revolves around participation with one another, and the importance of participation in social relations and connections is such that it can be considered an essential element of social life, fostering cooperation and interaction in various dimensions. This article views tourism as a service-oriented and human-centered industry, where the constructive role of people in its expansion and development is deemed significant. The results and findings of the research indicate that the perspective on people in the tourism industry should shift from a consumer-oriented view to a producer and supplier perspective. Furthermore, people should engage in decision-making and policy-making processes in the development of the tourism industry so that they feel obligated to participate in implementation and tackle potential problems and obstacles. Therefore, considering the various elements and factors influencing the development of the tourism industry, proposed solutions have been offered to enhance social and public participation as a central axis and indicator of development.

This study aims to elucidate the capacities of proxy urban planning in small cities and propose a model for their sustainable development. It is an applied and exploratory-explanatory study employing a mixed-methods approach (qualitative-quantitative). In the qualitative phase, expert interviews were conducted with university professors and executive officials of small cities in northern Hamadan Province. A phenomenological strategy and thematic content analysis were utilized, employing MAXQDA 2020 and iMindMap 9 software to extract the components of proxy urban planning and develop a thematic network diagram. In the quantitative phase, the study adopted a descriptive and survey-based approach. To assess content validity and implement the Delphi technique, one-sample T-tests and Kendall’s coefficient were applied using SPSS version 26. Additionally, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to evaluate the model’s goodness-of-fit through homogeneity validity, convergent and discriminant validity, composite reliability, and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. The statistical sample, based on theoretical and saturation sampling, included an expert panel and 384 residents from the small cities of Kabudarahang, Razan, and Damagh. The findings identified seven key components of proxy urban planning in small cities: financial, accountability, participatory, empowerment, justice, decision-making, and educational. Among these, the highest mean score (3.65) was recorded for accountability and educational dimensions, while the lowest mean score (3.42) pertained to decision-making. No significant differences were observed between the perspectives of the general public, experts, and officials regarding the key components of proxy urban planning. The results indicate that the proposed proxy urban planning model demonstrates a strong fit for the sustainable development of small cities and can serve as a foundation for practical policy recommendations in this field.

TThe present research examines the role and benefits of nuclear energy in enhancing Iran’s energy security. The central question is how nuclear energy can reduce Iran's dependence on fossil fuels and bolster energy security. This question holds particular significance given that Iran is among the largest greenhouse gas emitters in the Middle East. The main hypothesis is that with the expansion of nuclear energy, Iran can meet domestic energy demands while mitigating risks associated with global energy market fluctuations and climate change, potentially creating foreign policy leverage through deterrence against external threats.The methodology includes analyzing documentation, credible scientific articles, and international reports on the topic. Findings suggest that nuclear energy, as a stable and low-carbon resource, helps diversify Iran's energy portfolio and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Given Iran’s high dependence on fossil fuels, nuclear energy could improve energy security and expand the country’s power generation capacity. Additionally, considering Iran's location amid Western-aligned and nuclear-armed countries, this energy source could serve as a deterrent against foreign threats.

Not only do Human Rights facilitate political functions through society, but also promote the legitimacy of political institutions. So Human rights get the right source of domestic and international conducting of the countries. It for being updated has a conceptual, contextual, and structural development in its historical trajectory. State indeed needs to be mentioned on what the global development resulted the good governance to improve its efficiency. The main question is what is related the security governance to Human rights. The hypothesis is that Human Rights by providing human security, sustainable development, and good governance make a proper setting for security governance. Improving accountability in the security sections and providing the people with monitoring increased the state's legitimacy and held it in trust. The security governance deems not to decline the capability of the security sections, rather it pursues self-regulation in managing the society in the right manner. As a result, the paper tries to show where means of self-regulating in the security section

The war imposed by Iraq against the Islamic Republic of Iran (1988-1980) affected the socio-economic landscape as well as the sustainable development of border areas, especially Kermanshah province in the west of Iran; A region that has suffered significant damage due to its proximity to conflict and crisis. The importance of this issue is in understanding the long-term effects of war of attrition on regional development and the necessity of rebuilding war-affected areas. In this regard, the main question of the research is: What are the socio-economic consequences of the war imposed by Iraq against Iran on the process of sustainable development in Kermanshah province? It is hypothesized that the imposed war has severely hindered the development of the region and has led to long-term economic stagnation and social disturbances. Therefore, the objectives of this research include evaluating the impact of war on socio-economic infrastructure, sustainable development, employment, education and public services and identifying post-war recovery measures. Therefore, in terms of methodological foundations, this research is based on conflict theory and post-war reconstruction models, which help to explain how war disrupts development and the challenges of recovery; In other words, it uses a hybrid approach and combines the historical analysis of conflicting data and the content analysis of experts in this field. The findings of the research also indicate that the war led to extensive destruction of infrastructure, loss of human capital, and displacement of the population, which delayed the economic growth and sustainable development of the province for several

