تکفیر

West Africa has been the scene of new international developments. With the start of coups against previous governments that were dependent on France since 2010, new developments have taken place in this region. Russia, with the aim of harming French interests in the three countries of Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger, fully supported the military coups in these countries. Finally, with Russia playing a key role in the three African countries, France’s withdrawal from these countries occurred in a domino effect. These events paved the way for cooperation between countries such as Russia, China, Turkey, and Iran with the three West African countries. Therefore, before any direct political, economic, and security cooperation, it is necessary and essential to understand the internal developments of these three countries. Since, geopolitically, the three countries share a common border and all three have had common social, political, economic, and security crises, an attempt has been made to analyze and evaluate all three countries in this study. The West African region, especially the countries of Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger, is like a powder keg that is exploding every day and at any moment. These countries suffer many human losses due to the activities of extremist groups. In a word, it can be said that this region is one of the most unstable regions in the world. Political, economic and social unrest has dimmed the prospects for peace, stability and development in this region. The countries of Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger are facing multiple crises. These countries suffer from poverty and unemployment, a young population, ethnic and tribal conflicts, fragile states, population growth (within 10 years, the population of this region will double) and food shortages. This painful reality has created a favorable environment for terrorist organizations such as Al-Qaeda and ISIS in the region. Takfiri terrorist groups have created terrorist networks throughout this region; so that this region has become one of the most turbulent regions of the African continent in recent years.

During the ups and downs history of Islam, there were groups, schools of thought and people who considered their opponents from other Islamic sects and religions to be takfir and excluded them from the religion of Islam under false pretenses and considered their blood, property and honor permissible. This destructive phenomenon, which the Khawarij were the masters of; During the last two centuries, it has been manifested in the extreme movements of Salafi-Takfiri, and in the shadow of recent developments in the region, they have found a suitable opportunity to implement their thoughts and ideas with the support of their supporters. Therefore, the mentioned research answers this question: "What are the formation grounds of Salafi-Takfiri currents in the Islamic world?" The current research, with analytical-descriptive method, while referring to the historical background of Takfiri currents in the Islamic world, considers the fields of formation of Salafi Takfiri currents as ideological, regional, international, geographical, political and sociological.

Suicide terrorism is a different generation of terrorism that was introduced to the world with the rise of extreme political Islam. In suicide terrorism, the suicide bomber targets the innocent masses in order to achieve political goals by creating widespread intimidation.Analyzing the formation and prevalence of suicide attacks in the current era and examining the people involved in these operations can lead to providing solutions to prevent it, in order to save the lives of the suicide bomber and the victims.Although the role of politicians and political factors and the role of the economy and psychological and social factors in the formation of suicide operations cannot be doubted or denied, the investigation of the actions of the most famous suicide terrorist groups such as ISIS and Al-Qaeda shows that these groups, despite the fact that they define the enemy and priorities They have different struggles, they all use the source of religion as a source of legitimacy and motivation, and in this regard, they have common citations to Salafi scholars such as Ibn Taymiyyah, Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Ibn Baz, etc.Therefore, although social, political, economic and psychological factors play a prominent role as criminological variables in the formation of suicide operations, takfiri terrorist groups heavily use the factor of religion to legitimize their actions and incite suicide bombers.

These concepts, such as political Islam, fundamentalism, Islamism, etc. are used in the political literature of the world with a wide range of concepts, and since they have found various examples with this difference in definitions, that conceptual ambiguity causes inaccuracy and possibly the lack of Transparency has been made in the various things said and written in scientific writings or media sayings and writings. Especially, the perceptions and understandings of these concepts in the sphere of Iranian politics and society may have been contrary to that perception and perception. In spite of such ambiguities and doubts that have occurred inadvertently or intentionally, some conceptual recognition are necessary. In this article, an attempt has been made to deal with some of these concepts in Iran, as well as to compare some concepts and ideas outside of Iran, focusing on the political thought of Imam Khomeini and Seyyed Qutb. political that has been popular in Iran after the revolution, and also the global perception and understanding (outside of Iran) of this concept has been discussed.From this point of view and considering the dual understandings of power-oriented Islam and comprehensive Islam, the fundamental differences of these two ideas and some of the effects of these differences have been compared to the thoughts of Imam Khomeini and Seyyed Qutb.