Today, achieving sustainable development is one of the major issues for countries and developing countries, to compensate for the lack of progress and to achieve a balanced and comprehensive development that can lead to improving the living conditions of all people, need to have the correct knowledge and appropriate and optimal planning at the national and regional levels. Sustainable development includes three areas: environmental, social, and economic interaction. Its social dimension is the focus of this article. The main goal of this research is to rank the countries of the Islamic world in terms of social development indicators. In this study, 57 member countries of Islamic partners were examined. The type of research is applied and its method is descriptive-analytical. The data and information studied are provided from the World Bank website. For data analysis, COPRAS' multi-criteria decision-making method and Moran's correlation index were used. Findings from the data analysis show that four countries Qatar, Emirates, Iran, and Saudi Arabia ranked first to fourth. Qatar is in the best position in terms of social development indicators among Islamic countries. The results of the Moran index also show that the geographical distribution of countries with similar status can be caused by the strategic position, spatial advantage, or geographical location of these countries.

The Russian Federation, with its huge capacities, has always been among the claimants of economic dynamism, and according to the Globalization Index (KOF) data, it has made continuous efforts for economic growth and moving in the direction of globalization. From the 18th century until now, this country has taken effective steps towards its economic dynamism by taking advantage of the "foreign direct investment" capacity despite the existence of internal, regional, and international obstacles, and in this regard, with ups and downs in the amount of FDI. has faced One of the international paradigms that are taking steps towards globalization is "sustainable development", one of its challenging points is the confrontation with uncontrolled FDI. Based on the hypotheses of "pollution haven" and "pollution halo effect" and the study of energy efficiency in this country, this research examines part of the divorce point between the two issues of FDI and SDGs. With a systematic review method, it concludes that FDI In Russia is non-green. Its increase causes the growth of CO2, methane, and other greenhouse gases, proving the PHH hypothesis and reducing the realization of SDG indicators for this country. The closeness of the conditions of Russia and the Islamic Republic Iran also gives this opportunity to domestic officials to make great efforts in the field of energy, environmental protection, and non-renewable resources and implement the environmental laws of foreign direct investment with high precision and sensitivity.

Local councils are among the oldest institutions in local governance worldwide. As the world accelerates toward becoming more systematized, the existence of such institutions is essential for the progress and development of societies. Therefore, the presence of such bodies in the legal system of any country can be seen as a mechanism for establishing and enhancing democracy worldwide. According to the law on councils, no authority has been granted to this urban parliament, except for managing the municipality, which is limited to minimal urban domains. Moreover, although the election of councils is foreseen by law, it contains fundamental flaws. In each term, councils across the country have faced dissolution due to widespread violations. This issue raises concerns regarding the supervision of councils and warrants further investigation and critique. In this regard, the main issues surrounding councils that fall within the scope of this paper are: (A) legal solutions, (B) council performance, and (C) urban law. Conducting this research may help avoid trial and error in addressing these issues.

The research methodology of this study is descriptive-analytical. This research is typically conducted in a library-based and theoretical format, with information gathered through tools such as note-taking, tables, etc. It is also classified as qualitative research. In this type of research, documents, records, writings, and works serve as data sources, and through their collection, classification, evaluation, comparison, and analysis, the researcher can uncover unknown aspects and evaluate the proposed hypothesis. The information collection method, given the nature of the research, is library-based. Therefore, the required data for the research will be collected by referring to library sources, including books, scientific-research articles, available journals, documents, and publications.

Strategies for Preventing Corruption in Councils and Municipalities

Reforming the Municipal Structure:

According to the strategic document on combating corruption in municipalities, outdated laws, a defective organizational culture, and the organizational structure are among the most critical bottlenecks for corruption in municipalities. Reforming the municipal structure is one of the ways to fight corruption. Strengthening the position of the city council and restructuring the governance model as one of the anti-corruption strategies can be considered for improving the structure of municipalities. Streamlining the municipality, reforming processes, improving methods, and systematizing them, establishing uniform procedures, and implementing unified urban management can be regarded as crucial components of the overarching administrative and managerial structural reforms.

Cultural Strategies:

Cultural strategies are another way to reduce corruption in municipalities. Training personnel and managers is among the most critical activities in this area. Although Tehran Municipality has made efforts in this regard, organizing several anti-corruption training courses for its employees, more can be done. Familiarizing citizens with their rights, understanding corruption and its manifestations, and learning about reporting methods can lead to cultural shifts that reduce corruption and promote health in municipal affairs.One of the globally tested and effective strategies is e-government. Naturally, the more we move towards electronicizing transactions and financial matters, and replacing face-to-face interactions between municipal employees and clients or contractors with electronic systems, the more corruption will be reduced. Some experts also believe that the laws governing municipalities facilitate corruption. Therefore, a thorough review of municipal laws is required to identify which sections of the law are problematic. Since the inception of the "baladieh" system, municipalities have had numerous regulations across various domains, all of which need to be scrutinized.

Clarifying Laws:

Some experts argue that municipal laws and regulations are often ambiguous. These ambiguities must be resolved. Another issue is the complexity of the laws, with numerous abrogated and conflicting provisions. There is an overwhelming number of laws, and anyone can exploit these laws to solve problems at their discretion. In short, the municipality suffers from a multiplicity of laws and regulations, which requires serious and thorough expert analysis.

Urban management, particularly at the local level, embodied in councils and municipalities, which are the first link in the chain of urban management and interact directly with citizens, is inherently entangled with the issue of rent-seeking. This can be observed in various dimensions, and its outcomes predominantly have adverse effects on the city, urban space, and urban life. With the passing of the municipal self-sufficiency law, without considering alternative sources of government aid, this public institution faced two options for compensating its costs: imposing taxes and fees or granting rent-seeking permits for land and urban activities. To promote transparency in council laws, expand the responsibilities of councils to include executive and managerial roles, enhance the tradition of democracy and participatory engagement within society, provide legal and regulatory frameworks to encourage public participation, shift the government and state organizations' roles from ruling to facilitating and supervising in the process of urban planning and management, implement integrated urban management, and establish councils as independent bodies, the following are essential recommendations.

The economy is the driving engine of politics and budget, the government's financial plan for implementing governance policies during the fiscal year. In order to establish the concept of sustainable development in adopted policies, the budget document must be drafted and approved together with the goals of sustainable development. The question here is what factors in the current budgeting system disrupt the aforementioned process? A process in which, despite the provision and allocation of budget, it does not achieve the goals of sustainable development. The most important conclusion of this study is that the budgeting system as a tool for implementing policies related to the sustainability of development are facing challenges that are mainly a function of the problem of not adhering to macro policies and also not paying attention to the financial realities in the resources and expenses sector, and until these two important issues are resolved, the adopted policies will not be resolved.

Over the past two decades, increasing foreign investment has been linked to economic growth and development in many countries, sparking international competition to attract further foreign direct investment. In this endeavor, a serious challenge is to preserve the interests of foreign investors in addition to protecting the host state's environment. Foreign direct investment (FDI) plays a key role in providing capital and transferring knowledge and technology required for economic development, especially in developing countries. However, economic growth resulting from increasing foreign investment and industrialisation may cause adverse environmental impacts on the host country. This study aims to analyse effective environmental stipulations and clauses in FDI treaties intended to promote environmental sustainability and maximise FDI as a means of economic development, thereby enhancing overall welfare in the host countries, while mitigating the negative repercussions of foreign capital. This paper employs an analytical-descriptive method and relies on bibliographical data collection. As per the findings, although bilateral investment treaties in Iran aim to promote and secure foreign investments, they frequently disregard adequate provisions for environmental protection. This shortcoming could potentially transform Iran into a "pollution haven" for environmentally detrimental industries and technologies of foreign investors in the long run. To avert this adverse outcome, it is advisable to incorporate specific clauses in bilateral investment treaties that promote and encourage investments in low-carbon industries. Such clauses should support the adoption and development of technologies and innovations that are both globally compatible and environmentally friendly. Furthermore, the necessity of using clean energy through appropriate means, e.g., imposing charges and green taxes, should be implemented in bilateral investment treaties to facilitate sustainable development.