One of the phenomena that can be seen throughout the history of Islam is the phenomenon of Takfir(Excommunication). From the Khawarij in the first century A.H to people like Ibn Taymiyyah and later Muhammad Ibn Abd al Wahhab to movements like Al-Qaeda and ISIS under the title of Salafi and Takfiri groups, despite the fact that they appeared at different times, it seems that commonalities and similarities between their beliefs and actions can be Found. These commonalities are the subject of discussion in this article and the goal is to examine and extract the similarities and commonalities between these movements using a library findings including a review of existing historical and verbal reports and documents. What is obtained from the comparison of these two groups and the examination of sources and documents is that these two are similar and agree in beliefs such as formalism, rejection of esoteric interpretation(ta'wil), taqiyyah(Precautionary Dissimulation), recourse and calling them polytheism and excommunication of other Muslims, which is caused by rigidity, petrification and misunderstanding and its roots go back to ignorance and incomplete understanding of religion and perhaps some satanic soul faculties.

Introduction :

 Each Islamic denomination follows its respective beliefs to forge connections with other Islamic denominations and even non-Islamic religions. Religion plays a pivotal role in shaping their comprehension of Self, Other, and the approach towards communicating with others, ranging from acceptance to excommunication. In other words, religious beliefs constitute a foundation that governs the relations between different religions. A precise and nuanced understanding of diverse Islamic denominations is essential for avoiding the one-size-fits-all perspective that may see the diverse groups in the same way.  Such an understanding paves the way for recognizing historical, religious, and social distinctions, facilitating more informed and effective approaches to interact with different religious groups.The teachings of the Quran and the prophetic tradition prohibit sectarian conflicts, underscoring the unity and convergence among followers of different Islamic denominations. The empathy and convergence seem to be crucial, especially considering the constant efforts by the Western world to sow discord and division within Islamic countries. For example, the establishment of ISIS in the Middle East involved the Muslim nations, with the ultimate aim of ensuring security for Israel. Recently, the resurgence of the Taliban in Afghanistan has made it essential to reassess their foundational beliefs, laying the groundwork for fostering more symbiotic relations with them.The Deoband school of thought is considered one of the influential Islamic denominations in the recent developments of the region. Deobandis adhere to the Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) and Maturidism as a school of Islamic theology. TheDeobandi movement emerged with the purpose of opposing the British East India Company. Due to their concerted efforts, Deobandis rapidly spread across the Indian subcontinent, later establishing a significant base in Pakistan and Afghanistan and founding religious schools and educational centers there. The Taliban group is one the movements developed out of the adherence to the religious beliefs of the Deoband school of thought. Against this backdrop, the present research aimed to examine three key issues: the fundamental religious beliefs of the Taliban, the distinction between the Taliban and Salafism, and suggestions for Iran’s strategic foreign policy towards these groups with an eye to their religious beliefs.

Literature Review:

Authored by Khalil Ahmad al-Saharanpuri, the book Al-Muhannad 'ala al-Mufannad [The Sword on the Disproved] not only provides responses to the inquiries posed by Wahhabi scholars but also elaborates on the beliefs of the scholars from Darul Uloom Deoband. The book unveils the conspiracies of adversaries and elucidates the true teachings of the venerable figures of Maturidism. The collection of essays titled Maghalat Al-Kawtheri [Kawtheri’s Essays] includes miscellaneous essays written by Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari. The collection contains some essays that oppose the Wahhabi thought. While dismissing Wahhabism, al-Kawthari delves into the core beliefs of the Deobandi school of thought. In the article titled “Taliban and Deobandism” (2018), Mohammad Bagher Hassani examined the relationship between the Taliban and the Deobandi school. The author compared some Deobandi concepts with Wahhabism and other Sunni sects, highlighting their shared aspects as well as distinctions. Hassani’s descriptive–analytical research also focused on Islamic groups, such as the Taliban, which are recognized for their adherence to the theological doctrines of Maturidism.In addition to comparative studies, there are also reference works on the theological beliefs of Maturidism and Wahhabism. A notable work is Kitab al-Tawhid [Book of Monotheism] by Abu Mansur al-maturidi, considered the canonical source for followers of the maturidi school of theology. Abu Mansur al-Maturidi refers to imitation in belief and faith as a wrong approach, focusing on the logical and narrative-based examination of the theological foundations of Maturidism. The book Minhaj al-Sunnah al-Nabawiyyah [The Path of Sunnah of the Prophet] was written by ibn Taymiyyah, a prominent Hanbali scholar considered as a founder and iconic figure of Salafism. The book deals with religious beliefs as well as several jurisprudential opinions and fatwas of Ibn Taymiyyah, including his unconventional views on refraining from visiting graves, and resorting to blessings and supplications. In addition, the article titled “Investigation of the Factors Affecting the Change in Iran’s Political–Defense Approach Towards the Taliban” (Parizad & Shahrestani, 2022) examined Iran’s foreign policy strategies concerning the Taliban group, highlighting the role of environmental factors and global structures.