And by studying the events and opportunities of recent interactions and political behavior between the Islamic Republic and the United States, this article tries to answer the question that the challenges and opportunities related to the economic and strategic embargo of Western countries, especially the United States. What challenges and opportunities did it have against the Islamic Republic of Iran? In order to answer this question, this hypothesis is proposed that in the level of challenges, the American economic sanctions against the Islamic Republic of Iran have led to restrictions on Iran's financial, banking, commercial and strategic activities, and in terms of opportunities, Iran has The initiatives resulting from the restrictions created by the sanctions, on the one hand, were able to identify and realize their strategic capacities in various economic sectors, and on the other hand, increase their flexibility against the initial level of sanctions. But it seems that in order to deal with the second level of sanctions in the long term, it is necessary to formulate a coherent and effective strategy for the sustainable growth and development of the country in the atmosphere of sanctions.

Alinqipour and Guderzi (1401) in an article entitled "The impact of American sanctions on the orientation of Iran's economic diplomacy towards the East during the presidency of Hassan Rouhani (case study of Russia)" have shown that policies based on sanctions and Western pressure has caused foreign policy c. A. From the beginning of the revolution, Iran should be designed based on looking to the East in different dimensions; The authors have come to the conclusion that during the era of Hassan Rouhani, the government's policy in dealing with sanctions in the economic dimension was based on Iran's dependence on economic imports from Russia. The Caspian Sea and Eurasia have been implemented against the policies of the West.Mohibi Hare Dasht and his colleagues (1400) in an article entitled "Countering financial and economic sanctions against the Islamic Republic of Iran with timely warning tools of banks' helplessness" addressed the issue of the impact of American sanctions on Iran's banking system. In response to this question, the authors asked how the position of the timely warning model of banks' helplessness can lead to the reduction of the effects of sanctions. have concluded that with the help of annual calculation of these indicators, the banking system can predict financial helplessness and bankruptcy before it occurs and take the necessary measures regarding the revision of the control of its collection and prevent the occurrence of bankruptcy.Alavi and Amiri (2015) in their article entitled "The role of the US Congress and the Treasury Department in applying economic sanctions against the Islamic Republic of Iran (2010-2014)" emphasized the role of the US Treasury Department in implementing the sanctions system of this country. The United States government, with the influx of primary and secondary sanctions, especially from 2010 to 2014 in the form of congressional laws and executive orders of the president with the executive arm of the Treasury Department and under it the "Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), with its full-scale economic war, It has put the country's economy under pressure.Bajgholi et al. (2024) in the book How Sanctions Work: Iran and the Effects of Economic War tried to analyze the effects of extensive and long-term Western sanctions led by the United States against Iran. This book is mentioned as the first extensive and systematic study about the effects of sanctions on Iranian society. The authors in this book have concluded that the sanctions of the United States of America against Iran have not been able to achieve their goals, because on the one hand, not only did it not change Iran's behavior, but it has made it more aggressive, and on the other hand, the maximum pressure sanctions of many It has plunged Iranians into poverty, both in rural and urban areas, and has exacerbated economic and class inequality.Ghasemi-nejad and Jahan-parvar (2021) in an article entitled "Effect of Financial Sanctions: A Case Study of Iran", financial sanctions have had a great impact on the decline and decline of Iran's economy. In this context, the authors believe that sanctions affect politically connected companies more than ordinary companies, have persistent negative effects on profitability ratios, and the stock prices of politically connected companies recover more slowly after sanctions are lifted. Firms targeted by financial sanctions reduce their leverage and increase their cash holdings to manage the perceived increase in their risk profile.Nefiu (2017) in his book titled "The Art of Sanctions: A View from the Field" divides sanctions into four major parts: diplomatic and political, military, technological and economic, and believes that the most widely used and effective type of sanctions is It is the "economic" type, which is divided into two categories: commercial and financial. In this book, the author examines the formation of sanctions considering the conditions and context of Iran; Also, in this book, the author tries to convey to the activists and those interested in the practical implementation of foreign policies the mental framework of when and how they should implement the sanctions.Opinions in the researches conducted in this field show that most of these works and researches have emphasized the negative side and challenges of economic sanctions on Iran's economy and society and have examined their results; On the other hand, some researches have focused on the positive side and the window of opportunity of economic sanctions in order to pay attention to the domestic and indigenous capacities and endogenous development of the country; For this purpose, according to the works compiled in this field, the present research tries to address both the challenges and opportunities of the economic sanctions of the United States of America, and this is the reason for the innovation and innovation of the present article.

The article used the descriptive-analytical method and collected its data in a library form.

American sanctions against Iran refer to the economic, commercial, scientific, human rights and military sanctions against the Islamic Republic of Iran imposed by the United States government, or under the pressure of the United States on the international community through the United Nations Security Council. American sanctions against Iran It is one of the oldest sanctions in the world. These sanctions started in 1358 at the same time as the issue of hostage taking of American Embassy employees in Tehran with Executive Order 4702 and 12170 by Jimmy Carter and gradually increased its dimensions. Numerous executive orders and various laws are the result of America's hostile actions in the past years. Executive orders 12613, 12957 and 12959, 13382, 13553, 13574, 13590, 13599, etc. are examples of the extensive actions of the United States in the past years to institutionalize and structure sanctions against Iran. Actions that reached their peak during the Obama and Trump eras. US government officials have called the sanctions imposed on Iran the toughest and most crippling sanctions in the history of human civilization. Financial, economic, defense and military sanctions as a tested solution in curbing the economic and military power of J.A. Iran is institutionalized in the strategic document of the United States of America and cannot be ignored easily. The sanctions theory has secured the interests of the United States and its regional allies, such as the Zionist regime and Saudi Arabia, and this group considers the release of financial energy and the rise of the power of the Islamic Republic in the aftermath of the JCPOA against its own interests and in the direction of the complete victory of the axis of resistance and facilitation. They see the fields of domination of the Islamic Republic in the region. According to the mentality of the political elite of the United States, the discourses against the nuclear agreement and the success of the sanctions policy of J.A. Iran in serving the interests of the United States, the continuation of sanctions and the approval of new sanctions by the political elite of the United States will be very likely.But on the other hand, in spite of all these propositions, America's smart and multi-layered sanctions system against Iran in the last few decades has caused challenges and on the other hand many opportunities for Iran. In this article, an attempt was made to address the issue of what were these challenges and opportunities? As discussed, the economic sanctions have placed numerous financial, banking, economic and commercial restrictions on the growth and development of the Islamic Republic of Iran; And he has basically tried to exclude this country from the agenda of global trends and intensify its isolation. Sanctions and various prohibitions in the fields of technology, transportation, money transfer, import and export; Industrial and military cooperation are the most important examples of these challenges. On the other hand, paying attention to domestic and indigenous capacities for the development of military and security technologies (especially in the field of missiles and drones), using local knowledge to improve technology in the fields of medicine and medicine, nuclear knowledge, drafting doctrine New security and military measures in the Middle East region, improving the level of interactions and strategizing them with emerging powers such as China and Russia and the BRICS member countries, a significant increase in human development, etc. have been among the opportunities that sanctions and prohibitions Many have caused them to emerge for the Islamic Republic of Iran. With the initiatives caused by the restrictions created by the sanctions, Iran was able to realize its strategic capacities in various economic sectors and on the other hand, increase its flexibility against the initial level of sanctions. But it seems that in order to deal with the second level of sanctions in the long term, while formulating a coherent and effective strategy for the sustainable growth and development of the country in the environment of sanctions, it should put the following axes in its agenda:- Attention to the capacity of knowledge-based companies in order to diversify the economic structure of the country. Promotion of internal cohesion at the level of elites, officials and society Adoption and promotion of smart support policies by the government Creating hope for the future and managing public opinion The use of the Iranian government's security capabilities in the positive and negative aspects in the Middle East as bargaining levers with Turkey, Russia and especially the European Union Encouraging neighborhood policy through non-governmental organizations from the government.

The developments of the 21st century led to transformations in the world's environment in such a way that the issues related to environmental developments and events turned from a domestic issue into a global one. Therefore, in recent decades, attention has been paid to the issue of environment and the use of new policies for solving them, such as the use of clean energy policy in the process of sustainable development in many countries. Chinese and American statesmen have taken effective steps to increase the use of environmental policy in order to achieve the goals of sustainable development. The main question of this research: What role has the use of clean energy in the politics of China and the United States in order to achieve sustainable development? In response to this hypothesis, it is investigated with a comparative-historical method that China and the United States have been able to meet the goals based on the sustainable development of society by using various policies in the field of clean energy renewable. Nevertheless, it seems that China, through the use of new policies, giving priority to clean energy etc., has been able to overtake the United States in the use of renewable energy and has been able to implement a part of its sustainable development policy with the balance between energy security and environmental protection.