The present study used the library method to collected and analyze the data.

According to the research results, the Taliban originated from Maturidi theology and Deobandi religious centers in Pakistan, and Salafism has its roots in the Wahhabi theology. Despite common origins, there are fundamental differences between the Taliban and salafism, manifesting in salient theological and religious issues such as monotheism in worship, intercession, and the stance towards the shia. Notably, the Taliban, in contrast to Salafism, exhibits a broader, universalist approach to acceptance of and interactions with other groups, particularly the Shia. According to the religious teachings, unity and convergence are not merely tactical considerations but fundamental principles of the Islamic faith. Therefore, the foreign policy strategy of Islamic states should be aligned with religious teachings. The Islamic Republic of Iran, as an Islamic state, seems to have anchored its foreign policy on this principle. Considering geopolitical borders and ideological considerations, Iran has established positive relations with the Taliban group, showing tolerance in border conflicts and water disputes. Iran’s foreign policy towards the Taliban is characterized by Iran’s concern about the formation of Salafi and Wahhabi groups in Afghanistan. Therefore, given the doctrinal differences between these groups, Iran views the relations with the Taliban as appropriate to prevent the establishment of Salafi groups in its eastern neighbor. Moreover, Iran’s foreign policy can pursue cooperation and relations with the Taliban against a common adversary, namely the United States.

A comprehensive understanding of Islamic intellectual and religious schools is crucial to reach an accurate interpretation of the foundations of Islam. Knowledge about different schools of thought can offer a better understanding of religious teachings, facilitating a more accurate interpretation of religious doctrines and beliefs. Moreover, as indicated by the findings, such an understanding can aid in devising foreign policy strategies in dealing with diverse religious groups.

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) as independent organizations from the government,Non-profit organizations and spontaneous and public members today play an important role in various legal fields such as political, economic, environmental, cultural, etc., so that these institutions are the main components of civil societyformed and are considered tools to strengthen the weak position of the people against powerful government institutions. In spite of this importance, non-governmental organizations in some societies are either basically not formed or in th ecase offormation, they are not very efficient in performing their duties and effectiveness, and in some cases losses and damagesMost of them follow, to the extent that in some cases they go out of the circle of the mentioned definition. This article is to examine one if the most important injuries of NGOs that is violence, base on the method of Descriptive-analytical. in such a way that firstly, the introduction and causes of the formation of two of the most important organizationsViolent means ideology-based organizations such as Al-Qaeda and Marxist guerilla organizations such asPeople's Mojahedin of Iran and then solutions to prevent violence in these organizationsIt also prevents these organizations from harming the society.

Undoubtedly today terrorism is an important player in the international arena. A strategic look at the waves of terrorism in the world shows strong evidence for the emergence of a new wave of terrorism in the world. the present article seeks to answer the main question of what the fifth wave of terrorism will be in the region of West Asia and North Africa. Based on what has worked as terrorism in the region of West Asia and North Africa in the 21st century, "semi-state terrorism" seems to be the new wave of terrorism. A wave that controls parts of the territory of a weak state and maintains its rule there, as well as carrying out terrorist attacks against other countries. According to the global terrorism wave indices, in order to consider the fifth wave, the new terrorism phenomenon must be global, have the same driving force, and also be significantly different from the previous wave. It is obvious that semi-state terrorism, as a new wave of terrorism, is different from the fourth wave of religious terrorist groups. This aspect of terrorism prioritizes land control, participates in a wider range of government and governance activities (not just social services), seeks more power, and has takfiri ideologies. Finally, the article concludes that the phenomenon of semi-state terrorism has the potential to become a global wave if it continues to spread.

The main issue of this research is what the security consequences of America's withdrawal from Afghanistan will be for the Islamic Republic of Iran, because with the withdrawal of America and its allies, a group with a special mindset called the Taliban has dominated this country, which supports the groups Terrorist, especially al-Qaeda, is in his portfolio. With the dominance of the Taliban and the lack of a strong political structure and the unclear future of this country and the type of views and decisions of the Taliban affected by the influence of some actors, it can have security consequences, including the beginning of the activities of Takfiri and terrorist groups in Afghanistan and the continuation of infiltration and operations inside follow the soil of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Therefore, the importance of maintaining and improving national security is the main priority for the Republic of Afghanistan in relation to Afghanistan.In this research, with the method of collecting information through library sources, structured interviews with experts and observation of reliable sites with the benefit of the descriptive-analytical analysis method, to examine the security consequences of the withdrawal of the United States from Afghanistan on the Islamic Republic of Iran, emphasizing The expansion of the movements of Takfiri and terrorist groups has been discussed.