Tourist guides play a key role in the satisfaction of tourists in the destinations. The present research has investigated the satisfaction of tourists with the performance of the Isfahan tour guides of Rahian-e Noor. In order to achieve the above goal, a mixed method (quantitative-qualitative) was used. In the first stage, an online questionnaire including Likert scale questions and a number of open-ended questions which components were extracted based on the literature review was designed and distributed to tourists who participated in Rahian-e Noor tours. 384 samples were collected based on Morgan's table and the data were analyzed with the help of the one-sample t-test and thematic analysis. The results of the quantitative analysis of the data illustrated that the level of tourists' satisfaction with the performance of the guides was high and only in the support activities of the local community there are weakness and the satisfaction is low.Also, the results of data analysis using a qualitative method revealed that in the investigation of the component of managerial power, storytelling and narrative methods , time management, the importance of demographic characteristics of narrators, providing cultural programs in travel and providing services to all age groups should be considered. In addition, the results of the present study demonstrated that participation in Rahian-e Noor tours has increased the fighting skills and personal development of tourists.

The development of green entrepreneurship as an emerging entrepreneurial revolution is an effective factor in reducing environmental pollution, using the least facilities and gaining the most productivity in doing green business. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to design a green entrepreneurship development model in the field of urban waste management to use this environmental problem as a source of opportunity and turn this environmental and social risk into social values and economic profit. This research is a fundamental in term of purpose and a qualitative-data-based (systematic) research in term of data collection. After selecting 15 owners of urban waste management business, city managers and experts in this field, data was collected by purposeful sampling method and semi-structured interview. Then, data was analyzed in three stages of open, axial and selective coding, and finally 117 primary conceptual categories from open coding, 38 categories from axial coding and 16 main factors from selective coding were identified. The results emphasize that the axial category is the development of green entrepreneurship, which is formed based on causal factors (such as personal and occupational characteristics), field factors (such as institutional, infrastructural, environmental, technology and innovation factors) and intervening factors (such as economic, political, legal and socio-cultural and educational factors). And supportive, corrective, executive and structural strategies can lead to three categories of economic, social and environmental consequences or in other words to the sustainable development. These findings help managers, planners and policy makers in the field of waste management and green entrepreneurship development in creating value (competitive advantage and wealth) and realizing more sustainable futures.

Today, the world is watching the confrontation of new technologies and the developing ecosystem. On the one hand, artificial intelligence (AI), and on the other hand, the inhabitants of the biosphere play a role of this confrontation. In fact, artificial intelligence provides a system's ability to correctly interpret external data and create context for its use to achieve specific goals and tasks through flexible adaptation. In this respect, the citizens of the global community experience the field of entering this technological space in a way they want. Now, from a positive experience point of view, this two-way interaction can be successfully carried out to protect the environment and from another point of view, the field of international interactions may be disrupted by relying heavily on this technology. This paper is written based on previous studies and up-to-date references in descriptive methods. This research has a preliminary look at the technological diplomacy process to preserve the environment through regional and international interactions.

Energy is one of the important and effective indicators in the direction of sustainable urban development; Because sustainable development aims to meet human needs and strives to preserve the environment. Therefore, it is impossible to ignore the relationship and effects of optimal energy management in different parts of the city. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects and factors of reducing energy consumption in the sustainable development of Shiraz city. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on field data. The data collection tool is a questionnaire. The statistical population consists of 1,565,572 citizens of Shiraz. Based on Cochran's formula, the sample size was determined to be 384 people. Also, 21 related experts were used for interviews to identify and analyze the factors of reducing energy consumption in Shiraz city. The structural and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed as well as the reliability with Cronbach's alpha above 0. 70. The results show that the factors of reducing energy consumption in sustainable urban development include 20 indicators, which are in total through factor analysis in 5 categories including urban body and form (39. 05), expansion of urban public services (21. 25), use Renewable energy (10. 92), improvement of social indicators (8. 55) and climate adaptation (7. 25) were recognized. Also, based on the content analysis, reducing energy consumption in sustainable urban development has 12 major effects, which using structural equation modeling, this effect is equal to 0. 76. The modeling results show that the most effective reduction of energy consumption on sustainable urban development is related to the improvement of the consumption pattern with a total effect value of 0. 88, followed by environmental protection with an effect of 0. 85, an increase in urban investment resources with an effect of 0. 83, and consumption Optimum energy in the building sector with a total effect of 0. 82.
Extended Abstract