In the last decade, Syria, as one of the important countries in the West Asian region as well as the front line of the Resistance Front, has experienced a severe crisis and widespread civil war, and this crisis has quickly acquired regional and global dimensions. The ISIS terrorist group played a key role in shaping the Syrian crisis, as well as economic issues, by hanging on to it. Although the ISIS terrorist group no longer exists externally, their takfiri-terrorist thinking, like fire under ashes, continues to threaten Syria and the Resistance Front. This article aims to answer the question "What are the economic factors affecting the crisis of ISIL in Syria?" Compiled. The findings of this study show that in addition to identity and religious challenges as well as the intervention of regional and supra-regional powers opposed to the Resistance Front, economic challenges such as inefficient economic policies, economic discrimination due to ethnic, religious and political factors, etc. Factors influencing the formation of the crisis in Syria and the attraction of some groups to the opposition. The method of data collection in this research is library and interview and the method of data analysis is descriptive-analytical.

This article intends to explain the role of avoiding division and cooperation of Islamic countries in establishing a single Islamic nation. The first axis of the article emphasizes the role of avoiding separatism and aggression against each other in the Islamic world, and the second axis is the cooperation that must be achieved in the Islamic world in order to achieve a single Islamic nation. These two axes are the first steps that must be taken to achieve a single Islamic nation. Avoiding division includes avoiding the five main causes of division in the Islamic Ummah, namely war, terror, Takfir (excommunication from Islamic Ummah), conflict and controversy. Cooperation between Islamic countries includes two topics of confronting the common enemy, and benevolence and friendship with Muslims. Each of these two axes has components that are described in this article. In each case, after the description, the textual evidence of each of them is discussed. In addition, an attempt has been made to present the evidence of the promise obtained in the words of Imam Khomeini and Imam Khamenei.

Considering the inherent mission of the Islamic Republic of Iran in realizing a single Islamic ummah on the one hand and the increasing efforts of the imperialist powers to block the said mission by strengthening the strategy of Shiite-Sunni confrontation and igniting the tactic of takfir in order to tear the Islamic ummah apart, This is a fundamental question; What strategy in dealing with Sunnis should be presented to the Islamic Republic? ( issue)By analyzing the library resources, especially the sayings of the Imams of the Islamic Revolution (method), we can say: Prior to the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran in Iran, the Shiites, in interaction with the majority of Sunnis, tried three strategies of tolerance, confrontation and rapprochement, respectively (Results), But the roots of these strategies go back to the era of rulers who, despite being Muslims, whether Shiites or Sunnis, did not have full legitimacy as the rule of the Islamic Republic of Iran today (hypothesis). Therefore, in order to achieve the ideal of a single nation, it is necessary to promote the strategy of approximation of Islamic religions and the adoption of the strategy of providing Islamic religions by the system of the Islamic Republic (results).

Throughout the ups and downs in the history of Islam, there have been groups, currents of thought, and individuals who have excommunicated their opponents from other sects and religions of Islam and expelled them from the religion of Islam under false pretenses, and considered their blood, wealth, and honor permissible. This destructive phenomenon, pioneered by the Kharijites, has manifested itself in the Salafi-Takfiri extremist currents over the past two centuries, and in the light of recent developments in the region, they have found a good opportunity to implement their thoughts and ideas with the support of their supporters. Undoubtedly, the emergence of insecurity and chaos in Islamic countries, the killing of innocent people, the emergence of terror groups such as al-Qaeda, the Companions Corps, Jundallah groups, the Taliban, Jaish-e-Adl, Jabhat al-Nusra, ISIS, etc. who have made terror their top priority is part of the consequences of the idea of takfir; and its worse consequence is to tarnish the image of Islam and Muslims around the world and to make the religion of Islam hated by the world. Therefore, accurate knowledge and analysis of the backgrounds and contexts of the formation of these currents in the Islamic world is essential and will help us in a deep understanding and analysis of their behaviors. The present study uses the analytical-descriptive method while referring to the historical background of Takfiri currents in the Islamic world, to explain and analyze the fields and intellectual, regional and international, geographical and political, as well as sociological forms of this formation.

Al-Qaeda is a radical diversion group in Islamic societies with the Intellectual origin and ideology of Wahhabi and Salafi's; it has faced Islamic societies with a Takfiri fateful phenomenon. In the formation it, in addition to those who led and managed the organization, the governments of the United States, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan were also very effective partners as three sides of intellectual, political and instrumental. Although after the war with the Soviet Union, this organization's relationship apparently with its supporters, has been frozen, and apparently the three governments, in particular the United States, have abandoned al-Qaeda's support, but proves the opposite of this fact, even indicates the fact that al-Qaeda is a kind of new strategy of colonialists in the Middle East and the creation of differences among Islamic societies in order to undermine and dominate Islamic lands and to create diversionary groups and to deviate in the direction of Islam and eliminating the revolutionary spirit of the Shiites against the colonialists.

The Takfiri Salafist currents have been considered by the world's public opinions, not in the context of thought and belief, but as an international terrorist current. These currents that search for their diversion roots in the history of Islam, with the excommunication of all divine debts and Islamic religions, the principle of assassination and fear has replaced the principle of Jihad and the terrorist ideology of Islam has been offered to international public opinion. This currents has created the fields of strengthening Islamophobia in the West due to the presentation of an
unrealistic, controversial, caricature form of genuine Islam. The formation and expansion of the activity of Takfiri currents are dependent on multifaceted factors that their identification and investigation has had an effective role in preventing the  activities of these currents. According to the findings of this study, the lack of governance of democratic systems, ethnic-religious conflicts, the interference of external factors and the support of great powers from takfiri celestial events are among the main factors behind the formation of these currents.

The most important Salafi Jihadism group influenced in West Africa is Boko Haram. This group gained popularity in 2009 following a great rebellion. The ideology of Boko Haram is Salafi-Jihadist and they believe that Islam must be eradicated from the external change that enters in it. This discourse seeks to create a Salafi identity that in response to other discourses covers the differences by emphasizing signs. Each of these signs affects the elaboration of the Boko Haram discourse as well as the security structure in West Africa. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical ; And Laclau and Mouffe's discourse theory are used as a theoretical framework. The present study addresses this question that how the spread of Boko Haram's Salafist discourse has had an impact on the security structure of West Africa? the central idea and hypothesis of the research is that the Boko Haram discourse in West Africa is looking for an equivalence chain with the central plan of the revival of the Islamic State and the periods of Takfiri, opposition, and hostility anti-rationale to expand Salafi discourse. But this identity and discourse have led to tensions in the West African security structure due to extremism.

Certainly, the phenomenon of takfir is rooted in the intellectual foundations of ignorance. This thought fans found after an influx in Muslims thinking and religious sources of jurisprudence and theology, and became a theory and attitude. Its formation was more affected by the political tendencies around the caliphate after the Prophet (PBUH). Other factors, such as hadith mere tendencies, and avoid interference with reason and rationalism, away from the scientific focus of Ahl al-Bayt (PBUH) and the Takfiri behaviors of the Umayyads have been effective in fostering this thought in Islam. In the fourth century, various Shiite sects were excommunicated and murdered in Africa; the mutual Takfir of the Sunni sects, especially the Shafees with Hanafi, was with Takfir until the seventh century. Abantimyah's thoughts and his fans created a new era of Takfir in Muslims, whose its domain has led to bloody consequences for the Muslim regions. The connection of Takfir
thinking with the phenomenon of colonialism has led to a more complicated chapter and the consequence of widespread destruction in the Muslim world. This article, along with the historical flow of Takfir phenomenon, addresses its adverse consequences with the goal of enlightenment and resolution.

Salafism and extremist violence, which have emerged in the form of Takfirism in the recent past, constitute one of the most important security issues in the world of Islam and at the international level. Understanding extremism requires a systematic study of this phenomenon and looking at the essence and nature of Salafi extremist groups in a historical context influenced by certain political and social developments. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to look into the normative frameworks of the Salafi discourse and examine how the role and functionality of the Salafi extremist groups are determined. In the course of the research it was observed that while, on the one hand, the existing extremist Salafi trends share certain common norms, they have, on the other hand, undergone some changes in their functionality because of the differences in understanding the exiting situations. The main hypothesis of this paper is that the internal normative framework of the Salafi discourse is supposedly based on such concepts as monotheism, the religious understanding of Salaf (lit. predecessors, derived from the expression of “al-salaf al-ṣāliḥ”, or the pious predecessors, often taken to be the first three generations of Muslims), etc. and such beliefs as innovation, ignorance etc. as well as behavioral rules derived from such conceptions as takfir and jihad on this basis of which their struggle for achieving power has been through the use of violence and arrogance with the false claim of reviving the Islamic caliphate. However, despite the consistency in the internal normative elements of these trends, the external objective changes have led to the formation of three different types of functionalities in the form of three extremist Salafi generations lie Al-Qaeda, Taliban and the ISIS.