The formation, maintenance and development of a city based on the sustainable development approach requires various indicators. In fact, due to the nature of integration and correlation of various indicators in the sustainable development approach, one cannot hope for the realization of sustainable development in a city except in the shadow of attention and planning based on various economic, social and environmental indicators. In this regard, one of the indicators that has a wide connection with sustainable development and preservation of the environment and various resources is the energy index. Today, with the expansion of population, urbanization and large industries, a large part of energy is consumed in cities. In many cases, the amount of energy consumption in different parts of the city is more than the standard amount, and this issue has created many challenges. Considering the importance of the subject, exploration in various sectors of sustainable urban development and energy consumption is very important and undeniable.
A large part of the sustainable development of Iranian cities can be realized by reducing energy consumption; Because energy and its optimal consumption play an important role in different parts of the development of cities. This impact can be seen in various fields of services, environmental management, urban traffic, construction management and buildings, etc. In this research, the aim is to identify and then analyze the effects and factors of reducing energy consumption in sustainable urban development, which was investigated in the case of Shiraz. The city of Shiraz has a special geographical, service, tourism and industrial position, and its multiple role-playing causes the effects of reducing energy consumption in the development of this city to be known and the related factors to be identified.

The research method is descriptive-analytical in nature and practical in terms of purpose. The statistical population of the study included the citizens of Shiraz and experts familiar with the subject. The population of this city was equal to 1565572 people according to the latest statistics available to the researcher and based on the population and housing census of 2015. Based on Cochran's formula, the statistical sample was calculated as 384 people and the sampling method was random. A statistical sample of 21 experts was also selected. Data collection methods are in two forms: library (documents) and field (survey). The tools of data collection were questionnaires and interviews. The interview method has been used to identify the factors of reducing energy consumption in sustainable urban development and in order to prepare a questionnaire. The structural and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed through the elite community, and reliability was also confirmed with Cronbach's alpha above 0. 70. For analysis, the data are summarized, coded and categorized and finally processed to provide the basis for analyzes and connections between these data in order to answer the questions. SPSS and AMOS software were used for data analysis. Quantitative methods were used to measure and analyze the data, which included structural equation modeling and factor analysis. In the method of structural equations, based on the drawn model based on theoretical foundations, various indicators have been placed in the model and the effectiveness of each of the resilience indicators has been determined.

The measurement of sustainable urban development indicators through the T-Tech test shows that except for a few employment indicators of citizens with a significance level of 0. 222; Access of citizens to technology and technology with a significance level of 0. 071 and participation of citizens in city management with a significance level of 0. 055, other indicators were significant at a level less than 0. 05 and equal to 0. 000. Examining the significance direction according to the average indicates that sustainable development indicators include quality of life (2. 882), youth employment (2. 078), economic efficiency (2. 291), poverty reduction (2. 289), improvement of lifestyle Life and consumption pattern (2/085), participation of citizens in city management (2/752), use of clean energy (solar and. . ) (2/205), prevention of excessive city growth (2/362) Preservation of historical and cultural monuments (2/057), preventing the destruction of the city's environment (1/966), air pollution management (2/151) and appropriate distribution of uses (2/640) are in a weak state and this Indicators need serious planning. Also, the result shows that the three indicators of citizens' access to technology and technology with an average of 3. 114, citizens' access to appropriate education with an average of 3. 323 and access to appropriate medical and health centers with an average of 3. 625 are in an average situation and In fact, compared to other indicators of sustainable development in Shiraz, they have more suitable conditions.
The results show that the factors for reducing energy consumption in sustainable urban development included 20 indicators. At the level of variables, the highest factor loading was related to the building density factor with a value of 0. 926. Also, two factors of using intelligent energy consumption control systems with a factor load of 0. 920 and using wind energy with a factor load of 0. 910 are known in the second and third ranks. These 20 indicators in total through factor analysis in 5 categories including urban body and form (39/05), expansion of urban public services (21/25), use of renewable energy (10/92), improvement of social indicators (55) 8. ) and climate adaptation (7. 25) were categorized.
Also, based on the content analysis, reducing energy consumption in sustainable urban development has 12 major effects, which using structural equation modeling, this effect is equal to 0. 76. In total, it can be said that the 12 examined indicators, including the prosperity of production and economic activities, reducing urban pollution, reducing household expenses, improving the quality of urban life, improving the consumption pattern, increasing access to services, reducing greenhouse gases and etc. can be effective in improving sustainable urban development. Examining the effectiveness of 12 indicators in sustainable urban development shows that the total effect value is 0. 76, and in total, the reviewed indicators can explain about 76% of the variance, role-playing and positive effects in the sustainable urban development of Shiraz. According to the results of this model, the most effective is related to the improvement of the consumption pattern with an explanation of 0. 88. The urban environment preservation index has an explanatory power of 0. 85, the increase of investment has an explanatory power of 0. 83, the optimal energy consumption in the building sector has an explanatory power of 0. 82, and the reduction of household expenses also has an explanatory power of 0. 79 in the field of improving sustainable urban development.

 In general, it can be concluded that optimal energy consumption and its reduction can be effective in the sustainable development of Shiraz city, and this influence is realized through different patterns and indicators. Also, the result shows that the effects and factors of reducing energy consumption in various economic, social and environmental dimensions show their effectiveness and therefore affect various dimensions of sustainable urban development. Considering these points, the important role of optimizing energy consumption in the development of Shiraz cannot be ignored. In this regard, it is suggested that 1- local (traditional) patterns should be emphasized in order to reduce energy consumption in the buildings of this city in terms of architecture, form, etc. 2- In order to reduce energy consumption in the building sector and achieve sustainable development, it is suggested Incentive schemes for citizens can be strengthened in order to optimize energy consumption. 3- It is suggested that the costs of reducing the optimal energy consumption should be spent in the urban services sector so that citizens can see the results of their optimal consumption in the energy sector. 4- It is suggested that in order to optimize energy consumption and sustainable development of the city Shiraz, the smart infrastructure sector of this city should be upgraded. 5- It is suggested that suitable financial and credit facilities for citizens to use solar energy should be emphasized and planned. 6- It is suggested that the educational dimension related to energy consumption at the level of Shiraz city neighborhoods and in public places. be explained to the citizens.

The doctrine of sustainable development is based on the basic principle that human beings are obliged to use the natural resources of the earth in such a way as to satisfy their own desires and needs (reasonable intergenerational consumption) and the resources needed by future generations (reasonable consumption). inter-generational) do not harm and do not endanger their environment and other living beings. For this purpose, in the form of green criminology, laws and regulations have been developed and implemented to deal with environmental threats. Based on this, in this article, we are looking for an answer to the question, "In Iran, taking into account the green criminology approach in maintaining a healthy and clean environment within its territory, what role does the government play in the country's sustainable environmental development?" "Does it?" In response to this question and taking into account issues related to sustainable development and environmental protection, this research hypothesis is proposed that the government of Iran, due to international and domestic legal requirements in maintaining a healthy environment for the people And considering the criminalization of environmental damage and destruction, it can play a positive and active role in the sustainable development of the country. Also, the research findings indicate the validity of the research hypothesis. The research method in this article is descriptive-analytical, and in accordance with that, the method of data collection is library-based and the use of existing documents and texts.

Harmonisation of laws with the aim of increasing legal certainty and predictability has been on the agenda for decades. Particularly in the field of international trade, replacing multiple scattered national legislation and international regulations with uniform laws is of paramount importance since it can facilitate trade by mitigating the costs associated with acquiring information about different laws and adapting to them. The Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG) is one of these efforts. The overall success of international instruments purporting to create legal harmonisation is to be assessed based on the level of acceptability and certainty that they have. Still, 40 years after the adoption of this instrument, half of the Governments and some of the major economies including the UK, India, and South Africa have not ratified it. Criticisms have been received from Governments and lawyers about the certainty of its provisions. But how have the Governments approached the CISG and what are the necessary reforms in the light of trade and sustainable development? Drawing on a qualitative research this article attempts to answer this question and prove the hypothesis that the CISG needs to be reformed in order to meet modern global requirements. Therefore, it analyses the status of the CISG in the context of trade and the approach of States. Next, the development of international trade and sustainable development requirements have been analysed as an aspect of the global changes that reveal the weaknesses of the convention and call for the reform of this instrument.